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The Impact of Human Capital and Innovation Output on Economic Growth: Comparative Analysis of Malaysia and Turkey

Year 2020, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 231 - 242, 24.02.2020
https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.521583

Abstract

The objective of this paper is to examine the impact of human capital and innovation output on economic growth in Malaysia and Turkey, over the period 1988-2013. The conventional Unit Root Tests reveal that all the variables are stationary after taking the first difference, and the Johansen Tests of Co-Integration demonstrate that the variables are co-integrated. Specifically, we find that in both countries, human capital, innovation output and physical capital have a significant positive effect on economic growth. The Causality tests indicate two unidirectional causalities that run from human capital and innovation to economic growth and a bidirectional causality between physical capital and innovation in Malaysia.

References

  • Adhikary, B. K. (2011). FDI, Trade Openness, Capital Formation, and Economic Growth in Bangladesh: A Linkage Analysis. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(1), 16-28. Retrieved from http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijbm/article/download/7472/6488
  • Aflizan, N., Rusli, M., & Hamid, Z. (2014). Human capital and economic growth : Empirical evidence from Malaysia. Recent Trends in Social and Behaviour Sciences, 3(1992), 135–139.
  • Altiner, A., & Toktas, Y. (2017). Relationship Between Human Capital And Economic Growth: An Application To Developing Countries. Eurasian Journal of Economics and Finance, 5(3), 87-98. doi:10.15604/ejef.2017.05.03.007
  • Araç, A., & Ceylan, R. (2016). The Role of Human Capital in the Process of Economic Growth: the Case of Turkey. Journal of the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Yüzüncü Yıl University, 2, 9-33. Retrieved from http://dergipark.gov.tr/yyuiibfd/issue/35328/392200
  • Arısoy, İ. (2011). Testing Physical Investment and Growth Relationship in AK Model Perspective: The Case for Turkey (1968-2006). Maliye Dergisi(161), 283-297. Retrieved from https://maliyedergisi.sgb.gov.tr/yayinlar/md/161/015.pdf
  • Aslam, M., Shakar, S. A., & Hassan, G. (2013). Foreign Direct Investment, Human Capital and Economic Growth in Malaysia. 1-39. Retrieved from https://mpra.ub.unimuenchen.de/51930/1/MPRA_paper_51930.pdf
  • Ayoyinka, O., & Isaiah, O. (2011). Employment and Economic Growth Nexus in Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(11), 232-239. Retrieved from https://covenantuniversity.edu.ng/content/download/14152/94833/file/Employment+and+Growth+In+Nigeria_ijbss.pdf
  • Barro, R. J. (1992). Human Capital and Economic Growth. Proceedings, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, (1966), 199–230. http://doi.org/10.1086/449834
  • Bekmez, S., Köneş, A. Ç., & Günal, D. (2009). The Importance of Human Capital on Turkey’s Regional Development. TISK Academy, 4(7), 66-81. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=uvt&AN=97914&site=eds-live
  • Cai, D.-h., & Zhou, M.-c. (2003). A Two-sector Economic Growth Model with Labor Force Transfer. Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences, 8(3), 769–774. doi:10.1007/bf02900813
  • Chen, B.-L., Hsu, M., & Lai, C.-F. (2016). Relation Between Growth And Unemployment In A Model With Labor-Force Participation And Adverse Labor Institutions. Journal of Macroeconomics, 50(C), 273-292. doi:10.1016/j.jmacro.2016.10.004
  • Çakmak, E., & Gümüş, S. (2014). Human Capital and Economic Growth in Turkey: An Econometric Analysis (1960 - 2002). Ankara University SBF Journal (Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi ), 60(1), 59-72. Retrieved from Retrieved from http://dergipark.gov.tr/ausbf/issue/3089/42779
  • Canpolat, N. (2000). Accumulation of Human Capital and Economic Growth in Turkey. Hacettepe University Journal of Economics and Administrative Science, 18(2), 265-281. Retrieved from http://dergipark.gov.tr/huniibf/issue/30302/327295
  • Çoban, O. (2004). The Effect Of Human Capital On Economic Growth: The Case Of Turkey. Journal of Political Sciences, 0(30), 131-142. Retrieved from http://dergipark.gov.tr/iusiyasal/issue/606/6075
