Evaluation of the Interaction of Biochar, Pumice, and Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi in Wastewater Irrigation in Terms of Soil and Pepper Plant Productivity and Heavy Metal Contamination

Caner Yerli

doi:10.15832/ankutbd.1767684

Evaluation of the Interaction of Biochar, Pumice, and Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi in Wastewater Irrigation in Terms of Soil and Pepper Plant Productivity and Heavy Metal Contamination

Abstract

Biochar (B) and pumice (P) enhance water retention and soil-plant productivity, while arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) improve plant access to soil moisture and promote productivity. The use of recycled wastewater (WW), is an effective approach to protect freshwater resources, increases soil-plant fertility, reduces the need for fertilizer, and contributes to the sustainable European Green Consensus by reducing the discharge of WW. However, the heavy metal (HM) content of WW can negatively affect the environment, soil, and plant health. The study investigated the B, P, and their combination (B+P) in the soil of pepper irrigated with different water qualities in conditions with and without AMF, hypothesized that B+P under AMF would limit HM contamination in irrigation with WW, in addition to reducing irrigation water quantity (IWQ) and increasing irrigation water productivity (IWP), and soil-plant efficiency. As a result, IWP increased between 14% and 38% in parallel with the IWQ reduction by 2% to 15%, and yield increased between 7% and 20% with B+P, B, P, respectively, also AMF and WW. These treatments increased the yield of the plant by improving the organic matter, total nitrogen, and cation exchange capacity of the soil, but a moderate increase in soil salinity for B and WW treatments, thus increasing the electrolyte leakage. Although there was more Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Pb in the soil of the B, P, B+P and AMF and WW, no-contamination was observed and B, P, B+P increased the plant's uptake of Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Pb while limiting the uptake of Cd, Cr, Ni, and AMF also created a barrier in the uptake of HM. However, in WW, the accumulation of HM in pepper was higher but did not exceed threshold values. It was found that B+P under AMF conditions can be safely used in irrigation with WW due to its effects in reducing HM, its regulating properties of soil and plants, and its increase in IWP.

Keywords

Project Number

No Project

Ethical Statement

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

References

Abedi-Koupai J, Mollaei R & Eslamian S S (2015). The effect of pumice on reduction of cadmium uptake by spinach irrigated with wastewater. Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology 15(4): 208-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecohyd.2015.05.001
Acosta J A, Jansen B, Kalbitz K, Faz A & Martínez-Martínez S (2011). Salinity increases mobility of heavy metals in soils. Chemosphere, 85(8): 1318-1324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.07.046
Adeleke R, Nwangburuka C & Oboirien B (2017). Origins, roles and fate of organic acids in soils: A review. South African Journal of Botany, 108: 393-406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2016.09.002
Akap P T & Asik S (2025). Use of treated wastewater with different irrigation methods on pepper crops: evaluation of the impact on yield, quality and soil conditions. Irrigation Science 43: 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-025-01010-3
Allohverdi T, Mohanty A K, Roy P & Misra M (2021). A review on current status of biochar uses in agriculture. Molecules 26(18): 5584. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26185584
Anonymous (2007). Microwave assisted acid digestion of sediments, sludges, soils, and oils. https:/www.epa.gov/sites/production/files2015 12/documents/3051a.pdf
Antonangelo J A, Sun X & Eufrade-Junior H D J (2025). Biochar impact on soil health and tree-based crops: a review. Biochar 7(1): 51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-025-00450-6
APHA-AWWA-WPCF (1989). Standart methods for examination of water and wastewater. https:// www. techs treet.com/ stand ards/ stand ard- metho ds- for- the- exami nationof-water- and- waste water- rdedi tion? gclid= EAIaI QobChMI8cO 8p8K2 4AIVF ojVCh 3qvwx IEAAY ASAAE gLc_vD_ BwE& sid= goog& produ ct_ id= 1974889 Atkinson C J (2018). How good is the evidence that soil‐applied biochar improves water‐holding capacity?. Soil Use and Management 34(2): 177-186. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12413

