Effects of Different Irrigation Levels on Fruit Yield and Quality of Valencia Late Orange Under Northern Cyprus Conditions

Abstract

This study was carried out to define different drip irrigation approaches on fruit yield and quality parameters of orange (Citrus sinensis cv. Valencia Late) trees during 2014-2016 at the private farm in Güzelyurt, Northern Cyprus. The amount of irrigation water was applied based on the total evaporation amount obtained from the Class A pan (Kcp1:1.25, Kcp2:1.00, Kcp3:0.75 and Kcp4:0.50) and experimental plots were irrigated when the total evaporation of Class A pan was about 35 ± 5 mm. It was determined that irrigation treatments affect yield, weight, length, width and juice of fruit, total soluble sugar, total acidity, pH and vitamin C content except for peel thickness. The average evapotranspiration values were 1343.5 mm for Kcp1, 1135.0 mm for Kcp2, 956.0 mm for Kcp3, and 787.3 mm for Kcp4 irrigation treatments. According to the average data of 2 years, yearly yield for Kcp1, Kcp2, Kcp3, and Kcp4 irrigation levels were 45.0, 47.1, 38.7, and 19.2 t ha-1, respectively. It is determined that Valencia Late can be irrigated by means of the volume of irrigation equivalent to 75% of Class A Pan in Güzelyurt region in Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.

Keywords

• Citrus
• Drip irrigation
• Water use
• Yield
• Total soluble sugar

References

1. Ali AG & Lovatt CJ (1996). Winter irrigation increased yield of ‘Washington’ navel orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck). European Journal of Horticultural Science 71: 653-660.
2. Ali M A & Gobran Y N (2002). Effect of soil moisture regimes and potassium application on growth, yield, fruit quality of Washington Navel orange trees. Annals of Agricultural Sciences 40:1669-1697.
3. Al-Rousan W M M, Ajo R Y, Angor M M, Osaili T & Bani-Hani N M (2012). Impact of different irrigation levels and harvesting periods on the quantity and quality of Navel oranges (Citrus sinensis) and fruit juice. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment 10: 115-119.
4. Arbona V, Iglesias D J, Jacas J, Primo-Millo E, Talón M & Gómez-Cadenas A (2005). Hydrogel substrate amendment alleviates drought effects on young citrus plants. Plant Soil 270: 73-82.
5. Ayers R S & Westcot D W (1985). Water Quality for Agriculture. Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 29. FAO.
6. Ballester C, Castel J, Intrigliolo D S & Castel J R (2011). Response of Clementina de Nules citrus trees to summer deficit irrigation. Yield components and fruit composition. Agricultural Water Management 98: 1027-1032.
7. Castel J R & Buj A (1990). Response of Salustiana oranges to high frequency deficit irrigation. Irrigation Science 11: 121-127.
8. Chartzoulakis D, Michelakis N & Stefanoudaki E (1999). Water use, growth, yield Bonanza orange under different soil water regimes. Advances in Horticultural Science 13: 6-11.

