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The Impact of Civil Wars on Women: Somalia Sample

Year 2021, , 1613 - 1629, 25.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.962054

Abstract

The aim of this study is to discuss women’s role and to identify the derivatives of violence that women are exposed in an anarchical environment in the scope of the Somali Civil War. This essay seeks to remedy these discussions by analysing ontological violence against women. The research tends to focus on women as a solution to violence rather than straight feminist approach. Women are both affected by current violence in the Somali Civil War and also have to deal with the problems caused by their traditional status. Besides, women who follow the Al-Qaeda ideology have a hard time using even their basic rights because of their involvement in these problems. This paper focuses on whether a woman can play a role as recipe in an environment in which herself is also a sufferer. International community made a stride to improve position of the women in Somalia via United Nations. There are some efforts in place so as to obviate women from being exposed to violence, including affiliation of the women with the peace settlement process. Al-Qaeda ideology supporter organizations descended into desperation and rerouted its attacks against women immediately upon women became a functioning member of society. Taken together, these attacks one more time firmly confirm that the more women participate in politics, bureaucracy, and social life, the more they will serve to the establishment of the peace.

References

  • Africanews. (2021, 25 Şubat). Somalia Women Drivers Dare Country's Islamists, Conservatives. (Erişim: 25.02.2021), https://www.africanews.com/2021/02/25/somalia-women-drivers-dare-country-s-islamists-conservatives/
  • Associated Press. (2014, 28 Mayıs). Women Soldiers Join the Army Ranks in Somalia. (Erişim: 04.03.2021), https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/women-soldiers-join-the-army-ranks-in-somalia-564434
  • Bingöl, O. (2013). Somali’de Barış ve Kalkınma Sürecinde Türkiye’nin Rolü. Gazi Akademik Bakış, 7(13), 81-106. https://doi.org/10.19060/gav.31799
  • Bradbury, M. & Healy, S. (2010). Endless War: a Brief History of the Somali Conflict. Accord, Issue 21, 10-14. (Erişim: 24.05.2021), https://www.c-r.org/accord/somalia/endless-war-brief-history-somali-conflict
  • Carter, B., Rogers, B., & Turner, A. (2021). Gender Inequality and State Security: The Effects of Women’s Social Equality on Domestic Terrorism. Women & Criminal Justice, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2020.1871162
  • Connor, J. J., Hunt, S., Finsaas, M., Ciesinski, A., Ahmed, A., & Robinson. B. B. E. (2016). From Somalia to U.S.: Shifts in Gender Dynamics from the Perspective of Female Somali Refugees. Journal of Feminist Family Therapy, 28(1), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2020.1871162
  • Counter Extremism Project. (2021). Somalia: Extremism & Counter-Extremism. (Erişim: 05.03.2021), https://www.counterextremism.com/sites/default/files/country_pdf/SO-03042021.pdf. Çalık, T. (2017). Uluslararası Hukukta Deniz Haydutluğu ve Somali Açıklarındaki Deniz Haydutluğu ile Mücadele. Hacettepe HFD, 7(1), 397-434.
  • Gilmer, B. (2017). Hedonists and Husbands: Piracy Narratives, Gender Demands, and Local Political Economic Realities in Somalia. Third World Quarterly, 38(6), 1366-1380. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2016.1229566
  • Global Terrorism Database (GTD). (Erişim: 25.02.2021), https://gtd.terrorismdata.com/files/gtd-1970-2019-4/ Hamer, A. (2016). Meet the Courageous Women Fighting Terrorism in Africa. (Erişim: 04.03.2021), http://www.takepart.com/feature/2016/10/17/somalia-police-women.
  • Hesse, J. B. (2015). Why Deploy to Somalia? Understanding Six African Countries’ Reasons for Sending Soldiers to One of the World’s Most Failed States. The Journal of the Middle East and Africa, 6(3-4), 329-352. https://doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2015.1089383
  • Horst, C. (2017). Implementing the Women, Peace and Security Agenda? Somali Debates on Women’s Public Roles and Political Participation. Journal of Eastern African Studies. 11(3), 389-407. https://doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2017.1348000