Bagyaraj D J, Sharma M P & Maiti D (2015). Phosphorus nutrition of crops through arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Current Science 108(7): 1288-1293
Baiamonte G, Minacapilli M & Crescimanno G (2020). Effects of biochar on irrigation management and water use efficiency for three different crops in a desert sandy soil. Sustainability 12(18): 7678. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187678
Barros V, Frosi G, Santos M, Ramos D G, Falcão H M & Santos M G (2018). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improve photosynthetic energy use efficiency and decrease foliar construction cost under recurrent water deficit in woody evergreen species. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 127: 469-477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.04.016
Bartkowiak A, Dabkowska-Naskret H, Jaworska H & Rydlewska M (2020). Effect of salinity on the mobility of trace metals in soils near a soda chemical factory. Journal of Elementology 25(2): 501-512. https://doi.org/501-512. 10.5601/jelem.2019.24.2.1875
Bashir S, Shaaban M, Mehmood S, Zhu J, Fu Q & Hu H (2018). Efficiency of C3 and C4 plant derived-biochar for Cd mobility, nutrient cycling and microbial biomass in contaminated soil. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 100: 834-838. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-018-2332-6
Baslam M, Esteban R, García-Plazaola J I & Goicoechea N (2013). Effectiveness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) for inducing the accumulation of major carotenoids, chlorophylls and tocopherol in green and red leaf lettuces. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 97: 3119-3128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-012-4526-x
Bolat I & Kara O (2017). Plant nutrients: sources, functions, deficiencies and redundancy. Journal Bartin Faculty of Forestry 19(1): 218-228. https://doi.org/10.24011/barofd.251313
Boyno G, Demir S & Danesh Y R (2022). Effects of some biological agents on the growth and biochemical parameters of tomato plants infected with Alternaria solani (Ellis & Martin) Sorauer. European Journal of Plant Pathology 162(1): 19-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-021-02398-2
Boyno G, Rezaee Danesh Y, Demir S, Teniz N, Mulet J M & Porcel R (2023). The complex interplay between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and strigolactone: mechanisms, sinergies, applications and future directions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24(23): 16774 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242316774
Boyno G, Yerli C, Cakmakci T, Sahin U & Demir S (2024). The effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on carbon dioxide (CO2) emission from turfgrass soil under different irrigation intervals. Journal of Water and Climate Change 15(2): 541-553. https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2024.482
Bremner J M & Mulvaney C S (1982). Nitrogen total. In A. L. Page, M. H. Miller, D. R. Keeney (Eds.), Methods of soilanalysis, part‑2, physical and mineralogical methods. (pp. 595–624). Agronomy Society of America and Soil Sci. Society America, Madison.
Bronick C J & Lal R (2005). Manuring and rotation effects on soil organic carbon concentration for different aggregate size fractions on two soils in northeastern Ohio, USA. Soil and Tillage Research 81(2): 239-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2004.09.011
Cakmakci T & Sahin U (2021). Improving silage maize productivity using recycled wastewater under different irrigation methods. Agricultural Water Management 255: 107051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107051
Caris C, Hördt W, Hawkins H J, Römheld V & George E (1998). Studies of iron transport by arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae from soil to peanut and sorghum plants. Mycorrhiza 8: 35-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s005720050208
Catalfamo P, Arrigo I, Primerano P & Corigliano F (2006). Efficiency of a zeolitized pumice waste as a low-cost heavy metals adsorbent. Journal of Hazardous Materials 134(1-3): 140-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.10.040
Cavagnaro T R (2016). Soil moisture legacy effects: impacts on soil nutrients, plants and mycorrhizal responsiveness. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 95: 173-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.12.016
Chen S, Xia X, Ding Y, Feng X, Lin Q, Li T, Bian R, Li L, Cheng k, Zheng J, Zhang X, Xia S, Wang Y, Liu X & Pan G (2024). Changes in aggregate-associated carbon pools and chemical composition of topsoil organic matter following crop residue amendment in forms of straw, manure and biochar in a paddy soil. Geoderma 44: 116967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.116967
De Pascale S, Dalla Costa L, Vallone S, Barbieri G & Maggio A (2011). Increasing water use efficiency in vegetable crop production: plant to irrigation systems efficiency. HortTechnology 21(3): 301-308. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH.21.3.301
