Inhibitory Impact of Pesticides on Glutathione Reductase Activity in Bonito Fish (Sarda sarda)

Ercan Soydan; Kübra Işık; Büşra Çevik; Seyit Batuhan Dudak; Deniz Ekinci

doi:10.15832/ankutbd.1694737

Inhibitory Impact of Pesticides on Glutathione Reductase Activity in Bonito Fish (Sarda sarda)

Abstract

Glutathione is a naturally occurring reducing agent that plays a critical role in protecting cells against oxidative stress. This protective function is facilitated by antioxidant enzymes with the inclusion of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase (GR; EC 1.8.1.7). GR plays a key role in glutathione metabolism by continuously regenerating reduced glutathione (GSH), which is essential for combating oxidative stress within the cell. Therefore, GR activity is considered an important indicator of an organism’s defence capacity against environmental stressors, including heavy metals and pesticides. In this study, the GR enzyme was purified from the gill tissue of bonito and its biochemical response to pesticides was evaluated. After purification process, the optimum conditions for enzyme activity were determined as 200 mM KH₂PO₄ buffer at pH 6.5, and 2 mM NADPH as the substrate. The IC₅₀ values of the pesticides atrazine, oxamyl, and simazine were found to be 64.5 µM, 56.43 µM, and 53.45 µM, respectively. These findings suggest that GR enzyme could serve as a potential biomarker for assessing the toxicological impacts of environmental pollutants for aquatic organisms.

Keywords

Ethical Statement

no approval

References

Almeida M G, Fanini F, Davino S C, Aznar A E, Koch O R & Barros S D M (1997). Pro-and anti-oxidant parameters in rat liver after short term exposure to hexachlorobenzene. Human & experimental toxicology 16(5): 257-261
Alper Türkoğlu E, Şentürk M, Supuran C T & Ekinci D (2017). Carbonic anhydrase inhibitory properties of some uracil derivatives. Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry 32(1): 74-77
Assi M (2017). The differential role of reactive oxygen species in early and late stages of cancer. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 313(6): R646-R653
Ateş C, Cengiz Deval M & Bök T (2008). Age and growth of Atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda Bloch 1793) in the Sea of Marmara and Black Sea, Turkey. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 24(5): 546-550
Baibat S A, Malouli I M, Abid N, Bensbai J & Benazzouz B (2020). Growth and biometry analysis of the atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda (Bloch, 1973)), in the southern coast of Morocco. Acta Scientfic Veterinary Sciences 2: 01-10
Buyukguzel E (2013). Biochemical and Molecular Mechanism of Protein Oxidation. Karaelmas Science and Engineering Journali 3(1), 4051. (in Turkish)
Canyurt M A (1994). Effects of the use of pesticides in agriculture on aquatic products-coastal problems and environmental symposium. Municipality Publications, Kuşadası. (in Turkish)
Carlberg I & Mannervik B (1985). [59] Glutathione reductase. In Methods in enzymology (Vol. 113, pp. 484-490). Academic press.

