Comparison of Happiness at Work Levels of Health, Education and Security Sector Employees: The Effect of Perceived Organizational Support

Year 2024, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 433 - 452, 30.08.2024

Ahmet Yıldız

https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.1416532

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, üç farklı sektördeki çalışanların iş yerindeki mutluluk düzeylerini karşılaştırmak, algılanan kurumsal desteğin bu mutluluk üzerindeki etkisini belirlemek ve çalışanların mutluluk düzeyinin mesleki ve demografik değişkenlere göre farklılık gösterip göstermediğini araştırmaktır. Etik onay, Batman Üniversitesi Etik Kurulu’ndan alınmıştır (tarih: 04.01.2023; karar no: 2023/01-38). Bu çalışmada kesitsel bir tasarım kullanmıştır. Veri toplama araçları olarak kısaltılmış İşte Mutluluk Ölçeği ve Algılanan Örgütsel Destek Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Çalışmaya toplam 1114 çalışan katılmıştır. Çalışmada işte mutluluk düzeyinin, sağlık sektöründe eğitim ve güvenlik sektörlerine göre anlamlı derecede düşük olduğu bulunmuştur (p<0.01). Algılanan kurumsal desteğin işyerinde mutluluğun anlamlı bir yordayıcısı olduğu belirlenmiştir (p<0.01). Ayrıca, daha yüksek gelire sahip olan, kamu sektöründe çalışan ve daha az iş deneyimine sahip olan çalışanların daha yüksek mutluluk düzeyine sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir (p<0.01). Bu sonuçlar, sektörel farklılıkların etkilerini anlamak açısından önemli olup, bu bağlamda uygun stratejilerin geliştirilmesine katkıda bulunabilir.

Keywords

Happiness at Work, Organizational Support, Health Employees, Education Employees, Security Employees

Ethical Statement

Etik onay, Batman Üniversitesi Etik Kurulu’ndan alınmıştır (tarih: 04.01.2023; karar no: 2023/01-33).

Thanks

Yazar, araştırmaya katılanlara teşekkür eder.

Comparison of Happiness at Work Levels of Health, Education and Security Sector Employees: The Effect of Perceived Organizational Support

Abstract

This study aim to compare the happiness at work levels of employees in three different sectors: health, education and security, to determine the effect of perceived organizational support on happiness in all three sectors, and to investigate whether the happiness level of employees differs according to professional and demographic variables. Ethical approval was obtained from the approved by the Batman University Ethics Committee (date: 04.01.2023; decision no: 2023/01-38). This study utilised a cross-sectional design. The shortened Happiness at Work Scale and Perceived Organizational Support Scale were used as data collection tools. A total of 1114 employees participated in the study. In the study, the level of happiness at work, were found to be significantly lower in the health sector than those in the education and security sector (p<0.01). It was observed that perceived organizational support was a significant predictor of happiness in the workplace (p<0.01). In the study, it was also determined that employees with higher income, those working in the public sector and employees with less work experience had higher happiness levels (p<0.01). These results are important to understanding the effects of sectoral differences and could contribute to the development of appropriate strategies in this context.

Keywords

Happiness at Work, Organizational Support, Health Employees, Education Employees, Security Employees