Demir A D & Sahin U (2017). Effects of different irrigation practices using treated wastewater on tomato yields, quality, water productivity, and soil and fruit mineral contents. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24: 24856-24879. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017 0139-3
Demir A D & Sahin U (2020). Effects of recycled wastewater applications with different irrigation practices on the chemical properties of a vertisol. Environmental Engineering Science 37(2): 132-141. https://doi.org/10.1089/ees.2019.0156
Demir S, Danesh Y R, Boyno G & Najafi S (2022). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in biotic and abiotic stress conditions: Function and management. Sustainable Horticulture: 157-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-91861-9.00011-2
Esringu A, Kant C, Yildirim E, Karlidag H & Turan M (2011). Ameliorative effect of foliar nutrient supply on growth, inorganic ions, membrane permeability, and leaf relative water content of physalis plants under salinity stress. Commun in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 42(4): 408-423. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2011.542220
Evelin H, Giri B & Kapoor R (2012). Contribution of Glomus intraradices inoculation to nutrient acquisition and mitigation of ionic imbalance in NaCl-stressed Trigonella foenum-graecum. Mycorrhiza 22: 203-217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-011-0392-0
Fischer B M, Manzoni S, Morillas L, Garcia M, Johnson M S & Lyon S W (2019). Improving agricultural water use efficiency with biochar A synthesis of biochar effects on water storage and fluxes across scales. Science of the Total Environment 657: 853-862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.312
Frey S D (2019). Mycorrhizal fungi as mediators of soil organic matter dynamics. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 50(1): 237-259. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062331
Gee G W & Bauder J W (1986). Particle size analysis. In A. L. Page, M. H. Miller, D. R. Keeney (Eds.), Methods of soilanalysis, part‑2, physical and mineralogical methods. (pp. 255–293). Agronomy Society of America and Soil Sci. Society America, Madison.
Gianinazzi S, Gollotte A, Binet M N, van Tuinen D, Redecker D & Wipf D (2010). Agroecology: the key role of arbuscular mycorrhizas in ecosystem services. Mycorrhiza 20(8): 519-530. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-010-0333-3
Glassman S I & Casper B B (2012). Biotic contexts alter metal sequestration and AMF effects on plant growth in soils polluted with heavy metals. Ecology 93(7): 1550-1559. https://doi.org/10.1890/10-2135.1
Gould C M (2015). Compost Increases Water Holding Capacity of Droughty Soils. Michigan State University Extension. Retrieved January 3, 2025, fromhttps://www.manuremanager.com/compost-increases-water-holding-capacity-of-droughty-soils-18241/
Gulser F, Karaca S & Sargin B (2024). Changes caused by different soil amendments in some properties of the growing media and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) plant. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 12(2): 195-204. https://doi.org/10.33409/tbbbd.1565523
Gunes H, Demir S, Durak E D & Boyno G (2024). The effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungal species Funneliformis mosseae and biochar against Verticillium dahliae in pepper plants under salt stress. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 170: 669-686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-024-02926-w
HACH (2005). DR 5000 spectrometer procedures manuel. http://tr.hach.com/quick.Searchdownloadsearch.jsa?keywords=kullan%C4%B1
HACH (2010). Hach bodtrak II. http://tr.hach.com/bod-trak-ii-aksesuarlar-ile-birlikte-respirometrikboi-aparat/productdownloadsd
Haider G, Koyro H W, Azam F, Steffens D, Müller C & Kammann C (2015). Biochar but not humic acid product amendment affected maize yields via improving plant-soil moisture. Plant and Soil 395(1): 141-157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-014-2294-3
Hamedani N G, Gholamhoseini M, Bazrafshan F, Habibzadeh F & Amiri B (2022). Yield, irrigation water productivity and nutrient uptake of arbuscular mycorrhiza inoculated sesame under drought stress conditions. Agricultural Water Management 266: 107569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107569
Hashem M S & Qi X (2021). Treated wastewater irrigation-A review. Water, 13(11): 1527. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13111527
Hassanpour R, Zarehaghi D, Sadeghzadeh Reyhan M E & Gharabaghi P (2023). Soil moisture variations and growth characteristics of Russian olive seedlings as affected by pumice in rainfed conditions. Journal of Plant Physiology and Breeding 13(2): 249-260. https://10.22034/jppb.2023.55645.1298
He L, Zhong H, Liu G, Dai Z, Brookes P C & Xu J (2019). Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils by biochar: Mechanisms, potential risks and applications in China. Environ Pollution: 252: 846-855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.151
Herawati A, Syamsiyah J, Mujiyo M, Rochmadtulloh M, Susila A A & Romadhon M R (2021). Mycorrhizae and a soil ameliorant on improving the characteristics of sandy soil. SAINS TANAH-Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology 18(1): 73-80. https://dx.doi.org/10.20961/stjssa.v18i1.43697