Çatak J, Çaman R & Ceylan Z (2020). Critical vitamin Assessment: pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, and pyridoxine levels for three species of raw and cooked fish samples. Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology 29(10): 981-989
Çoban Ç, Temel Y & Çiftci M (2024). Purification, characterization of glutathion reductase enzyme from sheep splen tissue and investigation of the effects of some antibiotics on enzyme activity. Turkish Journal of Nature and Science 13(1): 62-69
Dm, Towsend (2003). The importance of glutathione in human disease. Biomed Pharmacother 57: 145-155
dos Santos Carvalho C, Bernusso V A, de Araújo H S S, Espíndola E L G & Fernandes M N (2012). Biomarker responses as indication of contaminant effects in Oreochromis niloticus. Chemosphere 89(1): 60-69
Ekinci D & Beydemir Ş (2009). Effect of some analgesics on paraoxonase-1 purified from human serum. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry 24(4): 1034-1039
Ekinci D & Beydemir Ş (2010). Risk assessment of pesticides and fungicides for acid–base regulation and salt transport in rainbow trout tissues. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 97(1): 66-70
Ekinci D & Şentürk M (2010). Interactions of fungicides and pesticides with specific enzymes. Fungicides 383
Ekinci D & Şentürk M (2013). Assesment of metal inhibition of antioxidant enzyme glutathione reductase from rainbow trout liver. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry 28(1): 11-15
El-Sharkawy A M, Abdel-Rahman S Z, Hassan A A, Gabr M H, El-Zoghby S M & El-Sewedy S M (1994). Biochemical effects of some insecticides on the metabolic enzymes regulating glutathione metabolism. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 52: 505-510
Fazio F, Faggio C, Marafioti S, Torre A, Sanfilippo M & Piccione G (2013). Effect of water quality on hematological and biochemical parameters of Gobius niger caught in Faro lake (Sicily). Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 12(1): 219-231
Federico A, Morgillo F, Tuccillo C, Ciardiello F & Loguercio C (2007). Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in human carcinogenesis. International journal of cancer 121(11): 2381-2386
Giustarini D, Milzani A, Dalle-Donne I & Rossi R (2023). How to increase cellular glutathione. Antioxidants 12(5): 1094
Güller P, Akkemik E, Kör S & Çiftçi M (2018). Investigation of some pesticides’ effects on activities of glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase purified from Turkey liver under in vitro conditions. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 8(3): 211-217
Harman D (2002). Aging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. Science of Aging Knowledge Environment 2002(37): cp14 cp14
Jones D P (2008). Radical-free biology of oxidative stress. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 295(4): C849-C868
Korkmaz C, Ay Ö, Temel G & Erdem C (2020). Determination of Some Pesticide Remains in the Muscle Tissues of Various Fish Species Caught from the Mediterranean Region. Mediterranean Fisheries and Aquaculture Research 3(1): 10-19. (in Turkish)
Lee R F & Steinert S (2003). Use of the single cell gel electrophoresis/comet assay for detecting DNA damage in aquatic (marine and freshwater) animals. Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research 544(1): 43-64
Li Z H, Zlabek V, Grabic R, Li P & Randak T (2010). Modulation of glutathione-related antioxidant defense system of fish chronically treated by the fungicide propiconazole. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology 152(3): 392-398.
Liguori I, Russo G, Curcio F, Bulli G, Aran L, Della-Morte D & Abete P (2018). Oxidative stress, aging, and diseases. Clinical interventions in aging pp. 757-772
Martysiak-Żurowska D & Wenta W (2012). A comparison of ABTS and DPPH methods for assessing the total antioxidant capacity of human milk. Acta scientiarum polonorum technologia alimentaria 11(1): 83-89
Meister A (1983). Selective modification of glutathione metabolism. Science 220(4596): 472-477
Meister A (1988). On the discovery of glutathione. Trends in biochemical sciences 13(5): 185-188
Meister A (1991). Glutathione deficiency produced by inhibition of its synthesis, and its reversal; applications in research and therapy. Pharmacology & therapeutics 51(2): 155-194
Meister A (1995). Glutathione metabolism. Methods in enzymology 251: 3-7
Meng S L, Chen J Z, Hu G D, Song C, Fan L M, Qiu L P & Xu P (2014). Effects of chronic exposure of methomyl on the antioxidant system in liver of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Ecotoxicology and environmental safety 101: 1-6.
Morgan E R & Brunson M W (2002). Toxicities of agricultural pesticides to selected aquatic organisms. Southern Regional Aquaculture Center.
Oruc E O, Sevgiler Y & Uner N (2004). Tissue-specific oxidative stress responses in fish exposed to 2, 4-D and azinphosmethyl. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology 137(1): 43-51
Özden Ö (2010). Micro, macro mineral and proximate composition of Atlantic bonito and horse mackerel: a monthly differentiation. International Journal of Food Science and Technology 45(3): 578-586 Perše M (2013). Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer: cause or consequence? BioMed research international 2013(1): 725710
Rana S V S, Allen, T & Singh R (2002). Inevitable glutathione, then and now.
Soydan E & Kuran M (2017). The effect of calving season on reproductive performance of Jersey cows. Dairy/Mljekarstvo 67(4)
Şentürk M, Talaz O, Ekinci D, Çavdar H & Küfrevioğlu Ö İ (2009). In vitro inhibition of human erythrocyte glutathione reductase by some new organic nitrates. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters 19(13): 3661-3663
Taş Ö & Ekinci D (2017). characterization of glutathione reductase enzyme from the gill tissue of turbot (Psetta maxima) and examination of inhibition kinetics of some pesticides. International DNA Day and Genome Congress (pp.215) Kırşehir, Turkey
Taşer P & Ciftci M (2012). Purification and characterization of glutathione reductase from turkey liver. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences 36(5): 546-553
Thorburn D R & Kuchel P W (1985). Regulation of the human‐erythrocyte hexose‐monophosphate shunt under conditions of oxidative stress: A study using NMR spectroscopy, a kinetic isotope effect, a reconstituted system and computer simulation. European journal of biochemistry 150(2): 371-380
Trídico C P, Rodrigues A C F, Nogueira L, da Silva D C, Moreira A B & de Almeida E A (2010). Biochemical biomarkers in Oreochromis niloticus exposed to mixtures of benzo [a] pyrene and diazinon. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 73(5): 858-863
Turan C, Ivanova P & Soldo A (2016). Population structuring and migration pathway of Atlantic bonito Sarda sarda. Natural and engineering sciences 1(3): 56-65
Ulusu G, Erat M, Çiftçi M, Şakiroğlu H & Bakan E (2005). Purification and characterization of glutathione reductase from sheep liver. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences 29(5): 1109-1117
Uysal K, Emre Y & Köse E (2008). The determination of heavy metal accumulation ratios in muscle, skin and gills of some migratory fish species by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) in Beymelek Lagoon (Antalya/Turkey). Microchemical journal 90(1): 67-70
Verbeke W, Sioen I, Pieniak Z, Van Camp J & De Henauw S (2005). Consumer perception versus scientific evidence about health benefits and safety risks from fish consumption. Public health nutrition 8(4): 422-429
Verma R S, Mehta A & Srivastava N (2007). In vivo chlorpyrifos induced oxidative stress: attenuation by antioxidant vitamins. Pesticide biochemistry and physiology 88(2): 191-196
Wu G, Lupton J R, Turner N D, Fang Y Z & Yang S (2004). Glutathione metabolism and its implications for health. The Journal of nutrition 134(3): 489-492
Zaboukas N, Miliou H, Megalofonou P & Moraitou‐Apostolopoulou M (2006). Biochemical composition of the Atlantic bonito Sarda sarda from the Aegean Sea (eastern Mediterranean Sea) in different stages of sexual maturity. Journal of Fish Biology 69(2): 347-362
Zonn I S, Kostianoy A G, Semenov A V, Joksimović A & Durović M (2021). The Adriatic Sea encyclopedia. Springer International Publishing.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology in Agriculture , Animal Biotechnology in Agriculture