  • Dmitriev, S., Drigo, M., Kalinicheva, V., Shadoba, E., Ozherelieva, M., & Matyushkina, I. (2016). Innovation, Economic Growth and Inequality. International Review of Management and, 6(S1), 316-321. Retrieved from http://www.econjournals.com/index.php/irmm/article/viewFile/1931/pdf
  • Duasa, J., & Jais, N. M. (2018). Information Communication Technology, Human Capital and Economic Growth in Malaysia: An Empirical Analysis. The Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art and Communication - TOJDAC, 1415-1419. Retrieved from http://www.tojdac.org/tojdac/VOLUME8-SPTMSPCL_files/tojdac_v080SSE189.pdf
  • Ewubare, D. B., & Ogbuagu, A. R. (2015). Capital Accumulation and Economic Growth in Nigeria “Endogenous Growth Approach”. IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF), 6(6), 49-64. Retrieved from http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jef/papers/Vol6-Issue6/Version-1/G06614964.pdf
  • GDP growth (annual %). (n.d.). Retrieved January 18, 2019, from The World Bank Data: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?contextual=default&end=2017&locations=MY-TR&start=1985
  • GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$). (n.d.). Retrieved January 18, 2019, from The World Bank Data: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD?end=2017&locations=MY-TR&start=1962&view=chart
  • Godbout, M. J., & Norden, S. v. (1997). Reconsidering Cointegration in International Finance: Three Case Studies of Size Distortion in Finite Samples. Bank of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/wp97-1.pdf
  • Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP). (n.d.). Retrieved January 18, 2019, from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS?locations=MY-TR
  • Islam, R., Ghani, A. B., Kusuma, B., & Theseira, B. B. (2016). Education and Human Capital Effect on Malaysian Economic Growth. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 6(4), 1722-1728. Retrieved from http://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijefi/article/viewFile/2727/pdf
  • Josheski, D., & Koteski, C. (2011). The causal relationship between patent growth and growth of GDP with quarterly data in the G7 countries: cointegration, ARDL and error correction models. Retrieved from https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/33153/
  • Karataş, M., & Çankaya, E. (2011). An Analysis of the Relationship Between Human Capital and Economic Growth in Turkey. Journal of Management and Economics, 18(1), 105-124. Retrieved from http://dergipark.gov.tr/yonveek/issue/13694/165738
  • Khalili, F., Lau, W. Y., & Cheong, K. C. (2016). Patent Application–GDP Growth Nexus: The Case of Japan. International Journal of Economic Perspectives, 10(4), 197-205. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1964461250?accountid=17219
  • Maradana, R. P., Pradhan, R. P., Dash, S., Gaurav, K., Jayakumar, M., & Chatterjee, D. (2017). Does Innovation Promote Economic Growth? Evidence From European Countries. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 6(1), 1-23. doi:10.1186/s13731-016-0061-9
  • Middendorf, T. (2006). Human Capital and Economic Growth in OECD Countries. Journal of Economics and Statistics (Jahrbuecher fuer Nationaloekonomie und Statistik), 226(6), 670-686. doi:https://doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2006-0607
  • Ongo, E. N., & Vukenkeng, A. W. (2014). Does gross capital formation matter for economic growth in the CEMAC sub-region? EuroEconomica, 33(2), 79-88. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsdoj&AN=edsdoj.bbd7342c44234bc18ad830ebafe106c4&site=eds-live
  • Ortiz, J. M. (2009). Patents and Economic Growth in the Long Term. A Quantitative Approach. BRUSSELS ECONOMIC REVIEW, 52(3/4), 305-340. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227380589_Patents_and_Economic_Growth_in_the_Long_Term_A_Quantitative_Approach
  • Özkul, G., & Örün, E. (2016). Effect Of Entrepreneurship And Innovation on Economic Growth: An Empirical Research. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 5(2), 17-51.
  • Özşahin, Ş., & Karaçor, Z. (2013). Human Capital As One Of The Determinants Economic Growth:Importance Of Higher Education For Turkish Economy. Academic Review Of Economics And Administrative Sciences, 6(1), 148-162. Retrieved from http://dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/185054