Hossain M Z, Bahar M M, Sarkar B, Donne S W, Ok Y S, Palansooriya K N, Kirkham M B, Chowdhury S & Bolan N (2020). Biochar and its importance on nutrient dynamics in soil and plant. Biochar 2: 379-420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-020-00065-z
Jackson L E, Bowles T M, Hodson A K & Lazcano C (2012). Soil microbial-root and microbial-rhizosphere processes to increase nitrogen availability and retention in agroecosystems. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 4(5): 517-522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.08.003
Kacar B & Inal A (2010). Plant Analysis. Nobel Publishing Distribution Kacar B (1995). Chemical Analysis of Crop and Soil III: Soil Analysis. Ankara University, Faculty of Agriculture Education Research and Development Foundation Publication.
Kapoor A, Sharma R, Kumar A & Sepehya S (2022). Biochar as a means to improve soil fertility and crop productivity: a review. Journal of Plant Nutrition 45(15): 2380-2388. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2022.2027980
Khan S, Cao Q, Zheng Y M, Huang Y Z & Zhu Y G (2008). Health risks of heavy metals in contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing, China. Environm Pollution 152(3): 686-692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.056
Khorzughy S H, Eslamkish T, Ardejani F D & Heydartaemeh M R (2015). Cadmium removal from aqueous solutions by pumice and nano pumice. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 32: 88-96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-014-0168-2
Kicińska A, Pomykała R & Izquierdo‐Diaz M (2022). Changes in soil pH and mobility of heavy metals in contaminated soils. European Journal of Soil Science, 73(1): e13203. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.13203
Kong C, Camps-Arbestain M, Clothier B, Bishop P & Vázquez F M (2021). Use of either pumice or willow-based biochar amendments to decrease soil salinity under arid conditions. Environmental Technology & Innovation 24: 101849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2021.101849
Kuslu Y & Sahin U (2013). A comparison study on the removal of suspended solids from irrigation water with pumice and sand–gravel media filters in the laboratory scale. Desalination and Water Treatment 51(10-12): 2047-2054. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.734492
Lehmann J & Joseph S (2015). Biochar for environmental management: an introduction. In J. Lehmann, & S. Joseph (Eds.), Biochar for Environmental Management (2nd ed., pp. 1-13). Routledge.
Leuther F, Schlüter S, Wallach R & Vogel H J (2019). Structure and hydraulic properties in soils under long-term irrigation with treated wastewater. Geoderma 333: 90-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.07.015
Lu X, Mao Q, Mo J, Gilliam F S, Zhou G, Luo Y, Zhang W & Huang J (2015). Divergent responses of soil buffering capacity to long-term N deposition in three typical tropical forests with different land-use history. Environmental Science & Technology 49(7): 4072-4080. https://doi.org/10.1021/es5047233 availability in a
Ma N, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Yang L, Yu C, Yin G, Doane T A, Wu Z, Zhu P & Ma X (2016). Biochar improves soil aggregate stability and water mollisol https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154091 after three years of field application. PloS one, 11(5): e0154091.
Malekian A, Valizadeh E, Dastoori M, Samadi S & Bayat V (2012). Soil water retention and maize ('Zea mays' L.) growth as effected by different amounts of pumice. Australian J. Crop Science 6(3): 450-454. https://doi.org/10.3316/informit.360891629533828
Mao J D, Johnson R L, Lehmann J, Olk D C, Neves E G, Thompson M L, & Schmidt-Rohr K (2012). Abundant and stable char residues in soils: implications for soil fertility and carbon sequestration. Environmental Science & Technology, 46(17): 9571-9576. https://doi.org/10.1021/es301107c role of community
Martey E, Etwire P M, Asante-Addo C, Darko F A & Suraj M M (2025). Examining the risk mitigation strategies of farm households in Ghana: The water https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.123838 resources. Journal of Environmental Management, 373: 123838.
Modenutti B E, Balseiro E G, Bastidas Navarro M A, Lee Z M, Souza M S, Corman J R & Elser J J (2016). Effects of volcanic pumice inputs on microbial community composition and dissolved C/P ratios in lake waters: an experimental approach. Microbial Ecology 71: 18-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-015-0707-3
Namgay T, Singh B & Singh B P (2010). Influence of biochar application to soil on the availability of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn to maize (Zea mays L.). Soil Research 48(7): 638-647. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR10049
Nelson D W & Sommers L E (1982). Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. In A. L. Page, M. H. Miller, D. R. Keeney (Eds.), Methods of soil analysis, part‑2, physical and mineralogical methods. (pp. 961–1010). Agronomy Society of America and Soil Science Society America, Madison.