  • Hutchinson, C. (2019). Enhancing Women’s Participation in Counterterrorism: NATO Perspective. Women in Terrorism and Counterterrorism Workshop Report. 31-34.
  • Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. (1994). Human Rights Brief: Women in Somalia. (Erişim: 17.05.2021), https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a83b8.html
  • Ingiriis, M. H. (2020). Insurgency and International Extraversion in Somalia: The National Intelligence and Security Agency (NISA) and Al-Shabaab's Amniyat. African Security Review. 29(2), 125-151. https://doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2020.1740752
  • International Crisis Group. (2019). Women and Al-Shabaab’s Insurgency. Crisis Group Africa Briefing N°145, (Erişim: 05.03.2021), https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/b145-women-and-al-shabaab_0.pdf
  • Karagiannis, E. (2013). Transnational Islamist Networks: Western Fighters in Afghanistan, Somalia and Syria. The International Spectator. 48(4), 119-134. https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2013.847696
  • Lewis, M. I. (2008). Understanding Somalia and Somaliland: A Guide to Cultural History and Social Institutions. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Maedl, A., Roos H., & Odenwald, M. (2011). Using Micro Level Data to Map State Failure: The Example of Somalia. Civil Wars. 13(01), 61-79. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698249.2011.555692
  • Malito, D. V. (2015). Building Terror While Fighting Enemies: How the Global War on Terror Deepened the Crisis in Somalia. Third World Quarterly, 36(10), 1866-1886. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1074037
  • Menkhaus, K. (2003). State Collapse in Somalia: Second Thoughts. Review of African Political Economy. 30(97), 405-422. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2003.9659774
  • Mohamed, H. M. (2019). The Role of Women in Al-Shabaab and in Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism in Somalia. Women in Terrorism and Counterterrorism Workshop Report. 38-41.
  • Mohammed, H. N. (2015). Kenya and Somalia: Fragile Constitutional Gains for Women and the Threat of Patriarchy. African Security Review, 24(4), 458-474. https://doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2015.1094896
  • Mueller, C. J. (2018). The Evolution of Political Violence: The Case of Somalia’s Al-Shabaab. Terrorism and Political Violence. 30(1), 116-141. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2016.1165213
  • OECD Development Center. (2019). Social Institutions & Gender Index: Somalia. (Erişim: 05.03.2021), https://www.genderindex.org/wp-content/uploads/files/datasheets/2019/SO.pdf
  • Ombati, M. (2015). Feminine Masculinities in the Military. African Security Review, 24(4), 403-413. https://doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2015.1099339
  • Percy, S. & Shortland, A. (2013). The Business of Piracy in Somalia. Journal of Strategic Studies. 36(4), 541-578. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2012.750242
  • Petrich, K. & Phoebe, D. (2019). Worth Many Sins: Al-Shabaab’s Shifting Relationship with Kenyan Women. Small Wars & Insurgencies. 30(6-7), 1169-1192. https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2019.1649814
  • Powell, B. R. F., & Nowratesh, A. (2008). Somalia after State Collapse: Chaos or Improvement?. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 67, 658-659.; Mubarak, J. (1997). The ‘‘Hidden Hand’’ Behind the Resilience of the Stateless Economy of Somalia. World Development. 25(12), 2028-2038. İki makaleyi aktaran: Kurtulus, E. N. (2012). Exploring the Paradoxical Consequences of State Collapse: the Cases of Somalia 1991-2006 and Lebanon 1975-82. Third World Quarterly. 33(7), 1285-1303. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2012.691831
  • Rothe, D. L. & Collins, V. E. (2011). Got a Band-Aid? Political Discourse, Militarized Responses, and the Somalia Pirate. Contemporary Justice Review. 14(3), 329-343. https://doi.org/10.1080/10282580.2011.589669 Somaliland Standard. (2019, Ağustos). Somalia: How Women Help Each Other to Support Girls’ Education, (Erişim: 25.04.2021), https://somalilandstandard.com/somalia-how-women-help-each-other-to-support-girls-education/.