  • Patent applications, residents. (n.d.). Retrieved January 18, 2019, from The World Bank Data: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IP.PAT.RESD?locations=MY-TR
  • Pathania, R. (2013). Causal Relationship Between Capital Formation And Economic Growth In India. Indian Journal Of Management Science, 3(1), 90-95. Retrieved from http://www.scholarshub.net/ijms/vol3/issue1/Paper_14.pdf
  • Pece, A. M., Simona, O. E., & Salisteanu, F. (2015). Innovation and Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis for CEE Countries. Procedia Economics and Finance, 26, 461-467. doi:10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00874-6
  • Peterson, E. W. (2017). The Role of Population in Economic Growth. SAGE Open, 7(4). doi:10.1177/2158244017736094
  • Petrariu, I. R., Bumbac, R., & Ciobanu, R. (2013). Innovation: A Path to Competitiveness and Economic Growth. The Case of CEE Countries . Theoretical and Applied Economics, 5(582), 15-26 . Retrieved from http://store.ectap.ro/articole/857.pdf
  • Raleva, S. (2014). Impact of Labour on Economic Growth in Bulgaria (1991 - 2013). Economic Alternatives(3), 5-14. Retrieved from https://www.unwe.bg/uploads/Alternatives/1_broi_3_2014.pdf
  • Şahbaz, A. (2014). Relationship Gross Fixed Investment And Economic Growth: Panel Causality Analysis. Niğde Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 7(1), 1-12. Retrieved from http://iibfdergi.nigde.edu.tr/article/view/5000066641/5000062065
  • Serel, H., & Masatçı, K. (2005). Human Capital and Economic Growth Relationship in Turkey: Cointegration Analysis (Türkiye’de Beşeri Sermaye ve İktisadi Büyüme İlişkis: Ko-Entegrasyon Analizi). Atatürk University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 19(2), 49-58. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=uvt&AN=68273&site=eds-live
  • Shukla, S. (2017). Innovation and Economic Growth: A Case of India. Humanities & Social Science Reviews, 5(2), 64-70. doi:10.18510/hssr.2017.521
  • Sinha, D. (2007). Patents, Innovations and Economic Growth in Japan and South Korea: Evidence from individual country and panel data (MPRA Paper No. 2547). Retrieved from https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/2547/
  • Topallı, N. (2017). The Relationship Between Human Capital And Economic Growth: The Case Of Turkey. Academic Review Of Economics And Administrative Sciences, 10(2), 129-140. Retrieved from http://dergipark.gov.tr/ohuiibf/issue/28958/310069
  • Türedi, S. (2016). The Relationship between R&D Expenditures, Patent Applications and Growth:A Dynamic Panel Causality Analysis for OECD Countries. Anadolu University Journal of Social Sciences, 16(1), 39-48. Retrieved from http://dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/259898
  • Unit Root: Simple Definition, Unit Root Tests. (2016). Retrieved January 3, 2019, from Statistics How To: https://www.statisticshowto.datasciencecentral.com/unit-root/
  • Varsak, S., & Bakırtaş, İ. (2009). The Effect Of Human Cap.tal On Econom.c Growth: The Case Of Turkey. Dumlupınar University Journal of Social Sciences, 25, 49-60. Retrieved from http://dergipark.gov.tr/dpusbe/issue/4767/65542
  • Wabiga, P., & Nakijoba, S. (2018). High Technology Exports, Gross Capital Formation and Economic Growth in Uganda: A Vector Auto Regressive Approach. International Journal of Business and Economics Research, 7(6), 191-202. doi:doi: 10.11648/j.ijber.20180706.13
  • Wang, J., & Abbas, Q. (2000, March). The Role of Human Capital in Economic Growth :A Comparative Study of China and Pakistan. Market and Demographic Analysis, 6(2), 14-20.
  • Yaylalı, M., & Lebe, F. (2011). Emprical Analysis of the Relationship Between Human Capital and Economic Growth. Marmara University Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 30(1), 23-51. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=uvt&AN=140846&site=eds-live
  • Yufen, T., & Jingwen, W. (2017). Impact of Labor Supply on Economic Growth in China: A Factor Decomposition Analysis. Population Research, 41(3), 15-25. Retrieved from http://rkyj.ruc.edu.cn/CN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=3466
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Beşeri Sermaye ve İnovasyon Çıktısı’nın Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi: Malezya ile Türkiye’nin Karşılaştırmalı Analizi

