Effects of Herbal Vitamin D3 and Phytase Supplementation to Broiler Feed on Performance, Bone Development and Serum Parameters of Broilers

Abstract

A trial was conducted to assess the effects of phytase supplementation and substitute Vitamin D3 resource with Panbonis - a herbal vitamin D3 source- (PAN) on performance, some carcass characteristics, tibia and serum parameters of broiler chickens. For this purpose, 11200 one-day-old, mixed sex (5600 male, 5600 female) Ross-308 chicks were administered 7 different diets based on corn, soybean and wheat throughout the 41-day trial. Dietary treatments; control group as T1 (5000 IU vitamin D3), T2 (T1 + 500 FTU g-1 phytase), T3 (3000 IU vitamin D3 + 500 FTU g-1 phytase + 100 mg kg-1 PAN) and T4 (3000 IU vitamin D3 + 500 FTU g-1 phytase + 200 mg kg-1PAN) were prepared to contain recommended levels of Ca-P however T5, T6 and T7 were formulated from T2, T3 and T4, respectively, by reducing 18% of Ca and P concentrations.

When overall results considered, there was no significant difference among treatments in terms of final live weight, mortality, weight gain, European Production Efficiency Factor (EPEF) and carcass parameters and mortality (P>0.05). While birds consuming diets containing phytase exhibited better FCR than control group without phytase (P<0.05), no additional improvement was obtained with PAN supplementation compared to other treatments without control group. Additionally partial replacement of PAN for synthetic form had no significant effect on tibia parameters and serum Ca, P levels even though serum Mg (in chicks fed sufficient Ca-P) and calcitriol were increased.

These results indicate that PAN could replace some part of synthetic vitamin D3 without any adverse effect in broiler chickens. However, substitution rate of PAN in Ca and P deficient diets should be carefully studied more due to possible adverse effects on feed intake (12-41d) and weight gain (12-41d) as observed in the present study.

Keywords

• broiler,calcium,phosphorus,vitamin D

References

1. Anonymous (2014). Ross 308 broiler nutrition specification. Newbridge, Midlothian, EH28 8SZ, Aviagen Inc., Scotland, UK.
2. AOAC (2005). Association of Official Analytical Chemist, Official Methods of Analysis. 15th Edition. Washington, DC
3. Bachmann H, Autzen S, Frey U, Wehr U, Rambeck W, McCormack H & Whitehead C C (2013). The efficacy of a standardized product from dried leaves of Solanum glaucophyllum as source of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol for poultry. British Poultry Science 54(5):642-52
4. Baker D H, Biehl R R & Emmert J L (1998). Vitamin D3 requirement of young chicks receiving diets varying in calcium and available phosphorus. British Poultry Science 39(3): 413-417
5. Biehl R R, Baker D H & Deluca H F (1995). 1α-hydroxylated cholecalciferol compounds act additively with microbial phytase to improve phosphorus, zinc and manganese utilization in chicks fed soy-based diets. Journal of Nutrition 125(9): 2407-2416
6. Biehl R R & Baker D H (1997). Utilization of phytate and nonphytate phosphorus in chicks as affected by source and amount of vitamin D3. Journal of Animal Science 75(11): 2986–2993
7. Boland R L (1988). Solanum malacoxylon: A toxic plant which affects animal calcium metabolism. Biomedical and Environmental Science 1(4):414–423
8. Broz J, Oldale P, Perrinvoltz A H, Rychen G, Schulze J & Nunes C S (1994). Effects of supplemental phytase on performance and phosphorus utilization in broiler-chickens fed a low phosphorus diet without addition of inorganic phosphates. British Poultry Science 35(2): 273-80

9. Carpenter K J & Clegg K M (1956). The metabolizable energy of poultry feeding stuffs in relation to their chemical composition. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 7(1):45–51
10. Cheng Y H, Goff J P, Sell J L, Dallorso M E, Gil S, Pawlak S E & Horst R L (2004). Utilizing Solanum glaucophyllum alone or with phytase to improve phosphorus utilization in broilers. Poultry Science 83(3): 406-13
11. Gray R W & Garthwaite T L (1985). Activation of renal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 synthesis by phosphate deprivation: evidence for a role for growth hormone. Endocrinology 116(1):189-193
12. Mautalen C A (1972). Mechanism of action of Solanum malacoxylon upon calcium and phosphate metabolism in the rabbit. Endocrinology 90(2): 563-7
13. Morris K M, Jenkins S A & Simonite J P (1977). The effect on egg-shell thickness of the inclusion of the calcinogenic plant Solanum malacoxylon in the diet of laying hens. The Veterinary Record 101(25): 502-4
14. Napoli J L, Reeve L E, Eisman J A, Schnoes H K & Deluca H F (1977). Solanum glaucophyllum as a source of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 252(8): 2580-3
15. Onyango E M, Asem E K & Adeola O (2006). Dietary cholecalciferol and phosphorus influence intestinal mucosa phytase activity in broiler chicks. British Poultry Science 47(5): 632-639
16. Qian H, Kornegay E.T & Denbow D M (1997). Utilization of phytate phosphorus and calcium as influenced by microbial phytase, cholecalciferol, and the calcium:total phosphorus ratio in broiler diets. Poultry Science 76(1): 37–46
17. Rama Rao S V, Raju M V L N, Panda A K, Shyam Sunder G & Sharma R P (2006). Effect of high concentrations of cholecalciferol on growth, bone mineralization, and mineral retention in broiler chicks fed suboptimal concentrations of calcium and nonphytate phosphorus. Journal Applied of Poultry Research 15(4): 493–501
18. Roberson K D & Edwards H M (1996). Effect of dietary 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol level on broiler performance. Poultry Science 75(1): 90-94
19. Sebastian S, Touchburn S P, Chavez E R & Lague P C (1996). The effects of supplemental microbial phytase on the performance and utilization of dietary calcium, phosphorus, copper, and zinc in broiler chickens fed corn-soybean diets. Poultry Science 75(6): 729-36
20. Skliar M I, Boland R L, Mourino A & Tojo G (1992). Isolation and identification of vitamin D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3 in Solanum malacoxylon incubated with ruminal fluid. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 43(7): 677–682
21. Snow J L, Baker D H & Parsons C M (2004). Phytase, citric acid, and 1α-hydroxycholecalciferol improve phytate phosphorus utilization in chicks fed a corn-soybean meal diet. Poultry Science 83(7): 1187–1192
22. Uribe A, Holick M F, Jorgensen N A & Deluca H F (1974). Action of Solanum malacoxylon on calcium metabolism in the rat. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 58(1): 257–262
23. Wasserman R H, Henion J D, Haussler M R & McCain T A (1976). Calcinogenic factor in Solanum malacoxylon: evidence that it is 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-glycoside. Science 194(4267): 853-855
24. Whitehead C C, McCormack H A, McTeir L & Fleming R H (2004). High vitamin D3 requirements in broilers for bone quality and prevention of tibial dyschondroplasia and interactions with dietary calcium, available phosphorus and vitamin A. British Poultry Science 45(3): 425-436