Content of Organic Acid and Essential Oil in Natural Sweet Chestnuts (Castanea Sativa Mill) Growing in Giresun/TURKEY

Year 2024, Volume: 30 Issue: 2, 358 - 366, 26.03.2024

Ümit Şengül , Bünyamin Şengül Elif Apaydın

https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1378372

Abstract

This study investigated organic acid and essential oil components in sweet chestnut (Castanea Sativa Mill) fruits collected from naturally growing chestnut trees within the borders of Giresun province. For this purpose, chestnut samples were collected from trees in 10 different areas in Giresun. The organic acid composition of chestnuts was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Essential oil components were identified with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Five different organic acids, including oxalic, quinic, maleic, citric and succinic acid, were investigated in chestnut samples, and the highest concentrations in chestnut samples were oxalic and citric acid. In the GC-MS analysis of chestnut samples, 18 essential oils were detected and terpinolene (TPO) was the most abundant. Another vital component found in chestnut samples is limonene.

Keywords

chestnut, organic acid, essential oil, HPLC, GS-MS, monoterpenes

References

• Akram M (2014). Citric acid cycle and role of its intermediates in metabolism. Cell. Biochem Biophys 68: 475–478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12013-013-9750-1
• Alasalvar C & Shahidi F (2008). Tree nuts: composition phytochemicals and health effects. CRC: Boca Raton FL USA, pp. 180. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420019391
• AlSaffar R M, Rashid S, Ahmad S B, Rehman M U, Hussain I, Parvaiz Ahmad S & Ganaie M A (2022). D-limonene (5 (one-methyl-four-[1-methylethenyl]) cyclohexane) diminishes CCl4-induced cardiac toxicity by alleviating oxidative stress, inflammatory and cardiac markers. Redox Report: Communications in Free Radical Research 27(1):92-99. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510002.2022.2062947
• Amini R, Asle-Rousta M & Aghazadeh S (2020). Hepatoprotective effect of limonene against chronic immobilization induced liver damage in rats. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology 393(11):2053-2059. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-020-01915-0
• Anandakumar P, Kamaraj S &Vanitha M K (2021) D-limonene: A multifunctional compound with potent therapeutic effects. Journal of Food Biochemistry 45(1):e13566. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.13566
• Attalla K De S & Monga M (2014). Oxalate content of food: a tangled web. Urology 84(3): 555–560.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2014.03.053
• Benatti P, Peluso G, Nicolai R & Calvani M (2004). Polyunsaturated essential oil: biochemical nutritional and epigenetic properties. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 23(4): 281–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2004.10719371
• Bunse M, Daniels R, Gründemann C, Heilmann J, Kammerer D R, Keusgen M, Lindequist U, Melzig M F, Morlock G E, Schulz H, Schweiggert R, Simon M, Stintzing F C &Wink M (2022). Essential oils as multicomponent mixtures and their potential for human health and well-being. Front Pharmacology 13:956541 https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.956541
• Burnham C R, Rutter P A & French D W (1986). Breeding blight-resistant chestnuts. Plant Breeding Rev. 4: 347- 397. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118061015.ch11
• Carocho M, Barros L, Antonio A L, Barreira J C, Bento A, Kaluska I & Ferreira I C (2013). Analysis of organic acids in electron beam irradiated chestnuts (Castanea sativa Mill.): Effects of radiation dose and storage time. Food and Chemical Toxicology: an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 55: 348–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.01.031
• Chahardoli A, Jalilian F, Memariani Z, Farzaei M H & Shokoohinia Y (2020). Analysis of organic acids. Chapter 26 Recent Advances in Natural Products Analysis Elsevier pp. 767-823. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-816455-6.00026-3
• Conedera M, Krebs P, Tinner W, Pradella M & Torriani D (2004). The cultivation of Castanea sativa (Mill) in Europe from its origin to its diffusion on a continental scale. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 13(3): 161-179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-004-0038-7
• Conedera M, Tinner W, Krebs P, De Rigo D & Caudullo G (2016) Castanea sativa in Europe: Distribution habitat usage and threats, In European Atlas of Forest Tree Species Joint Research Centre: Brussels Belgium pp. 78–79. https://w3id.org/mtv/FISE-Comm/v01/e0125e0