Year 2020, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 231 - 242, 24.02.2020
https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.521583

Abstract

Bu makalenin amacı, 1988-2013 dönemi, Malezya ve Türkiye’de beşeri sermaye ve inovasyon çıktısının ekonomik büyümeye etkisini incelemektir. Geleneksel Birim Kök Testleri, değişkenlerinin birinci farkı alındıktan sonra durağan olduğunu göstermektedir, Johansen Eş-Bütünleşme Testleri tüm değişkenlerin uzun dönemde eş-bütünleşik olduğunu göstermektedir. Özellikle, her iki ülkede, uzun dönemde beşeri sermaye, inovasyon çıktısı ve fiziki sermaye ekonomik büyümeye anlamlı ve pozitif etkisi olduğunu bulduk. Nedensellik Testi, Malezya değişkenlerinde beşeri sermaye ve inovasyon çıktısından ekonomik büyümeye iki tek yönlü nedensellik ilişki ve fiziki sermaye ile inovasyon çıktısı arasında çift yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi bulunduğunu göstermektedir.

References

  • Adhikary, B. K. (2011). FDI, Trade Openness, Capital Formation, and Economic Growth in Bangladesh: A Linkage Analysis. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(1), 16-28. Retrieved from http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijbm/article/download/7472/6488
  • Aflizan, N., Rusli, M., & Hamid, Z. (2014). Human capital and economic growth : Empirical evidence from Malaysia. Recent Trends in Social and Behaviour Sciences, 3(1992), 135–139.
  • Altiner, A., & Toktas, Y. (2017). Relationship Between Human Capital And Economic Growth: An Application To Developing Countries. Eurasian Journal of Economics and Finance, 5(3), 87-98. doi:10.15604/ejef.2017.05.03.007
  • Araç, A., & Ceylan, R. (2016). The Role of Human Capital in the Process of Economic Growth: the Case of Turkey. Journal of the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Yüzüncü Yıl University, 2, 9-33. Retrieved from http://dergipark.gov.tr/yyuiibfd/issue/35328/392200
  • Arısoy, İ. (2011). Testing Physical Investment and Growth Relationship in AK Model Perspective: The Case for Turkey (1968-2006). Maliye Dergisi(161), 283-297. Retrieved from https://maliyedergisi.sgb.gov.tr/yayinlar/md/161/015.pdf
  • Aslam, M., Shakar, S. A., & Hassan, G. (2013). Foreign Direct Investment, Human Capital and Economic Growth in Malaysia. 1-39. Retrieved from https://mpra.ub.unimuenchen.de/51930/1/MPRA_paper_51930.pdf
  • Ayoyinka, O., & Isaiah, O. (2011). Employment and Economic Growth Nexus in Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(11), 232-239. Retrieved from https://covenantuniversity.edu.ng/content/download/14152/94833/file/Employment+and+Growth+In+Nigeria_ijbss.pdf
  • Barro, R. J. (1992). Human Capital and Economic Growth. Proceedings, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, (1966), 199–230. http://doi.org/10.1086/449834
  • Bekmez, S., Köneş, A. Ç., & Günal, D. (2009). The Importance of Human Capital on Turkey’s Regional Development. TISK Academy, 4(7), 66-81. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=uvt&AN=97914&site=eds-live
  • Cai, D.-h., & Zhou, M.-c. (2003). A Two-sector Economic Growth Model with Labor Force Transfer. Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences, 8(3), 769–774. doi:10.1007/bf02900813
  • Chen, B.-L., Hsu, M., & Lai, C.-F. (2016). Relation Between Growth And Unemployment In A Model With Labor-Force Participation And Adverse Labor Institutions. Journal of Macroeconomics, 50(C), 273-292. doi:10.1016/j.jmacro.2016.10.004
  • Çakmak, E., & Gümüş, S. (2014). Human Capital and Economic Growth in Turkey: An Econometric Analysis (1960 - 2002). Ankara University SBF Journal (Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi ), 60(1), 59-72. Retrieved from Retrieved from http://dergipark.gov.tr/ausbf/issue/3089/42779
  • Canpolat, N. (2000). Accumulation of Human Capital and Economic Growth in Turkey. Hacettepe University Journal of Economics and Administrative Science, 18(2), 265-281. Retrieved from http://dergipark.gov.tr/huniibf/issue/30302/327295
  • Çoban, O. (2004). The Effect Of Human Capital On Economic Growth: The Case Of Turkey. Journal of Political Sciences, 0(30), 131-142. Retrieved from http://dergipark.gov.tr/iusiyasal/issue/606/6075
  • Dmitriev, S., Drigo, M., Kalinicheva, V., Shadoba, E., Ozherelieva, M., & Matyushkina, I. (2016). Innovation, Economic Growth and Inequality. International Review of Management and, 6(S1), 316-321. Retrieved from http://www.econjournals.com/index.php/irmm/article/viewFile/1931/pdf