  • Ssereo, F. (2003). Clanpolitics, Clan‐Democracy and Conflict Regulation in Africa: The Experience of Somalia. The Global Review of Ethnopolitics, 2(3-4), 25-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/14718800308405142
  • Terdman, M. (2008). Somalia at War – Between Radical Islam and Tribal Politics. The S. Daniel Abraham Center for International and Regional Studies, Erişim:24.05.2021, https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.475.6342&rep=rep1&type=pdf
  • The Independent Uganda. (2018, Mart). The Women of AMISOM. (Erişim: 03.03.2021) https://www.independent.co.ug/the-women-of-amisom/
  • The UN Refugee Agency. (2021). Somalia Internal Displacement. (Erişim: 24.05.2021) https://unhcr.github.io/dataviz-somalia-prmn/index.html?s=09#reason=&month=&need=&pregion=&pdistrictmap=&cregion=&cdistrictmap=&year=2021
  • The World Bank. (2021). Proportion of Seats Held by Women in National Parliaments (%) (Excel Data 1960-2021). (Erişim: 04.03.2021), https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SG.GEN.PARL.ZS?name_desc=false.
  • UN. (2021). Gender. (Erişim: 23.02.2021), https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/gender
  • UN. (2021). Women in Peacekeeping. (Erişim: 23.02.2021), https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/women-peacekeeping
  • United Nations Security Council. (2020, Haziran). Conflict-Related Sexual Violence, S/2020/487. (Erişim: 18.02.2021) https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_2020 487.pdf.
  • UNSC. (2021). Somalia Chronology Report. (Erişim: 24.03.2021), https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/chronology/somalia.php
  • Warner, J. & Chapin, E. (2018). Targeted Terror: The Suicide Bombers of al-Shabaab. Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. 1-37. (Erişim: 02.03.2021), https://www.ctc.usma.edu/targeted-terror-suicide-bombers-al-shabaab/
  • Webersik, C. (2014). Bargaining for the Spoils of War: Somalia’s Failing Path from War to Peace. African Security. 7(4), 277-302. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2014.977173
  • Weiss, C. (2019, Nisan). Reigniting the Rivalry: The Islamic State in Somalia vs. al-Shabaab. CTC CENTINEL: Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. 12(4), (Erişim: 05.03.2021), https://ctc.usma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/CTC-SENTINEL-042019.pdf.
  • Williams, D. P. (2018). Joining AMISOM: Why Six African States Contributed Troops to the African Union Mission in Somalia. Journal of Eastern African Studies. 12(1), 172-192. https://doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2018.1418159
  • Yussuf, M., Matanda, D. J., &. Powell, R. A. (2020). Exploring the Capacity of the Somaliland Healthcare System to Manage Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting-Related Complications and Prevent the Medicalization of the Practice: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Health Services Research, 20(200), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-5049-2 Ek-1
  • ICC International Maritime Bureau. (2004, Mart). Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships Annual Report. s.4, (Erişim: 01.03.2021), https://www.peacepalacelibrary.nl/ebooks/files/ICC_Interna tional MaritimeBoard_Annual_Piracy_Report2004.pdf.
  • ICC International Maritime Bureau. (2008). Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships Annual Report. s.5-6, (Erişim: 01.03.2021), https://www.rk-marine-kiel.de /files/piraterie/imb/IMB_Piracy _Report_2008.pdf.
  • ICC International Maritime Bureau. (2013). Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships Annual Report. s.5-6, (Erişim: 01.03.2021), https://www.informazionimarit time.com/file/2013_Annual_IMB_Piracy_Report.pdf.
  • ICC International Maritime Bureau. (2015). Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships Annual Report. s.5, (Erişim: 01.03.2021), https://www.hellenicshipping news.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/2015-Annual-IMB-Piracy-Report-ABRIDGED.pdf
  • ICC International Maritime Bureau. (2019). Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships Annual Report. s.5, (Erişim: 01.03.2021), https://www.icc-ccs.org/reports/2019 _Annual_Piracy_Report.pdf.
  • ICC International Maritime Bureau. (2020). Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships Annual Report. s.5-6, (Erişim: 01.03.2021), https://www.icc-ccs.org/reports/ 2020_Annual_Piracy_Report.pdf.

