Is the nutritional composition of safflower oilseed meal sufficient for alternative or complementary aqua feeds-raw material?

Abstract

Safflower (Carthomus tinctorius L.) is grown in many countries, even in arid regions. Due to its important nutrients, safflower has the potential to be used as raw material for the nutrition of many animals and aquaculture species. For this reason, the objective of this study is to determine crude protein, crude oil, ash, and nitrogen-free extract (NFE) values, as well as amino acid, fatty acid, and mineral values, utilizing safflower meal is used instead of fish meal and soybean meal, wheat and canola meal as raw material for aquaculture feed. On a dry matter basis, the crude protein, crude oil, and NFE values were found at 19.42% ±0.32, 8.76% 0.21±, 2.84% 0.1± and 62.68% ±0.88 respectively. Safflower meal contains significant arginine, histidine, and phenylalanine levels, with C18:2 n-6 being one of the most abundant fatty acids. According to the fatty acid values examined, the total saturated fatty acid values were to be 9.79%; the total monounsaturated fatty acid values are 27.58%; total n-6 PUFA values are 61.49%; total n-3 fatty acid values are 0.55% and total n-3 HUFA values are 0.22% in safflower oilseed meal. In terms of potassium and magnesium content, similar to soybean meal and fish meal. Safflower oilseed plant meal or oil can be used as complementary raw material in both marine and freshwater fish feeds. At this point, observing the balance of essential amino acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diets and conducting detailed studies would be effective at further closing the gap in this field.

Keywords

• Safflower meal and oil
• nutritional composition
• model for amino acids
• cultured fish nutrition
• complementary feedstuff

References

1. Aksoylu Özbek Z, Günç Ergönül P (2020). Determination of Physicochemical Properties, Fatty Acid, Tocopherol, Sterol, and Phenolic Profiles of Expeller–Pressed Poppy Seed Oils from Turkey. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 97(6): 591-602.
2. Alizadeh A, Ghorbani G, Alikhani M, Rahmani H, Nikkhah A (2010). Safflower seeds in corn silage and alfalfa hay based early lactation diets: A practice within an optimum forage choice. Anim Feed Sci Tech 155: 18–24.
3. Ali Assaf N (2018). Replacing Fishmeal by Safflower Meal in the Diet of the Marine Algaevorous Teleost, Siganus rivulatus. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of science to the Department of Biology of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at the American University of Beirut.
4. Amini F, Saeidi G & Arzani A (2008) Study of genetic diversity in safflower genotypes using agro-morphological traits and RAPD markers. Euphytica 163: 21–30.
5. AOAC (1990). Official Methods of Analysis (13th Ed.) Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official method 950.46. Washington. D.C. USA.
6. AOAC (1995). Official Methods of Analysis. (14th. Ed.) Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Washington. DC.. USA.
7. AOAC (2002). Protein content in meat. 928.08. Official Method of Analysis (17th ed.). Gaithersburg. Maryland: Association of Official Analytical Chemists.
8. AOAC (2006). Crude Fat Determination-Soxhlet Method. Meat technology information sheet. 1-3.