References

• Ahmed, I., & Nawaz, M. M. (2015). Antecedents and outcomes of perceived organizational support: A literature survey approach. Journal of Management Development, 34(7), 867–880. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-09-2013-0115
• Akgunduz, Y., Bardakoglu, O., & Kizilcalioglu, G. (2023). Happiness, job stress, job dedication and perceived organizational support: a mediating model. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 6(2), 654–673. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-07-2021-0189
• Al Maqbali, M., Al Sinani, M., & Al-Lenjawi, B. (2021). Prevalence of stress, depression, anxiety and sleep disturbance among nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 141, 110343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110343
• Angner, E., Hullett, S., & Allison, J. J. (2011). “ I’ll die with the hammer in my hand”: John Henryism as a predictor of happiness. Journal of Economic Psychology, 32(3), 357–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2011.01.002
• Armstrong-Stassen, M., & Ursel, N. D. (2009). Perceived organizational support, career satisfaction, and the retention of older workers. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82(1), 201–220. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317908X288838
• Bataineh, K. adnan. (2019). Impact of Work-Life Balance, Happiness at Work, on Employee Performance. International Business Research, 12(2), 99-112. https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v12n2p99
• Benevene, P., De Stasio, S., Fiorilli, C., Buonomo, I., Ragni, B., Briegas, J. J. M., & Barni, D. (2019). Effect of teachers’ happiness on teachers’ health. The mediating role of happiness at work. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2449. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02449
• Bilginoğlu, E., & Yozgat, U. (2020). İşyerinde Mutluluk Ölçeği Türkçe Formunun Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması The Validity and Reliability of the Happiness at Work Scale - Turkish Form. Journal of Yasar University, 15(Special Issue), 201–204.
• Cesário, F., & Chambel, M. J. (2017). Linking Organizational Commitment and Work Engagement to Employee Performance. Knowledge and Process Management, 24(2), 152–158. https://doi.org/10.1002/kpm.1542
• Chung, Y. W., Dong, X. T., & Yun, J. K. (2022). A study on the mediating effects of anxiety and happiness for workplace loneliness and behavioral outcomes of Korean police officers. Policing, 45(6), 924–938. https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-03-2022-0041
• De Guzman, A. B., Largo, E., Mandap, L., & Muñoz, V. M. (2014). The Mediating Effect of Happiness on the Job Satisfaction of Aging Filipino Workers: A Structural Equation Model (SEM). Educational Gerontology, 40(10), 767–782. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601277.2014.882108
• De Hert, S. (2020). Burnout in healthcare workers: Prevalence, impact and preventative strategies. Local and Regional Anesthesia, 13, 171–183. https://doi.org/10.2147/LRA.S240564
• Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived Organizational Support. In Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3). 500-507. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.71.3.500
• Eisenberger, R., Rhoades Shanock, L., & Wen, X. (2020). Perceived organizational support: Why caring about employees counts. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 7, 101-124. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012119- 044917
• El-Sharkawy, S. A., Nafea, M. S., & Hassan, E. E.-D. H. (2023). HRM and organizational learning in knowledge economy: investigating the impact of happiness at work (HAW) on organizational learning capability (OLC). Future Business Journal, 9(10), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-023-00188-2
• Feitor, S., Martins, T., & Borges, E. (2023). Shorted Happiness at Work Scale: Psychometric Proprieties of the Portuguese Version in a Sample of Nurses. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(1), 658. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010658
• Filipkowski, J., & Derbis, R. (2023). Are we happy with our work in globalization? Globalization experience, achievement motivation, and job seniority as predictors of work satisfaction in a group of office workers. Globalization and Health, 19(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-023-00941-w
• Fisher, C. D. (2010). Happiness at Work. International Journal of Management Reviews, 12(4), 384–412. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2009.00270.x
• Fitriana, N., Hutagalung, F. D., Awang, Z., & Zaid, S. M. (2022). Happiness at work: A cross-cultural validation of happiness at work scale. PLoS One, 17(1), e0261617. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261617
• Ghahramani, S., Lankarani, K. B., Yousefi, M., Heydari, K., Shahabi, S., & Azmand, S. (2021). A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Burnout Among Healthcare Workers During COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 58849. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.758849
• Gray, P., Senabe, S., Naicker, N., Kgalamono, S., Yassi, A., & Spiegel, J. M. (2019). Workplace-based organizational interventions promoting mental health and happiness among healthcare workers: A realist review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(22). 4396. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224396
• Hamid, Z., & Kundi, Y. M. (2024). Discretionary HR practices and happiness at work (HAW): a sequential mediation model of perceived organizational support and meaning of work. In Evidence-based HRM: a Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship. Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBHRM-05-2023-0111
• Hungerbuehler, I., Daley, K., Cavanagh, K., Claro, H. G., & Kapps, M. (2021). Chatbot-based assessment of employees’ mental health: Design process and pilot implementation. JMIR Formative Research, 5(4), e21678. https://doi.org/10.2196/21678
• Jalali, Z., & Heidari, A. (2016). The Relationship between Happiness, Subjective Well-Being, Creativity and Job Performance of Primary School Teachers in Ramhormoz City. International Education Studies, 9(6), 45-52. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v9n6p45
• Knabe, A., & Rätzel, S. (2010). Income, happiness, and the disutility of labour. Economics Letters, 107(1), 77–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2009.12.032
