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Human Nature and Gender Roles in Mark Twain’s The Diaries of Adam and Eve

Year 2024, Volume: 12 Issue: 3, 1006 - 1014
https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.1507718

Abstract

Mark Twain (1835-1910) presents a critical and philosophical approach to human nature and gender roles through the fictional diaries of the first humans in The Diaries of Adam and Eve (1906). Reimagining the biblical account of creation and the fall in Genesis II and III and writing sequel stories, Twain examines the multidimensional interactions between Adam and Eve using humour and his witty style by revolting against traditional religious norms. By portraying Eve as curious and scientifically minded, Twain challenges the patriarchal view of women's intellectual inferiority and subverts the traditional depiction of Eve. Additionally, these stories provide various situations in which Adam and Eve, the earliest form of man and woman, evaluate each other and draw attention to the multiple ways in which the male and female genders think, feel and make meaning. From naming animals to enduring death, their experiences reflect broader human struggles with identity, morality, and existence. In addition, the author implies that the meaning of the creation of the first human couple, who are strangers to the world and in the process of continuous education, is the love they have achieved with difficulties. Through this subtle and humorous critique, Twain expands the conversation on human nature and gender roles, questioning deep-seated social and religious prejudices. This study seeks to explore Twain's approach in The Diaries of Adam and Eve, a work that serves as a sequel to conventional biblical narratives, where he combines his literary creativity with sharp social commentaries to engage with the long-standing debates on human nature and gender roles.

References

  • Bush, H. K. (2002). ‘Moralist in disguise’: Mark Twain and American religion. In S. F. Fishkin (Ed.), A historical guide to Mark Twain (pp. 55-94). Oxford University Press.
  • Bush, H. K. (2007). Mark Twain and the spiritual crisis of his age. The University of Alabama Press.
  • Cantor, R. G. (2012). Hierarchical naming in Milton’s paradise lost and Twain’s Diaries of Adam and Eve. Names, 60(2), 65-73. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1179/0027-773811Z.0000000005
  • Cook, J. A. (2019). The Bible and American literature. Obo in American Literature. Doi:10.1093/obo/9780199827251-0193.
  • Ensor, A. (1969). Mark Twain and the Bible. University of Kentucky Press.
  • Eutsey, D. (1999). Mark Twain's attitudes toward religion: Sympathy for the Devil or radical Christianity? Religion & Literature, 31(2), 45-64. http:// www.jstor.org/stable/40059768.
  • Greenblatt, S. (2017). The Rise and Fall of Adam and Eve. W.W. Norton&Company.
  • Leguin, U. (1996). Introduction. In The Diaries of Adam and Eve. Mark Twain (pp. 31-41). Oxford University Press.
  • Merry, B. (1979). Literary diary as a genre. The Maynooth Review, 5(1), 3-19. http://jstor/stable/20556925.
  • Messent, P. (2007). The Cambridge Introduction to Mark Twain. Cambridge University Press. New International Version. (2011). BibleGateway.com.https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%203%3A16%2D18&version=NIV.
  • Oxford University Press. (n. d.) Human Nature. Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved July 6, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1131768052.
  • Quirk, T. (2005). Mark Twain and Human Nature. P. Messent & L. J. Budd (Eds.), A companion to Mark Twain (pp. 21-37). Blackwell Publishing.
  • Railton, S. (2004). Mark Twain: A short introduction. Blackwell Publishing.
  • Ramsey, G. (2023). Human nature. Cambridge University Press.
  • Rasmussen, R. K. (2007). Critical companion to Mark Twain: A literary reference to his life and work. Facts on File.
  • Twain, M. (1996). The diaries of Adam and Eve. Oxford University Press.
  • Twain, M. (2022). Diaries of Adam and Eve. Alma Books.

Mark Twain’in Adem ve Havva’nın Günlükleri’nde İnsan Doğası ve Cinsiyet Rolleri

Year 2024, Volume: 12 Issue: 3, 1006 - 1014
https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.1507718