9. Apper-Bossard E, Feneuil A, Wagner A & Respondek F (2013). Use of vital wheat gluten in aquaculture feeds. Aquatic Biosystems 2013: 9:21.
10. Aydeniz B, Güneşer O & Yılmaz E (2014). Physico-chemical. Sensory and Aromatic Properties of Cold Press Produced Safflower Oil. Journal of the American oil chemists society 91(1): 99-110.
11. Babaoğlu M (2006). Aspir Bitkisi ve Tarımı. Trakya Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğühttps://arastirma.tarimorman.gov.tr/ttae/Sayfalar/Detay.aspx?SayfaId=59
12. Babaoğlu M (2017). Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de Aspir Bitkisinin Tarihi. Kullanım Alanları ve Önemi. Tarım Gündem Dergisi. 6(36), 98-102
13. Ben Moumen A, Mansouri F, Richard G, Abid M, Fauconnier M L, Sindic M, Amrani A & Serghini Caid H (2015). Biochemical characterisation of the seed oils of four safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) varieties grown in north‐eastern of Morocco. International Journal of Food Science & Technology 50(3): 804-810.
14. Baümler E, Cuniberti A, Nolasco S M & Riccobene I C (2006). Moisture-dependent physical and compression properties of safflower seed. J Food Eng 72: 134–140.
15. Bilgin Ö, Çarlı U, Erdoğan S, Maviş M E, Göksu Gürsu G & Yılmaz M (2018). Karadeniz’de (Sinop Yarımadası Civarı) Avlanan İzmarit Balığı. Spicara smaris (Linnaeus. 1758). Etinin LC-MS/MS Kullanarak Amino Asit İçeriğinin Tespiti ve Ağırlık-Boy İlişkisi. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi 6(2): 130–136. https://doi.org/10.30910/turkjans.556589.
16. Bowles V G, Mayerhofer R, Davis C, Good A G & Hall J C (2010). A phylogenetic investigation of Carthamus combining sequence and microsatellite data. Plant systematics and evolution. 287(1): 85-97.
17. Czesny S & Dabrowski K (1998). The effect of egg fatty acid concentrations on embryo viability in wild and domesticated walleye (Stizostedion vitreum). Aquatic Living Resources 11(6): 371-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0990-7440(99)80002-3
18. Çantaş İ B & Yıldırım Ö (2020). Supplementation of Microbial Phytase with Safflower Meal in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): The Effects on Growth. Digestibility. Environmental. and Serum Biological Parameters. Journal of Chemistry 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4634796
19. Dajue L & Mündel H H (1996). Safflower Carthamus tinctorius L. Promoting the Conservation and Use of Underutilized and Neglected Crops. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research. Gatersleben/International Plant Genetic. 7th Edition. Rome.
20. Dubois V, Breton S, Linder M, Fanni J & Parmentier M (2007). Fatty acid profiles of 80 vegetable oils with regard to their nutritional potential. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 109: 710–732.
21. Ecoport (2010). Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) seeds and oil meal. http://www.ecoport.org
22. Ekin Z (2005). Resurgence of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Utilization: a global view. Journal of Agronomy 4(2): 83-87.
23. Elesho F E, Sutter D A H, Swinkels M A C, Verreth J A J, Kröckel S & Schrama J W (2021). Quantifying methionine requirement of juvenile African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Aquaculture 532: 736020.
24. Emongor V (2010). Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) the Underutilized and Neclected Crop: A Review. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences 9(6): 299-306
25. FAO (2017). FAO Statistical Databases. Available from http://faostat3.fao.org (last consult: 2017/10/03).
26. FAOSTAT (2017). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Statistics Division. Crops: Safflower. 2017.
27. FAOSTAT (2020). World production of safflower seeds in 2018; World Regions/Crops/Production from pick lists". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Statistics Division. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
28. FAO (2020). FAO Statistical Databases. Available from http://faostat3.fao.org Folch J, Lees M & Sloane Stanley G H (1957). A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 226(1): 497-509.
29. Galicia-González A, Goytortúa-Bores E, Palacios E, Civera-Cerecedo R, Moyano-López F J, Cruz-Suárez L E & Ricque-Marie D (2010). Chemical Composition and Digestibility of Three Mexican Safflower Meals Used as Ingredients in Diets for Whiteleg Shrimp. Litopenaeus vannamei. Journal of world aquaculture society 41(2).
30. Gilbert J (2008). International safflower production an overview. 7th International Safflower Conference. Australian Oilseeds Federation. Wagga Wagga. NSW. Australia. November 2008.
