Development of Irrigation Automation System Based on FAO Penman-Monteith Model with Drip Irrigation for Paddy Rice

Hakkı Fırat Altınbılek; Ünal Kızıl; Gökhan Çamoğlu; Sefa Aksu; Hakan Nar

doi:10.15832/ankutbd.1868589

Development of Irrigation Automation System Based on FAO Penman-Monteith Model with Drip Irrigation for Paddy Rice

Abstract

The increasing demand on water due to drought impacts paddy rice production. Therefore, the use of sustainable irrigation methods and smart agricultural practices are of gaining importance. In this study, it was aimed to provide drip irrigation automation by calculating paddy rice evapotranspiration (ETC), irrigation water requirement and irrigation duration based on FAO Penman-Monteith (FAO-PM) model with the developed prototype device via mobile application. Four different irrigation levels (S100, S150, S200 and Farmer (F)) were applied in the study. The research was carried out in the farmer's field located in İpsala district of Edirne province in 2023 and 2024 seasons. The trial was carried out based on daily meteorological parameters in field conditions and the data were stored in a Sheets file on Google Drive. In the study, the seasonal total reference evapotranspiration (ET0) and ETC values were calculated as 571 and 583 mm in 2023 and 655 and 665 mm in 2024. Ranges of seasonal total irrigation water applied were 695-1555 mm in 2023 and 802-1916 mm in 2024. In 2023, the highest yield was obtained in the F application at 6502 kg/ha, while the lowest yield was obtained in the S100 application at 4552 kg/ha. In the second year of the study, the highest yield was obtained in the F application at 7401 kg/ha, while the lowest yield was obtained in the S100 application at 5381 kg/ha. In the first year of the study, irrigation water use efficiencies (IWUE) varied between 0.42-0.65 kg/m3 and between 0.39-0.67 kg/m3 in the second year. The highest IWUE was found in the S100 application in both years. As a result of the study, it was revealed that the system successfully performed irrigation automation. It was seen that the developed device was also applicable for small businesses in terms of ease of use.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye

Project Number

Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (Grant Numbers: 122O082)

Thanks

We would like to thank İlkay GÖZE and Hasan GÖZE for their assistance during the fieldwork.

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Irrigation Systems , Agricultural Automatization

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Hakkı Fırat Altınbılek ^*
0000-0001-6761-1445
Türkiye

Ünal Kızıl
0000-0002-8512-3899
Türkiye

Gökhan Çamoğlu
0000-0002-6585-4221
Türkiye

Sefa Aksu
0000-0002-2348-4082
Türkiye

Hakan Nar
0000-0002-5354-6379
Türkiye

Publication Date

October 12, 2026

Submission Date

January 21, 2026

Acceptance Date

May 6, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 32 Number: 4

DOI

https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1868589

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA86DS37CT

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Altınbılek, H. F., Kızıl, Ü., Çamoğlu, G., Aksu, S., & Nar, H. (2026). Development of Irrigation Automation System Based on FAO Penman-Monteith Model with Drip Irrigation for Paddy Rice. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 32(4), 967-987. https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1868589

AMA

1.Altınbılek HF, Kızıl Ü, Çamoğlu G, Aksu S, Nar H. Development of Irrigation Automation System Based on FAO Penman-Monteith Model with Drip Irrigation for Paddy Rice. J Agr Sci-Tarim Bili. 2026;32(4):967-987. doi:10.15832/ankutbd.1868589

Chicago

Altınbılek, Hakkı Fırat, Ünal Kızıl, Gökhan Çamoğlu, Sefa Aksu, and Hakan Nar. 2026. “Development of Irrigation Automation System Based on FAO Penman-Monteith Model With Drip Irrigation for Paddy Rice”. Journal of Agricultural Sciences 32 (4): 967-87. https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1868589.

EndNote

Altınbılek HF, Kızıl Ü, Çamoğlu G, Aksu S, Nar H (October 1, 2026) Development of Irrigation Automation System Based on FAO Penman-Monteith Model with Drip Irrigation for Paddy Rice. Journal of Agricultural Sciences 32 4 967–987.

IEEE

[1]H. F. Altınbılek, Ü. Kızıl, G. Çamoğlu, S. Aksu, and H. Nar, “Development of Irrigation Automation System Based on FAO Penman-Monteith Model with Drip Irrigation for Paddy Rice”, J Agr Sci-Tarim Bili, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 967–987, Oct. 2026, doi: 10.15832/ankutbd.1868589.

ISNAD

Altınbılek, Hakkı Fırat - Kızıl, Ünal - Çamoğlu, Gökhan - Aksu, Sefa - Nar, Hakan. “Development of Irrigation Automation System Based on FAO Penman-Monteith Model With Drip Irrigation for Paddy Rice”. Journal of Agricultural Sciences 32/4 (October 1, 2026): 967-987. https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1868589.

JAMA

1.Altınbılek HF, Kızıl Ü, Çamoğlu G, Aksu S, Nar H. Development of Irrigation Automation System Based on FAO Penman-Monteith Model with Drip Irrigation for Paddy Rice. J Agr Sci-Tarim Bili. 2026;32:967–987.

MLA

Altınbılek, Hakkı Fırat, et al. “Development of Irrigation Automation System Based on FAO Penman-Monteith Model With Drip Irrigation for Paddy Rice”. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 32, no. 4, Oct. 2026, pp. 967-8, doi:10.15832/ankutbd.1868589.

Vancouver

1.Hakkı Fırat Altınbılek, Ünal Kızıl, Gökhan Çamoğlu, Sefa Aksu, Hakan Nar. Development of Irrigation Automation System Based on FAO Penman-Monteith Model with Drip Irrigation for Paddy Rice. J Agr Sci-Tarim Bili. 2026 Oct. 1;32(4):967-8. doi:10.15832/ankutbd.1868589