Nguyen B T, Trinh N N & Bach Q V (2020). Methane emissions and associated microbial activities from paddy salt-affected soil as influenced by biochar and cow manure addition. Applied Soil Ecology 152: 103531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2020.103531
Ors S & Ekinci M (2015). Drought stress and plant physiology. Derim 32(2): 237-250. https://doi.org/10.16882/derim.2015.90060
Ors S, Ekinci M, Yildirim E, Sahin U, Turan M & Dursun A (2021). Interactive effects of salinity and drought stress on photosynthetic characteristics and physiology of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) seedlings. South African Journal of Botany 137: 335-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2020.10.031
Ozun S & Sivrikaya O (2018). Pumice as an industrial raw material: Importance, properties and usage areas. 3rd International Mediterranean Science and Engineering Congress, Paper ID:545, 1471-1476. Adana, Türkiye
Palta S, Demir S, Sengonul K, Kara O & Sensoy H (2010). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), their relationships with plants and soil, range rehabilitation. Journal of Bartin Faculty of Forestry 12: 87-98
Park J H, Choppala G K, Bolan N S, Chung J W & Chuasavathi T (2011). Biochar reduces the bioavailability and phytotoxicity of heavy metals. Plant and Soil, 348: 439-451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-0948-y
Park J H, Lee S J, Lee M E & Chung J W (2016). Comparison of heavy metal immobilization in contaminated soils amended with peat moss and peat moss-derived biochar. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 18(4): 514-520. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6EM00098C
Pastor A V, Palazzo A, Havlik P, Biemans H, Wada Y, Obersteiner M, Kabat P & Ludwig F (2019). The global nexus of food–trade–water sustaining environmental flows by 2050. Nature Sustainability 2(6): 499-507. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0287-1
Rajapitamahuni S, Kang B R & Lee T K (2023). Exploring the roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in plant–iron homeostasis. Agriculture, 13(10): 1918. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13101918
Raklami A, Tahiri A I, Bechtaoui N, Abdelhay E G, Pajuelo E, Baslam M, Meddich A & Oufdou K (2021). Restoring the plant productivity of heavy metal-contaminated soil using phosphate sludge, marble waste, and beneficial microorganisms. Journal of Environmental Sciences 99: 210-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2020.06.032
Razzaghi F, Obour P B & Arthur E (2020). Does biochar improve soil water retention? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Geoderma, 361: 114055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.114055
Sahin U & Anapali O (2006). Addition of pumice affects physical properties of soil used for container grown plants. Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus 71(2): 59-64. https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/8300
Sanroman M A, Lee D J, Khanal S & Ok Y S (2017). Special Issue on Biochar: Production, Characterization and Applications-Beyond Soil Applications. Bioresource Technology 246: 1-1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.10.006 Segura-Castruita M A, Martínez-Corral L, Yescas-Coronado P, Orozco-Vidal J A & de Celis E M R (2012). Pumice for efficient water use in greenhouse tomato production. In I. Garcia-Garizabal, & R. Abrahao (Eds.), Irrigation: Water Management, Pollution and Alternative Strategies (pp. 39-56). IntechOpen.
Shams M, Yildirim E, Ercisli S, Dursun A, Ekinci M & Kul R (2018). Nitric oxide alleviates copper toxicity in germinating seed and seedling growth of Lactuca sativa L. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici 46(1): 167-172. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha46110912
Simpson A J, Simpson M J, Smith E & Kelleher B P (2007). Microbially derived inputs to soil organic matter: are current estimates too low?. Environmental Science & Technology 41(23): 8070-8076. https://doi.org/10.1021/es071217x
Singh A & Agrawal M (2012). Effects of waste water irrigation on physical and biochemical characteristics of soil and metal partitioning in Beta vulgaris L. Agricultural Research 1: 379-391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40003-012-0044-4
Smith S E & Read D J (2008). Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Academic Press. Sohi S P (2012). Carbon storage with benefits. Science, 338(6110): 1034-1035. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1225987
Thapliyal A, Vasudevan P., Dastidar M G, Tandon M & Mishra S (2013). Effects of irrigation with domestic wastewater on productivity of green chili and soil status. Comm in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 44(15): 2327-2343. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2013.803565
Tufenkci S, Yanar Y, Sahin S & Yanar D (2012). Nutrition and disease-pest relationships in cultivated plants. In M. R. Karaman (Ed.), Plant Nutrition (pp. 791-836). Gubretas Guidebook Series 2.
Tuga H, Uzal O & Yasar F (2021). Effect of some organic materials on yield and plant nutrient content of curly leaf salad (Lactuca sativa var. Crispa). Journal of Agriculture and Nature 24(3): 495-504. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.728899