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Ercan Soydan
0000-0002-9691-4434
Türkiye

Kübra Işık
0000-0002-7743-817X
Türkiye

Büşra Çevik
0000-0002-3683-5240
Türkiye

Seyit Batuhan Dudak
0009-0009-8835-296X
Türkiye

Deniz Ekinci ^*
0000-0001-7849-4117
Türkiye

Publication Date

January 20, 2026

Submission Date

May 7, 2025

Acceptance Date

August 19, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 32 Number: 1

DOI

https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1694737

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA75XL36TD

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Soydan, E., Işık, K., Çevik, B., Dudak, S. B., & Ekinci, D. (2026). Inhibitory Impact of Pesticides on Glutathione Reductase Activity in Bonito Fish (Sarda sarda). Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 32(1), 112-118. https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1694737

AMA

1.Soydan E, Işık K, Çevik B, Dudak SB, Ekinci D. Inhibitory Impact of Pesticides on Glutathione Reductase Activity in Bonito Fish (Sarda sarda). J Agr Sci-Tarim Bili. 2026;32(1):112-118. doi:10.15832/ankutbd.1694737

Chicago

Soydan, Ercan, Kübra Işık, Büşra Çevik, Seyit Batuhan Dudak, and Deniz Ekinci. 2026. “Inhibitory Impact of Pesticides on Glutathione Reductase Activity in Bonito Fish (Sarda Sarda)”. Journal of Agricultural Sciences 32 (1): 112-18. https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1694737.

EndNote

Soydan E, Işık K, Çevik B, Dudak SB, Ekinci D (January 1, 2026) Inhibitory Impact of Pesticides on Glutathione Reductase Activity in Bonito Fish (Sarda sarda). Journal of Agricultural Sciences 32 1 112–118.

IEEE

[1]E. Soydan, K. Işık, B. Çevik, S. B. Dudak, and D. Ekinci, “Inhibitory Impact of Pesticides on Glutathione Reductase Activity in Bonito Fish (Sarda sarda)”, J Agr Sci-Tarim Bili, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 112–118, Jan. 2026, doi: 10.15832/ankutbd.1694737.

ISNAD

Soydan, Ercan - Işık, Kübra - Çevik, Büşra - Dudak, Seyit Batuhan - Ekinci, Deniz. “Inhibitory Impact of Pesticides on Glutathione Reductase Activity in Bonito Fish (Sarda Sarda)”. Journal of Agricultural Sciences 32/1 (January 1, 2026): 112-118. https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1694737.

JAMA

1.Soydan E, Işık K, Çevik B, Dudak SB, Ekinci D. Inhibitory Impact of Pesticides on Glutathione Reductase Activity in Bonito Fish (Sarda sarda). J Agr Sci-Tarim Bili. 2026;32:112–118.

MLA

Soydan, Ercan, et al. “Inhibitory Impact of Pesticides on Glutathione Reductase Activity in Bonito Fish (Sarda Sarda)”. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 32, no. 1, Jan. 2026, pp. 112-8, doi:10.15832/ankutbd.1694737.

Vancouver

1.Ercan Soydan, Kübra Işık, Büşra Çevik, Seyit Batuhan Dudak, Deniz Ekinci. Inhibitory Impact of Pesticides on Glutathione Reductase Activity in Bonito Fish (Sarda sarda). J Agr Sci-Tarim Bili. 2026 Jan. 1;32(1):112-8. doi:10.15832/ankutbd.1694737