İç Savaşların Kadın Üzerindeki Etkisi: Somali Örneği

Year 2021, , 1613 - 1629, 25.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.962054

Abstract

Çalışmada Somali İç Savaşı bağlamında kadının kontrolsüz ortamlarda maruz kaldığı şiddet türevleri ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır. Kadının maruz kaldığı şiddetin yanı sıra iç savaş ortamındaki rolleri tartışılmıştır. Bu tartışma feminist yaklaşımın ön kabullerinden ziyade ontolojik olarak kadının maruz kaldığı şiddete ve şiddetin çözümü olarak kadına odaklanmıştır. Kadının Somali İç Savaşı’nda sadece güncel şiddetten etkilenmediği aynı zamanda geleneksel statüsü nedeniyle oluşan sorunlarla da uğraştığı gözlemlenmiştir. Bu sorunlara El-Kaide ideolojisini takip edene örgütlerinde dahil olmasıyla kadının temel haklarını dahi kullanma da oldukça zorlandığı müşahede edilmiştir. Kadınların maruz kaldığı şiddetin yanı sıra iç savaş ortamındaki rolleri tartışılmıştır. Akabinde kadının iç savaşta rolünün ve çözümün bir parçası olup olamayacağının irdelenmesi amacıyla uluslararası toplumun Somali’de barışın tesisine dair çabaları mercek altına alınmıştır. Uluslararası toplum Kadın’ın Somali’de durumunu iyileştirmek amacıyla BM bünyesinde çeşitli tedbirler almıştır. Bu tedbirlerden bir kısmı kadınların şiddete maruz kalmasını önleme çabasıyken bir kısmı kadınları barışın tesisi sürecine katmak şeklinde gerçekleşmiştir. Bu tedbirler sayesinde kadınlar bağımsız olarak topluma katkı sağlamaya başlamıştır. El-Kaide ideolojisini takip eden örgütler bu gelişmelerden rahatsız olmuş ve bu kadınları hedef almaya başlamıştır. Bu saldırılar, kadınların siyaset, bürokrasi ve toplumsal hayata daha fazla katkı sağlamasının barışın tesisine katkı sağlayacağı şeklindeki önermeyi doğrular niteliktedir.