Tuzuner A (1990). Soil and water analysis laboratories handbook. Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Agri., Forestry and Rural Affairs, General Directorate of Rural Services.
United Nations (2018). United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6 Synthesis Report 2018 on Water and Sanitation. https://www.unwater.org/publications/sdg-6-synthesis-report-2018-water-and-sanitation
Wang J, Zhang S, Sainju U M, Ghimire R & Zhao F (2021). A meta-analysis on cover crop impact on soil water storage, succeeding crop yield, and water-use efficiency. Agricultural Water Management 256: 107085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107085
Wang X, Guo Z, Hu Z & Zhang J (2020). Recent advances in biochar application for water and wastewater treatment: a review. PeerJ, 8: e9164. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9164 World Bank (2022). World Bank Water in Agriculture. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/water-in-agriculture
Wu B, Yang H, Li S & Tao J (2024). The effect of biochar on crop productivity and soil salinity and its dependence on experimental conditions in salt-affected soils: a meta-analysis. Carbon Research 3(1): 56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44246-024-00138-9
Yang X E, Chen W R & Feng Y (2007). Improving human micronutrient nutrition through biofortification in the soil–plant system: China as a case study. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 29: 413-428.
Yang X, Lu K, McGrouther K, Che L, Hu G, Wang Q, Liu X, Shen L, Huang H, Ye Z & Wang H (2017). Bioavailability of Cd and Zn in soils treated with biochars derived from tobacco stalk and dead pigs. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 17: 751-762. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-015-1326-9
Yavuz M, Gode F, Pehlivan E, Ozmert S & Sharma Y C (2008). An economic removal of Cu2+ and Cr3+ on the new adsorbents: Pumice and polyacrylonitrile/pumice composite. CEJ, 137(3): 453-461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2007.04.03 Yerli C (2023). The effects of biochar pyrolyzed at varying temperatures and different water types on the properties of lettuce and soil. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 234(8): 552. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06582-4
Yerli C (2024). Determination of the effects of irrigation with recycled wastewater and biochar treatments on crop and soil properties in maize cultivation. Journal of Water and Climate Change, 15(8): 3792-3814. https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2024.072
Yerli C & Sahin U (2022). Quality proficiency to crop, soil and irrigation system of recycled wastewater from the Van/Edremit wastewater treatment plant. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal Agricultural Sciences, 32(3): 497-506. https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.1139773
Yildirim E, Ekinci M & Turan M (2021). Impact of biochar in mitigating the negative effect of drought stress on cabbage seedlings. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 21(3): 2297-2309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00522-z
Yin Y, Tang Q, Liu X & Zhang X. (2017). Water scarcity under various socio-economic pathways and its potential effects on food production in the Yellow River basin. Hydrology Earth System Science, 21(2): 791-804. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-791-2017
Yu N, Wu K & Tao L (2021). Synchronous reduction-fixation of reducible heavy metals from aqueous solutions: Application of novel mesoporous MFT/SBA-15 composite. Chemosphere 276: 130112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130112
Yuan L, Huang J, Li X & Christie P (2004). Biological mobilization of potassium from clay minerals by ectomycorrhizal fungi and eucalypt seedling roots. Plant and Soil 262: 351-361. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:PLSO.0000037055.67646.97
Zeeshan M, Ahmad W, Hussain F, Ahamd W, Numan M, Shah M & Ahmad I (2020). Phytostabalization of the heavy metals in the soil with biochar applications, the impact on chlorophyll, carotene, soil fertility and tomato crop yield. Journal of Cleaner Production 255: 120318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120318
Zhang L, Feng G & Declerck S (2018). Signal beyond nutrient, fructose, exuded by an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus triggers phytate mineralization by a phosphate solubilizing bacterium. The ISME Journal 12(10): 2339-2351. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-018-0171-4
Zhang Y, Xiao Y F, Xu G S, Xu M D, Wang D C, Jin Z, Liu Q J & Yang L L (2023). Preparation of basic magnesium carbonate nanosheets modified pumice and its adsorption of heavy metals. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 30(51): 111137-111151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30023-8
Zhi-An L, Bi Z, Han-Ping X, Yong-Zhen D, Wan-Neng T & Sheng-Lei F (2008). Role of low-molecule-weight organic acids and their salts in regulating soil pH. Pedosphere 18(2): 137-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(08)60001-6