31. Glencross B D (2009). Exploring the nutritional demand for essential fatty acids by aquaculture species. Reviews in aquaculture 1: 71-124. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-5131.2009.01006.x
32. Glencross B D (2020). A feed is still only as good as its ingredients: An update on the nutritional research strategies for the optimal evaluation of ingredients for aquaculture feeds. Aquacult Nutr 2020 (00): 1–13. https://doi. org/10.1111/anu.13138
33. GRDC. 2010. Raising the bar with better safflower agronomy - Autumn 2010. GRDC - Grain research and development Corporation
34. Hekmatpour F & Mozanzadeh M T (2021). Sustainable Alternative Protein Sources for Aquafeeds. Legumes https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99778
35. Hertrampf J & Wiedad-Pascual F (2000). Handbook on Ingredients for Aquaculture Feeds. Klumer Academic Publishers. Norwell. MA. USA.
36. Heuzé V, Tran G, Chapoutot P, Renaudeau D, Bastianelli D & Lebas F (2015). Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) seeds and oil meal. Feedipedia. a programme by INRAE. CIRAD. AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/49 Last updated on October 6. 2015. 10:51
37. Heuzé V, Tran G, Sauvant D, Lessire M & Lebas F (2020). Rapeseed meal. Feedipedia. a programme by INRAE. CIRAD. AFZ and FAO. https://feedipedia.org/node/52 Last updated on July 23. 2020.
38. IFFO (2021). https://www.iffo.com/members-area/annual-yearbook-2020.
39. Izquierdo M (2005). Essential fatty acid requirements in Mediterranean fish species. Mediterranean fish nutrition. Zaragoza : CIHEAM. 2005. p. 91-102 (Cahiers Options Méditerranéennes; n. 63)
40. Kinupp V F & Lorenzi H (2014). Plantas alimentícias não convencionais (PANC) no Brasil: guia de identificação. aspectos nutricionais e receitas ilustradas. Nova Odessa: Instituto Plantarum de estudos da flora Ltda.
41. Kiron V, Kulkarni A, Dahle D, Vasanth G, Lokesh J & Elvebo O (2016). Recognition of purified beta 1,3/1,6 glucan and molecular signalling in the intestine of Atlantic salmon. Dev Comp Immunol 56: 57-66. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.11.007. Epub 2015 Nov 22. PMID: 26615007.
42. Köprücü K & Sertel E (2012). The effects of less-expensive plant protein sources replaced with soybean meal in the juvenile diet of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella): growth. nutrient utilization and body composition. Aquaculture international 20(3): 399-412.
43. Knowles P F, Ashri A. (1995) Safflower Carthamus tinctorius (Compositae). In: Smartt J, Simmonds NW (eds) Evolution of crop plants, 2nd edn. Longman Scientific and Technical, London, 47–50.
44. Lall S P & Kaushik S J (2021). Nutrition and metabolism of minerals in fish. Animals 11(9): 2711.
45. MacIntosh S C, Shaw M, Connelly M & Yao Z J (2021). Food and Feed Safety of NS-B5ØØ27-4 Omega-3 Canola (Brassica napus): A New Source of Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Frontiers in nutrition 8: 716659. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2021.716659
46. Mejicanos G, Sanjayan N, Kim I H & Nyachoti C M (2016). Recent advances in canola meal utilization in swine nutrition. Journal of Animal Science and Technology 58:7 DOI 10.1186/s40781-016-0085-5
47. Meshram P D, Puri R G & Patil H V (2011). Epoxidation of Wild Safflower (Carthamus oxyacantha) Oil with Peroxy Acid in Presence of Strongly Acidic Cation Exchange Resin IR-122 Ascatalyst. International Journal Of Chem Tech Research 3(2011): 1152-1163.
48. Metcalfe L D & Schmitz A A (1961). The rapid preparation of fatty acid esters for gas chromatographic analysis. Analytical Chemistry 33(3): 363-364. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60171a016
49. Murashita K, Fukada H, Takahashi N, Hosomi N, Matsunari H, Furuita H, Oku H & Yamamoto T (2015). Effect of feed ingredients on digestive enzyme secretion in fish. Bulletin of Fisheries Research Agency 40: 69-74.
50. Nikolić N, Radulović N, Momcilović B, Nikolić G, Lazić M & Todorovic Z (2008). Fatty acids composition and rheology properties of wheat and wheat and white or brown rice flour mixture. European Food Research and Technology 227(5): 1543-1548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-008-0877-z
51. NRC (2011). Nutrient Requierments fish and shrimp. National Research Council. Division on Earth and Life Studies. Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources. Committee on the Nutrient Requirements of Fish and Shrimp. National Academies Press. May 25. 2011 - Technology & Engineering - 392 p.