References

  • Africanews. (2021, 25 Şubat). Somalia Women Drivers Dare Country's Islamists, Conservatives. (Erişim: 25.02.2021), https://www.africanews.com/2021/02/25/somalia-women-drivers-dare-country-s-islamists-conservatives/
  • Associated Press. (2014, 28 Mayıs). Women Soldiers Join the Army Ranks in Somalia. (Erişim: 04.03.2021), https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/women-soldiers-join-the-army-ranks-in-somalia-564434
  • Bingöl, O. (2013). Somali’de Barış ve Kalkınma Sürecinde Türkiye’nin Rolü. Gazi Akademik Bakış, 7(13), 81-106. https://doi.org/10.19060/gav.31799
  • Bradbury, M. & Healy, S. (2010). Endless War: a Brief History of the Somali Conflict. Accord, Issue 21, 10-14. (Erişim: 24.05.2021), https://www.c-r.org/accord/somalia/endless-war-brief-history-somali-conflict
  • Carter, B., Rogers, B., & Turner, A. (2021). Gender Inequality and State Security: The Effects of Women’s Social Equality on Domestic Terrorism. Women & Criminal Justice, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2020.1871162
  • Connor, J. J., Hunt, S., Finsaas, M., Ciesinski, A., Ahmed, A., & Robinson. B. B. E. (2016). From Somalia to U.S.: Shifts in Gender Dynamics from the Perspective of Female Somali Refugees. Journal of Feminist Family Therapy, 28(1), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2020.1871162
  • Counter Extremism Project. (2021). Somalia: Extremism & Counter-Extremism. (Erişim: 05.03.2021), https://www.counterextremism.com/sites/default/files/country_pdf/SO-03042021.pdf. Çalık, T. (2017). Uluslararası Hukukta Deniz Haydutluğu ve Somali Açıklarındaki Deniz Haydutluğu ile Mücadele. Hacettepe HFD, 7(1), 397-434.
  • Gilmer, B. (2017). Hedonists and Husbands: Piracy Narratives, Gender Demands, and Local Political Economic Realities in Somalia. Third World Quarterly, 38(6), 1366-1380. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2016.1229566
  • Global Terrorism Database (GTD). (Erişim: 25.02.2021), https://gtd.terrorismdata.com/files/gtd-1970-2019-4/ Hamer, A. (2016). Meet the Courageous Women Fighting Terrorism in Africa. (Erişim: 04.03.2021), http://www.takepart.com/feature/2016/10/17/somalia-police-women.
  • Hesse, J. B. (2015). Why Deploy to Somalia? Understanding Six African Countries’ Reasons for Sending Soldiers to One of the World’s Most Failed States. The Journal of the Middle East and Africa, 6(3-4), 329-352. https://doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2015.1089383
  • Horst, C. (2017). Implementing the Women, Peace and Security Agenda? Somali Debates on Women’s Public Roles and Political Participation. Journal of Eastern African Studies. 11(3), 389-407. https://doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2017.1348000
  • Hutchinson, C. (2019). Enhancing Women’s Participation in Counterterrorism: NATO Perspective. Women in Terrorism and Counterterrorism Workshop Report. 31-34.
  • Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. (1994). Human Rights Brief: Women in Somalia. (Erişim: 17.05.2021), https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a83b8.html
  • Ingiriis, M. H. (2020). Insurgency and International Extraversion in Somalia: The National Intelligence and Security Agency (NISA) and Al-Shabaab's Amniyat. African Security Review. 29(2), 125-151. https://doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2020.1740752
  • International Crisis Group. (2019). Women and Al-Shabaab’s Insurgency. Crisis Group Africa Briefing N°145, (Erişim: 05.03.2021), https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/b145-women-and-al-shabaab_0.pdf
  • Karagiannis, E. (2013). Transnational Islamist Networks: Western Fighters in Afghanistan, Somalia and Syria. The International Spectator. 48(4), 119-134. https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2013.847696
  • Lewis, M. I. (2008). Understanding Somalia and Somaliland: A Guide to Cultural History and Social Institutions. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Maedl, A., Roos H., & Odenwald, M. (2011). Using Micro Level Data to Map State Failure: The Example of Somalia. Civil Wars. 13(01), 61-79. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698249.2011.555692
  • Malito, D. V. (2015). Building Terror While Fighting Enemies: How the Global War on Terror Deepened the Crisis in Somalia. Third World Quarterly, 36(10), 1866-1886. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1074037
  • Menkhaus, K. (2003). State Collapse in Somalia: Second Thoughts. Review of African Political Economy. 30(97), 405-422. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2003.9659774
  • Mohamed, H. M. (2019). The Role of Women in Al-Shabaab and in Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism in Somalia. Women in Terrorism and Counterterrorism Workshop Report. 38-41.
  • Mohammed, H. N. (2015). Kenya and Somalia: Fragile Constitutional Gains for Women and the Threat of Patriarchy. African Security Review, 24(4), 458-474. https://doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2015.1094896
  • Mueller, C. J. (2018). The Evolution of Political Violence: The Case of Somalia’s Al-Shabaab. Terrorism and Political Violence. 30(1), 116-141. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2016.1165213