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Biosystem

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Caner Yerli ^*
0000-0002-8601-8791
Türkiye

Publication Date

March 24, 2026

Submission Date

August 18, 2025

Acceptance Date

November 18, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 32 Number: 2

DOI

https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1767684

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA49JL38NK

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Yerli, C. (2026). Evaluation of the Interaction of Biochar, Pumice, and Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi in Wastewater Irrigation in Terms of Soil and Pepper Plant Productivity and Heavy Metal Contamination. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 32(2), 290-316. https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1767684

AMA

1.Yerli C. Evaluation of the Interaction of Biochar, Pumice, and Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi in Wastewater Irrigation in Terms of Soil and Pepper Plant Productivity and Heavy Metal Contamination. J Agr Sci-Tarim Bili. 2026;32(2):290-316. doi:10.15832/ankutbd.1767684

Chicago

Yerli, Caner. 2026. “Evaluation of the Interaction of Biochar, Pumice, and Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi in Wastewater Irrigation in Terms of Soil and Pepper Plant Productivity and Heavy Metal Contamination”. Journal of Agricultural Sciences 32 (2): 290-316. https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1767684.

EndNote

Yerli C (March 1, 2026) Evaluation of the Interaction of Biochar, Pumice, and Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi in Wastewater Irrigation in Terms of Soil and Pepper Plant Productivity and Heavy Metal Contamination. Journal of Agricultural Sciences 32 2 290–316.

IEEE

[1]C. Yerli, “Evaluation of the Interaction of Biochar, Pumice, and Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi in Wastewater Irrigation in Terms of Soil and Pepper Plant Productivity and Heavy Metal Contamination”, J Agr Sci-Tarim Bili, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 290–316, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.15832/ankutbd.1767684.

ISNAD

Yerli, Caner. “Evaluation of the Interaction of Biochar, Pumice, and Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi in Wastewater Irrigation in Terms of Soil and Pepper Plant Productivity and Heavy Metal Contamination”. Journal of Agricultural Sciences 32/2 (March 1, 2026): 290-316. https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1767684.

JAMA

1.Yerli C. Evaluation of the Interaction of Biochar, Pumice, and Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi in Wastewater Irrigation in Terms of Soil and Pepper Plant Productivity and Heavy Metal Contamination. J Agr Sci-Tarim Bili. 2026;32:290–316.

MLA

Yerli, Caner. “Evaluation of the Interaction of Biochar, Pumice, and Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi in Wastewater Irrigation in Terms of Soil and Pepper Plant Productivity and Heavy Metal Contamination”. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 32, no. 2, Mar. 2026, pp. 290-16, doi:10.15832/ankutbd.1767684.

Vancouver

1.Caner Yerli. Evaluation of the Interaction of Biochar, Pumice, and Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi in Wastewater Irrigation in Terms of Soil and Pepper Plant Productivity and Heavy Metal Contamination. J Agr Sci-Tarim Bili. 2026 Mar. 1;32(2):290-316. doi:10.15832/ankutbd.1767684