52. Oyen L P A & Umali B E (2007). Carthamus tinctorius L. Record from Protabase. PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale). Wageningen. Netherlands van der Vossen. H. A. M.; Mkamilo. G. S. (Editors).
53. Pahlavani M H (2005). Some technological and morphological characteristics of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) from Iran. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences 4(3): 234-237.
54. RİPSA (2021). Personal communication with Onur ÖZŞAHİN who is the manager of RİPSA safflower company in Kayseri.
55. Rodehutscord M, Becker A, Pack M & Pfeffer E (1997). Response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to supplements of individual essential amino acids in a semipurified diet, including an estimate of the maintenance requirement for essential amino acids. J Nutr. 127(6): 1166-75. doi: 10.1093/jn/127.6.1166. PMID: 9187632.
56. Sarker P K, Kapuscinski A R, Lanois A J, Livesey E D, Bernhard K P & Coley M L (2016). Towards sustainable aquafeeds: complete substitution of fish oil with marine microalga Schizochytrium sp. improves growth and fatty acid deposition in juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). PloS One 11:e0156684
57. Smith J R (1996). Safflower. The American Oil Chemists Society.
58. Storebakken T, Refstie S & Ruyter B. (2000). Soy-product as fat and protein sources in fish feeds for intensive aquaculture. In: Drackly. J.K. (Ed). soy in Animal Nutrition_Federation of Animal Science Societies Savoy 2: 127-170.
59. Suárez J A, Gaxiola G, Mendoza R, Cadavid S, Garcia G, Alanis G, Suárez A, Faillace J & Cuzon G (2009). Substitution of fish meal with plant protein sources and energy budget for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone. 1931). Aquaculture 289(1-2): 118-123.
60. Suprayudi M A, Inara C, Ekasari J, Priyoutomo N, Haga Y, Takeuchi T & Satoh S (2015). Preliminary nutritional evaluation of rubber seed and defatted rubber seed meals as plant protein sources for common carp Cyprinus carpio L. juvenile diet. Aquaculture research 46(12): 2972-2981.
61. Technovit (2014). Importance of aquaculture nutrition. https://tecnovit.net/en/news-tecnovit/importance-aquaculture-nutrition
62. Thacker P & Widyaratne G (2012). Effects of expeller pressed camelina meal and/or canola meal on digestibility. performance and fatty acid composition of broiler chickens fed wheat–soybean meal-based diets. Archives of Animal Nutrition 66(5): 402-415.
63. Tibaldi E, Kaushik S J (2005). Amino acid requirements of Mediterranean fish species. Mediterranean fish nutrition. Zaragoza. CIHEAM. 2005, 59-65.
64. Tomaskor T (2021). What Animals Need to Live. Retrieved from Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences: https://ecosystems.psu.edu/outreach/youth/sftrc/lesson-plans/wildlife/k-5/animal-needs.
65. Turchini G M, Trushenski J T, Glencross B D (2019). Thoughts for the future of aquaculture nutrition: realigning perspectives to reflect contemporary issues related to judicious use of marine resources in aquafeeds. North Am J Aquaculture 81: 13-39.
66. USEPA (2007). Microwave Assisted Acid Digestion of Sediments. Sludges. and Oils. USEPA Method 3051A (SW-846). Washington. DC. 30p.
67. Ustaoglu Tiril S & Kerim M (2015). Evaluation of safflower meal as a protein source in diets of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss.Walbaum. 1792). Journal of Applied Ichthyology 31(5): 895–899.
68. Ustaoğlu Tiril S, Dernekbasi S, Karayucel I, Kerim M, Akyuz A P (2016). Effects of canola and safflower oil supple- mentation in diets on growth performance and fatty acid composition of Russian sturgeon (Acipencer gueldenstaedtii brandt. 1833). The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh 68: 1222–1234.
69. Oliveira X S M, Palma A S, Reis B R, Franco C S, Marconi A P, Shiozaki F A G, Reis L, Salles M S & Netto A S (2021). Inclusion of soybean and linseed oils in the diet of lactating dairy cows makes the milk fatty acid profile nutritionally healthier for the human diet. Plos one 16(2): p. e0246357. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246357
70. Yau S K & Ryan J (2010). Response of rainfed safflower to nitrogen fertilization under Mediterranean conditions. Industrial Crops and Products 32: 318–323.
71. Yıldız M (2008). Fatty acid composition of some commercial marine fish feeds available in Turkey. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci.2008; 32(3): 151-158
72. Zheng J, Dan Z, Jiang D, Tang Z, Zhu S, Li, Q., Li, X., Mai, K., Ai, Q. 2022. Evaluation of Six Selected Commercial Fermented Soybean Meal by Feeding Juvenile Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). Aquaculture Nutrition 2022: 1-13. Doi: 10.1155/2022/3822758