  • OECD Development Center. (2019). Social Institutions & Gender Index: Somalia. (Erişim: 05.03.2021), https://www.genderindex.org/wp-content/uploads/files/datasheets/2019/SO.pdf
  • Ombati, M. (2015). Feminine Masculinities in the Military. African Security Review, 24(4), 403-413. https://doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2015.1099339
  • Percy, S. & Shortland, A. (2013). The Business of Piracy in Somalia. Journal of Strategic Studies. 36(4), 541-578. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2012.750242
  • Petrich, K. & Phoebe, D. (2019). Worth Many Sins: Al-Shabaab’s Shifting Relationship with Kenyan Women. Small Wars & Insurgencies. 30(6-7), 1169-1192. https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2019.1649814
  • Powell, B. R. F., & Nowratesh, A. (2008). Somalia after State Collapse: Chaos or Improvement?. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 67, 658-659.; Mubarak, J. (1997). The ‘‘Hidden Hand’’ Behind the Resilience of the Stateless Economy of Somalia. World Development. 25(12), 2028-2038. İki makaleyi aktaran: Kurtulus, E. N. (2012). Exploring the Paradoxical Consequences of State Collapse: the Cases of Somalia 1991-2006 and Lebanon 1975-82. Third World Quarterly. 33(7), 1285-1303. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2012.691831
  • Rothe, D. L. & Collins, V. E. (2011). Got a Band-Aid? Political Discourse, Militarized Responses, and the Somalia Pirate. Contemporary Justice Review. 14(3), 329-343. https://doi.org/10.1080/10282580.2011.589669 Somaliland Standard. (2019, Ağustos). Somalia: How Women Help Each Other to Support Girls’ Education, (Erişim: 25.04.2021), https://somalilandstandard.com/somalia-how-women-help-each-other-to-support-girls-education/.
  • Ssereo, F. (2003). Clanpolitics, Clan‐Democracy and Conflict Regulation in Africa: The Experience of Somalia. The Global Review of Ethnopolitics, 2(3-4), 25-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/14718800308405142
  • Terdman, M. (2008). Somalia at War – Between Radical Islam and Tribal Politics. The S. Daniel Abraham Center for International and Regional Studies, Erişim:24.05.2021, https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.475.6342&rep=rep1&type=pdf
  • The Independent Uganda. (2018, Mart). The Women of AMISOM. (Erişim: 03.03.2021) https://www.independent.co.ug/the-women-of-amisom/
  • The UN Refugee Agency. (2021). Somalia Internal Displacement. (Erişim: 24.05.2021) https://unhcr.github.io/dataviz-somalia-prmn/index.html?s=09#reason=&month=&need=&pregion=&pdistrictmap=&cregion=&cdistrictmap=&year=2021
  • The World Bank. (2021). Proportion of Seats Held by Women in National Parliaments (%) (Excel Data 1960-2021). (Erişim: 04.03.2021), https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SG.GEN.PARL.ZS?name_desc=false.
  • UN. (2021). Gender. (Erişim: 23.02.2021), https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/gender
  • UN. (2021). Women in Peacekeeping. (Erişim: 23.02.2021), https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/women-peacekeeping
  • United Nations Security Council. (2020, Haziran). Conflict-Related Sexual Violence, S/2020/487. (Erişim: 18.02.2021) https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_2020 487.pdf.
  • UNSC. (2021). Somalia Chronology Report. (Erişim: 24.03.2021), https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/chronology/somalia.php
  • Warner, J. & Chapin, E. (2018). Targeted Terror: The Suicide Bombers of al-Shabaab. Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. 1-37. (Erişim: 02.03.2021), https://www.ctc.usma.edu/targeted-terror-suicide-bombers-al-shabaab/
  • Webersik, C. (2014). Bargaining for the Spoils of War: Somalia’s Failing Path from War to Peace. African Security. 7(4), 277-302. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2014.977173
  • Weiss, C. (2019, Nisan). Reigniting the Rivalry: The Islamic State in Somalia vs. al-Shabaab. CTC CENTINEL: Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. 12(4), (Erişim: 05.03.2021), https://ctc.usma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/CTC-SENTINEL-042019.pdf.
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  • Yussuf, M., Matanda, D. J., &. Powell, R. A. (2020). Exploring the Capacity of the Somaliland Healthcare System to Manage Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting-Related Complications and Prevent the Medicalization of the Practice: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Health Services Research, 20(200), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-5049-2 Ek-1
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There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Osman Şen 0000-0002-4539-6243

Publication Date December 25, 2021
Acceptance Date October 22, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021

Cite

APA Şen, O. (2021). İç Savaşların Kadın Üzerindeki Etkisi: Somali Örneği. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(6), 1613-1629. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.962054

Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.