Abstract

Mark Twain (1835-1910), Adem ve Havva'nın Günlükleri’nde (1906) ilk insanların kurgusal günlükleri aracılığıyla insan doğasına ve toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine eleştirel ve felsefi bir yaklaşım sunar. İncil’in Yaratılış II ve III bölümlerindeki yaratılış ve düşüş hikayelerini yeniden kurgulayan ve devam hikayeleri yazan Twain, geleneksel dini normlara başkaldırarak Adem ve Havva arasındaki çok boyutlu etkileşimleri mizahı ve nüktedan üslubunu kullanarak inceler. Twain, Havva'yı meraklı ve bilimsel düşünen biri olarak tasvir ederek, kadınların entelektüel açıdan aşağı olduğuna dair ataerkil görüşe meydan okur ve geleneksel Havva tasvirini altüst eder. Ayrıca, bu öykülerde kadın ve erkeğin ilk hali olan Adem ve Havva'nın birbirlerini değerlendirdikleri çeşitli durumlar sunulmakta ve kadın ve erkek cinsiyetlerinin düşünme, hissetme ve anlamlandırma biçimlerine dikkat çekilmektedir. Hayvanlara isim vermekten ölüme katlanmaya kadar yaşadıkları deneyimler, kimlik, ahlak ve varoluşla ilgili daha geniş insan mücadelelerini yansıtmaktadır. Ayrıca yazar, dünyaya yabancı ve sürekli bir eğitim sürecinde olan ilk insan çiftinin yaratılışının anlamının, zorluklarla elde ettikleri aşk olduğunu imler. Twain, bu ince ve mizahi eleştiri aracılığıyla, insan doğası ve toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri hakkındaki tartışmayı genişleterek, kökleşmiş toplumsal ve dini önyargıları sorgular. Bu çalışma, Twain'in geleneksel İncil anlatılarının devamı niteliğindeki Adem ve Havva'nın Günlükleri eserinde, edebi yaratıcılığını keskin sosyal yorumlarıyla harmanlayarak uzun süredir tartışılagelen insan doğası ve cinsiyet rolleri konularına karşı ortaya koyduğu yaklaşımını incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır.

References

  • Bush, H. K. (2002). ‘Moralist in disguise’: Mark Twain and American religion. In S. F. Fishkin (Ed.), A historical guide to Mark Twain (pp. 55-94). Oxford University Press.
  • Bush, H. K. (2007). Mark Twain and the spiritual crisis of his age. The University of Alabama Press.
  • Cantor, R. G. (2012). Hierarchical naming in Milton’s paradise lost and Twain’s Diaries of Adam and Eve. Names, 60(2), 65-73. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1179/0027-773811Z.0000000005
  • Cook, J. A. (2019). The Bible and American literature. Obo in American Literature. Doi:10.1093/obo/9780199827251-0193.
  • Ensor, A. (1969). Mark Twain and the Bible. University of Kentucky Press.
  • Eutsey, D. (1999). Mark Twain's attitudes toward religion: Sympathy for the Devil or radical Christianity? Religion & Literature, 31(2), 45-64. http:// www.jstor.org/stable/40059768.
  • Greenblatt, S. (2017). The Rise and Fall of Adam and Eve. W.W. Norton&Company.
  • Leguin, U. (1996). Introduction. In The Diaries of Adam and Eve. Mark Twain (pp. 31-41). Oxford University Press.
  • Merry, B. (1979). Literary diary as a genre. The Maynooth Review, 5(1), 3-19. http://jstor/stable/20556925.
  • Messent, P. (2007). The Cambridge Introduction to Mark Twain. Cambridge University Press. New International Version. (2011). BibleGateway.com.https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%203%3A16%2D18&version=NIV.
  • Oxford University Press. (n. d.) Human Nature. Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved July 6, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1131768052.
  • Quirk, T. (2005). Mark Twain and Human Nature. P. Messent & L. J. Budd (Eds.), A companion to Mark Twain (pp. 21-37). Blackwell Publishing.
  • Railton, S. (2004). Mark Twain: A short introduction. Blackwell Publishing.
  • Ramsey, G. (2023). Human nature. Cambridge University Press.
  • Rasmussen, R. K. (2007). Critical companion to Mark Twain: A literary reference to his life and work. Facts on File.
  • Twain, M. (1996). The diaries of Adam and Eve. Oxford University Press.
  • Twain, M. (2022). Diaries of Adam and Eve. Alma Books.
There are 17 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects North American Language, Literature and Culture, World Languages, Literature and Culture (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Samet Kalecik 0000-0002-5494-6470

Early Pub Date December 25, 2024
Publication Date
Submission Date June 30, 2024
Acceptance Date November 19, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 12 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Kalecik, S. (2024). Human Nature and Gender Roles in Mark Twain’s The Diaries of Adam and Eve. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 12(3), 1006-1014. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.1507718

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