9. Consoli S, Stagno F, Roccuzzo G, Cirelli G L & Intrigliolo F (2014). Sustainable management of limited water resources in a young orange orchard. Agricultural Water Management 132: 60-68.
10. Doorenbos J & Pruitt W O (1977). Guidelines for Predicting Crop Water Requirements FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 24. FAO, Rome, Italy, p. 144.
11. El-Gazzar A, Etman A A, Hussien A & Sinbel H M (1986). Effect of variation in soil water condition on fruit set, fruit drop, yield and fruit quality of Washington Navel orange trees. Journal of Agricultural Research, Tanta University 12: 487-500.
12. El-Henawy A S (2006). Effect of drip irrigation and soil mulching on growth, yield and yield quality of navel orange at North Delta. PhD Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Egypt.
13. Eliadses A (1998). Effect of the amount of water and the extent of wetted area on tree growth, yield and fruit quality of Washington Navel orange. Technical Bulletin Cyprus Agricultural Research Institute 193: 1-8.
14. El-Zawily H M A (2004). Influence of irrigation management, nitrogen and potassium fertilization on yield, fruit quality and storage life of "Washington Navel" orange fruits. M.Sc. Thesis, Fac. Agric. Kafr El-sheikh, Tanta Univ., Egypt.
15. García-Tejero I, Romero-Vicente R, Jiménez-Bocanegra J A, Martínez-García G, Durán-Zuazo V H & Muriel-Fernández J L (2010). Response of citrus trees to deficit irrigation during different phenological periods in relation to yield, fruit quality, and water productivity. Agricultural Water Management 97: 689-699.
16. Gasquea M, Martíb P, Graneroc B & González-Altozanod P (2016). Effects of long-term summer deficit irrigation on ‘Navelina’ citrus trees. Agricultural Water Management 169: 140-147.
17. Ghadekar S R, Dixit S V & Patil V P (1989). Climatological water requirement of the citrus under Nagpur agro climatic conditions. PKV Research Journal 13: 143-148.
18. Ghosh S N & Pal P P (2010). Effect of basin versus drip irrigation on quality production in Mosambi sweet orange. European Journal of Horticultural Science 5: 25-29.
19. Ginestar C & Castel J R (1996). Responses of young clementine citrus trees to water stress during different phenological periods. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 71: 551-559.
20. Goldhamer D A & Salinas M (2000). Evaluation of regulated deficit irrigation on mature orange trees grown under high evaporative demand. Proc. Intl. Soc. Citriculture IX. Congr. Orlando, Florida, December 3-7, pp. 227-231.
21. Gomez K A & Gomez A A (1984). Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, pp. 680, An Int. Rice Res. Inst. Book.
22. Gonzalez-Altozano P & Castel J R (1999). Regulated deficit irrigation in‘Clementina de Nules’ citrus trees. I. Yield and fruit quality effects. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 74: 706-713.
23. Goodwin I & Boland A M (2000). Scheduling deficit irrigation of fruit trees for optimizing water use efficiency In. Deficit Irrigation Practices, Water Reports, FAO: Rome, v. 22, p.67-78.
24. Gozen E & Ergil M (2006). The assessment of a water budget of North Cyprus. Building and Environment 41: 1671-1677.
25. Gozen E & Turkman A (2008). Water Scarcity Impacts On Northern Cyprus And Alternative Mitigation Strategies. In: Qi J., Evered K.T. (eds) Environmental Problems of Central Asia and their Economic, Social and Security Impacts. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security. Springer, Dordrecht.
26. Gungor A P (2016). International water transfer project: Northern Cyprus Turkish Republic water supply project (TRNC). 2nd World Irrigation Forum. 6-8 November 2016, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
27. Hilgeman R H & Sharp F O (1970). Response of ‘Valencia’ orange trees to four soil water schedules during 20 years. J Amer Soc Hort Sci 95: 739-745.
28. Hockema BR, Etxeberría E (2001) Metabolic contributors to drought-enhanced accumulation of sugars and acids in oranges. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 126: 599-605.
29. Howell T (2001). Enhancing water use efficiency in irrigated agriculture. Agronomy Journal 93: 281-289.
30. Hussien S M, Ismail E A, Ismail M N H & Eid T A (2013). Effect of applying surface and bubbler irrigation systems on fruitful Washington navel orange trees production Egypt. Journal of Agricultural Research 91: 2013-1565.
31. Kanber R, Köksal H, Önder S & Eylen M (1996). Effects of different irrigation methods on yield, evapotranspiration and root development of young orange trees. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 20: 163-172.
32. Keller J & Bliesner R D (1990). Sprinkle and trickle irrigation, Von Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
33. Meshram D T, Gorontiwar S D, Teixeira J A, Jadhav V T & Chandra R (2010). Water management in pomegranate. Fruit, Vegetable and Cereal Science and Biotechnology 4: 106-112.
34. Mohsen A M, Gaafar S I, Meligi M A & Azab S A (1989). Productivity -of Valencia orange trees in response to nitrogen and GA3 levels. Zagazig Journal of Agricultural Research 16: 10-27.
35. Nagaz K, El Mokh F, Ben Hassen N, Masmoudi M, Ben Mechlia N, BabaSy N O, Belkheiri O & Ghiglieri G (2015). Impact of deficit irrigation on yield and fruit quality in orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck, cv. Meski maltaise) in Southern Tunusia. 26th Euro-Mediterranean Regional Conference and Workshops, 12-15 October 2015, Montpellier, France, p:1-4.
36. Niziński J J, Ziernicka-Wojtaszek A, Książek L & Gawroński K (2017.) Actual evapotranspiration of the orange orchard in Northern Sinai, Egypt. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum” series “Formatio Circumiectus 16:187-203.
37. Pérez-Pérez J G, Robles J M & Botía P (2009). Influence of deficit irrigation in phase III of fruit growth on fruit quality in lane late sweet orange. Agricultural Water Management 96: 969-974.
38. Petillo M G & Castel J R (2004). The response of Valencia orange trees to irrigation in Uruguay. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 2: 429-443.
39. Romero P, Navarro J M, Perez-Perez J G, Garcia-Sanchez F, Gomez-Gomez A, Porras I, Martinez V & Botia P (2006). Deficit irrigation and rootstock and the water relations, vegetative development, yield, fruit quality and mineral nutrition of Clemenules mandarin. Tree Physiology 26: 1537-1548.
40. Shahabian M, Samar S M, Talaie A & Emdad M R (2012). Response of orange trees to deficit irrigation strategies in the north of Iran. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 58: 267-276.
41. Shalhevet J & Levy Y (1990). Citrus trees. In: BA Stewart, DR Nielsen (Eds) Irrigation of agricultural crops. ASA Monograph No. 60:951, ASA Madison, Wisconsin.
42. Silveira L K, Pavão G C & de Matos Pires R C (2018). Water use efficiency in orange orchard under deficit irrigation. Geophysical Research Abstracts 20, EGU2018-17118-2.
43. Stagno F, Intrigliolo F, Consoli S, Continella A & Roccuzzo G (2015). Response of orange trees to deficit irrigation strategies: Effects on plant nutrition, yield, and fruit quality. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 141: 04015014.
44. Toledo P, Rey E M & Cardenas O (1982). Soil moisture level studies for up to 5 year old ‘Olinda Valencia’ oranges. Ciencia y Tecniica enla Agricultura Riego y Drenaje, 5: 17-30.
45. Treeby M T, Henriod R E, Bevington K B, Milne D J & Storey R (2007). Irrigation management and rootstock effects on navel orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] fruit quality. Agricultural Water Management 91: 24-32.
46. Yakushiji H, Morinaga K & Nonami H (1998). Sugar accumulation and partitioning in Satsuma mandarin tree tissues and fruit in response to drought stress. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 123: 719-726.
47. Yang Q, Wang Y, Jia X, Zheng Y, He S, Deng L, Ma Y, Xie R, Yi S & Lv Q (2018). Fruit yield and quality response of Newhall navel orange to different irrigation regimes and ground cover in Chongqing Three Gorges Reservoir area. Scientia Horticulturae 241: 57-64.
48. Zapata-Sierra A & Manzano-Agugliaro F (2017). Controlled deficit irrigation for orange trees in Mediterranean countries. Journal of Cleaner Production 162: 130-140.
49. Zekri M (2011). Factors affecting citrus production and quality. Citrus Industry, 2011:1-9.