  • Duasa, J., & Jais, N. M. (2018). Information Communication Technology, Human Capital and Economic Growth in Malaysia: An Empirical Analysis. The Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art and Communication - TOJDAC, 1415-1419. Retrieved from http://www.tojdac.org/tojdac/VOLUME8-SPTMSPCL_files/tojdac_v080SSE189.pdf
  • Ewubare, D. B., & Ogbuagu, A. R. (2015). Capital Accumulation and Economic Growth in Nigeria “Endogenous Growth Approach”. IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF), 6(6), 49-64. Retrieved from http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jef/papers/Vol6-Issue6/Version-1/G06614964.pdf
  • GDP growth (annual %). (n.d.). Retrieved January 18, 2019, from The World Bank Data: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?contextual=default&end=2017&locations=MY-TR&start=1985
  • GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$). (n.d.). Retrieved January 18, 2019, from The World Bank Data: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD?end=2017&locations=MY-TR&start=1962&view=chart
  • Godbout, M. J., & Norden, S. v. (1997). Reconsidering Cointegration in International Finance: Three Case Studies of Size Distortion in Finite Samples. Bank of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/wp97-1.pdf
  • Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP). (n.d.). Retrieved January 18, 2019, from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS?locations=MY-TR
  • Islam, R., Ghani, A. B., Kusuma, B., & Theseira, B. B. (2016). Education and Human Capital Effect on Malaysian Economic Growth. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 6(4), 1722-1728. Retrieved from http://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijefi/article/viewFile/2727/pdf
  • Josheski, D., & Koteski, C. (2011). The causal relationship between patent growth and growth of GDP with quarterly data in the G7 countries: cointegration, ARDL and error correction models. Retrieved from https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/33153/
  • Karataş, M., & Çankaya, E. (2011). An Analysis of the Relationship Between Human Capital and Economic Growth in Turkey. Journal of Management and Economics, 18(1), 105-124. Retrieved from http://dergipark.gov.tr/yonveek/issue/13694/165738
  • Khalili, F., Lau, W. Y., & Cheong, K. C. (2016). Patent Application–GDP Growth Nexus: The Case of Japan. International Journal of Economic Perspectives, 10(4), 197-205. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1964461250?accountid=17219
  • Maradana, R. P., Pradhan, R. P., Dash, S., Gaurav, K., Jayakumar, M., & Chatterjee, D. (2017). Does Innovation Promote Economic Growth? Evidence From European Countries. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 6(1), 1-23. doi:10.1186/s13731-016-0061-9
  • Middendorf, T. (2006). Human Capital and Economic Growth in OECD Countries. Journal of Economics and Statistics (Jahrbuecher fuer Nationaloekonomie und Statistik), 226(6), 670-686. doi:https://doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2006-0607
  • Ongo, E. N., & Vukenkeng, A. W. (2014). Does gross capital formation matter for economic growth in the CEMAC sub-region? EuroEconomica, 33(2), 79-88. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsdoj&AN=edsdoj.bbd7342c44234bc18ad830ebafe106c4&site=eds-live
  • Ortiz, J. M. (2009). Patents and Economic Growth in the Long Term. A Quantitative Approach. BRUSSELS ECONOMIC REVIEW, 52(3/4), 305-340. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227380589_Patents_and_Economic_Growth_in_the_Long_Term_A_Quantitative_Approach
  • Özkul, G., & Örün, E. (2016). Effect Of Entrepreneurship And Innovation on Economic Growth: An Empirical Research. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 5(2), 17-51.
  • Özşahin, Ş., & Karaçor, Z. (2013). Human Capital As One Of The Determinants Economic Growth:Importance Of Higher Education For Turkish Economy. Academic Review Of Economics And Administrative Sciences, 6(1), 148-162. Retrieved from http://dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/185054
  • Patent applications, residents. (n.d.). Retrieved January 18, 2019, from The World Bank Data: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IP.PAT.RESD?locations=MY-TR