• Khosrojerdi, Z., Tagharrobi, Z., Sooki, Z., & Sharifi, K. (2018). Predictors of happiness among Iranian nurses. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 5(3), 281-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2018.06.008
• Kosasih, A., & Basit, A. (2019, June). Happiness at workplace: Job satisfaction and organizational support. In Proceeding: International Conference on Business, Education, Innovation & Social Sciences ICBEISS (pp. 117-126).
• Kurtessis, J. N., Eisenberger, R., Ford, M. T., Buffardi, L. C., Stewart, K. A., & Adis, C. S. (2017). Perceived organizational support: A meta-analytic evaluation of organizational support theory. Journal of management, 43(6), 1854-1884. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206315575554
• Meydan, C. H., & Şeşen, H. (2011). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi AMOS uygulamaları. Detay Yayıncılık.
• Meyers, M. C., Adams, B. G., Sekaja, L., Buzea, C., Cazan, A. M., Gotea, M., Stefenel, D., & van Woerkom, M. (2019). Perceived Organizational Support for the Use of Employees’ Strengths and Employee Well-Being: A Cross-Country Comparison. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(6), 1825–1841. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-018-0026-8
• Novliadi, F., & Anggraini, R. (2020). Happiness at Work Viewed from Job Satisfaction and Perceived Organizational Support. 4, 1815–1820. https://doi.org/10.5220/0010102318151820
• Özdemir, B. (2022). Perceived organizational support and happiness at work: The role of psychological capital. Journal of Management and Economics Research, 20(1), 414-430.
• Özer, Ö., Özkan, O., Özmen, S., & Çirakli, Ü. (2023). Investigation of the perception of occupational safety, work stress and happiness in healthcare workers. Journal of Health Management, 25(4), 813-819. https://doi.org/10.1177/09720634221078413
• Pacek, A., Radcliff, B., & Brockway, M. (2019). Well-Being and the Democratic State: How the Public Sector Promotes Human Happiness. Social Indicators Research, 143(3), 1147–1159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-018-2017-x
• Pryce-Jones, J., & Lindsay, J. (2014). What happiness at work is and how to use it. Industrial and Commercial Training, 46(3), 130–134. https://doi.org/10.1108/ICT-10-2013-0072
• Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 698–714. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.698
• Romão, S., Ribeiro, N., Gomes, D. R., & Singh, S. (2022). The Impact of Leaders’ Coaching Skills on Employees’ Happiness and Turnover Intention. Administrative Sciences, 12(3), 84. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12030084
• Salari, N., Khazaie, H., Hosseinian-Far, A., Khaledi-Paveh, B., Kazeminia, M., Mohammadi, M., Shohaimi, S., Daneshkhah, A., & Eskandari, S. (2020). The prevalence of stress, anxiety and depression within front-line healthcare workers caring for COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-regression. Human Resources for Health, 18(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-020-00544-1
• Salas-Vallina, A., & Alegre, J. (2021). Happiness at work: Developing a shorter measure. Journal of Management and Organization, 27(3), 460–480. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2018.24
• Salas-Vallina, A., Simone, C., & Fernández-Guerrero, R. (2020). The human side of leadership: Inspirational leadership effects on follower characteristics and happiness at work (HAW). Journal of Business Research, 107, 162–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.10.044
• Satuf, C., Monteiro, S., Pereira, H., Esgalhado, G., Marina Afonso, R., & Loureiro, M. (2018). The protective effect of job satisfaction in health, happiness, well-being and self-esteem. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 24(2), 181–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2016.1216365
• Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., Bakker, A. B., & Gonzales-Roma, V. (2002). The Measurement of Engagement and Burnout : A two sample confirmatory Factor Analytic Approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015630930326
• Sender, G., Carvalho, F., & Guedes, G. (2021). The Happy Level: A New Approach to Measure Happiness at Work Using Mixed Methods. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 20, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069211002413
• Shoja, E., Aghamohammadi, V., Bazyar, H., Moghaddam, H. R., Nasiri, K., Dashti, M., Choupani, A., Garaee, M., Aliasgharzadeh, S., & Asgari, A. (2020). Covid-19 effects on the workload of Iranian healthcare workers. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09743-w
• Singh, S., & Aggarwal, Y. (2018). Happiness at Work Scale: Construction and Psychometric Validation of a Measure Using Mixed Method Approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19(5), 1439–1463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-017-9882-x
• Singh, S., Taruna, & Bharti, J. S. (2023). Effect of Perception of Organizational Support on Organizational Citizenship Behaviour: The Mediating Role of Employee Happiness. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10672-023-09455-4
• Sudibjo, N., & Manihuruk, A. M. (2022). How Do Happiness at Work and Perceived Organizational Support Affect Teachers’ Mental Health Through Job Satisfaction During the COVID-19 Pandemic? Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 15, 939–951. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S361881
• Türe, A., & Yıldırım, A. (2018). The validity and reliability of scale of perceived organizational support for nursing. Journal of Health and Nursing Management, 5(1), 9-18. https://doi.org/10.5222/shyd.2018.009
• Uzun, G., Kurtulus, H. Y., Aydin, C. B., & Zeren, S. G. (2020). Predictors of happiness among teachers and school counselors: Job satisfaction and loneliness in the workplace. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies Year, 13(82), 113-130. https://doi.org/10.29228/JASSS.43468
• Wolter, J. S., Bock, D., Mackey, J., Xu, P., & Smith, J. S. (2019). Employee satisfaction trajectories and their effect on customer satisfaction and repatronage intentions. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 47(5), 815–836. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-019-00655-9
• Yongxing, G., Hongfei, D., Baoguo, X., & Lei, M. (2017). Work engagement and job performance: The moderating role of perceived organizational support. Anales de Psicologia, 33(3), 708–713. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.33.3.238571
• Zhu, Y. (2012). A review of job satisfaction. Canadian Center of Science and Education. In Asian Social Science 9(1), 293–298. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v9n1p293