  • Pathania, R. (2013). Causal Relationship Between Capital Formation And Economic Growth In India. Indian Journal Of Management Science, 3(1), 90-95. Retrieved from http://www.scholarshub.net/ijms/vol3/issue1/Paper_14.pdf
  • Pece, A. M., Simona, O. E., & Salisteanu, F. (2015). Innovation and Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis for CEE Countries. Procedia Economics and Finance, 26, 461-467. doi:10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00874-6
  • Peterson, E. W. (2017). The Role of Population in Economic Growth. SAGE Open, 7(4). doi:10.1177/2158244017736094
  • Petrariu, I. R., Bumbac, R., & Ciobanu, R. (2013). Innovation: A Path to Competitiveness and Economic Growth. The Case of CEE Countries . Theoretical and Applied Economics, 5(582), 15-26 . Retrieved from http://store.ectap.ro/articole/857.pdf
  • Raleva, S. (2014). Impact of Labour on Economic Growth in Bulgaria (1991 - 2013). Economic Alternatives(3), 5-14. Retrieved from https://www.unwe.bg/uploads/Alternatives/1_broi_3_2014.pdf
  • Şahbaz, A. (2014). Relationship Gross Fixed Investment And Economic Growth: Panel Causality Analysis. Niğde Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 7(1), 1-12. Retrieved from http://iibfdergi.nigde.edu.tr/article/view/5000066641/5000062065
  • Serel, H., & Masatçı, K. (2005). Human Capital and Economic Growth Relationship in Turkey: Cointegration Analysis (Türkiye’de Beşeri Sermaye ve İktisadi Büyüme İlişkis: Ko-Entegrasyon Analizi). Atatürk University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 19(2), 49-58. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=uvt&AN=68273&site=eds-live
  • Shukla, S. (2017). Innovation and Economic Growth: A Case of India. Humanities & Social Science Reviews, 5(2), 64-70. doi:10.18510/hssr.2017.521
  • Sinha, D. (2007). Patents, Innovations and Economic Growth in Japan and South Korea: Evidence from individual country and panel data (MPRA Paper No. 2547). Retrieved from https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/2547/
  • Topallı, N. (2017). The Relationship Between Human Capital And Economic Growth: The Case Of Turkey. Academic Review Of Economics And Administrative Sciences, 10(2), 129-140. Retrieved from http://dergipark.gov.tr/ohuiibf/issue/28958/310069
  • Türedi, S. (2016). The Relationship between R&D Expenditures, Patent Applications and Growth:A Dynamic Panel Causality Analysis for OECD Countries. Anadolu University Journal of Social Sciences, 16(1), 39-48. Retrieved from http://dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/259898
  • Unit Root: Simple Definition, Unit Root Tests. (2016). Retrieved January 3, 2019, from Statistics How To: https://www.statisticshowto.datasciencecentral.com/unit-root/
  • Varsak, S., & Bakırtaş, İ. (2009). The Effect Of Human Cap.tal On Econom.c Growth: The Case Of Turkey. Dumlupınar University Journal of Social Sciences, 25, 49-60. Retrieved from http://dergipark.gov.tr/dpusbe/issue/4767/65542
  • Wabiga, P., & Nakijoba, S. (2018). High Technology Exports, Gross Capital Formation and Economic Growth in Uganda: A Vector Auto Regressive Approach. International Journal of Business and Economics Research, 7(6), 191-202. doi:doi: 10.11648/j.ijber.20180706.13
  • Wang, J., & Abbas, Q. (2000, March). The Role of Human Capital in Economic Growth :A Comparative Study of China and Pakistan. Market and Demographic Analysis, 6(2), 14-20.
  • Yaylalı, M., & Lebe, F. (2011). Emprical Analysis of the Relationship Between Human Capital and Economic Growth. Marmara University Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 30(1), 23-51. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=uvt&AN=140846&site=eds-live
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Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Nueraili Wusiman 0000-0002-5487-7532

Aboubakary Nulambeh Ndzembanteh This is me 0000-0002-4039-6690

Publication Date February 24, 2020
Acceptance Date August 1, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Wusiman, N., & Ndzembanteh, A. N. (2020). The Impact of Human Capital and Innovation Output on Economic Growth: Comparative Analysis of Malaysia and Turkey. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(1), 231-242. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.521583

Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.