• Delgado T, Ramalhosa E, Pereira J & Casal S (2018). Organic acid profile of chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) as affected by hot air convective drying: Drying influence on chestnut organic acids. International Journal of Food Properties 21(1): 557-565. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2018.1454945
• Dong J, Zheng H, Zeng Q, Zhang X, Du L, & Bais S (2022). Protective effect of D-(-)-quinic acid as food supplement in modulating AMP-activated protein kinase signalling pathway activation in HFD induced obesity. Human & Experimental Toxicology pp.41. https://doi.org/10.1177/09603271221119804
• Erasto P & Viljoen A M (2008). Limonene - a review: biosynthetic, ecological and pharmacological relevance. Natural Product Communications 3(7) 1934578X0800300728. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0800300728
• Ercan L & Doğru M (2022) Antioxidant and antimicrobial capacity of quinic acid. Bitlis Eren University Journal of Science 11(4): 1018-1025. https://doi.org/10.17798/bitlisfen.1167047
• Ferreira-Cardoso J V, Sequeira C A, Rodrigues L & Gomes E F (1999). Lipid composition of Castanea sativa Mill, fruits of some native portuguese cultivars. Acta Horticulturae 494: 133–138. https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1999.494.19
• Golubkina N, Kharchenko V, Bogachuk M, Koshevarov A, Sheshnitsan S, Kosheleva O, Pirogov N & Caruso G (2022). Biochemical characteristics and elemental composition peculiarities of rheum tataricum l, in semi-desert conditions and of european garden rhubarb. International Journal of Plant Biology 13: 368-380. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb13030031
• Gonçalves B, Borges O, Costa H, Bennett R, Santos M & Silva A (2010). Metabolite composition of chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) upon cooking: Proximate analysis fibre organic acids and phenolics. Food Chemistry 122: 154-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.02.032
• Gölükcü M & Tokgöz H (2018). Variation in sugar, organic acid and volatile flavor compounds of watermelon (citrullus lanatus) grafted on different rootstocks at different harvest time. Academic Food 16 (4): 381-386. https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.505503
• Hardman E W (2002). Omega-3 essential oil to augment cancer therapy. Journal of Nutrition 132: 3508–3512. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/132.11.3508s
• Heikkilä E, Hermant A, Thevenet J, Bermont F, Kulkarni S S, Ratajczak J, Santo-Domingo J, Dioum E H, Canto C, Barron D, Wiederkehr A & De Marchi U (2019). The plant product quinic acid activates Ca2+ -dependent mitochondrial function and promotes insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. British Journal of Pharmacology 176(17): 3250–3263. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.14757
• Kayashima T & Katayama T (2002). Oxalic acid is available as a natural antioxidant in some systems. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1573(1): 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4165(02)00338-0
• Lieshchova M A, Bilan M V, Bohomaz A A, Tishkina N M & Brygadyrenko V V (2020). Effect of succinic acid on the organism of mice and their intestinal microbiota against the background of excessive fat consumption. Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 11(2): 153-161. https://doi.org/10.15421/022023
• López-Bucio J, Nieto Jacobo M, Ramirez-Rodriguez V V & Herrera-Estrella L (2001). Organic acid metabolism in plants: From adaptive physiology to transgenic varieties for cultivation in extreme soils. Plant science: An International Journal of Experimental Plant Biology 160: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9452(00)00347-2
• Mahmud J A, Hasanuzzaman M, Nahar K, Rahman A, Hossain M S & Fujita M (2017). Maleic acid assisted improvement of metal chelation and antioxidant metabolism confers chromium tolerance in Brassica juncea L. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 144:216–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.06.010
• Marconı O, Florıdı S & Montanarı L (2007). Organıc acıds profıle in tomato juıce by HPLC with UV detection, Journal of Food Quality 30: 43-56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4557.2007.00119.x
• Menezes I O, Scherf J R, Martins A O B P B, Ramos A G B, Quintans J S S, Coutinho H D M, Ribeiro-Filho J & de Menezes I R A (2021). Biological properties of terpinolene evidenced by in silico, in vitro and in vivo studies: A systematic review. Phytomedicine 93:153768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153768
• Moldoveanu S (2012). Analysis of quinic acid and of myo-inositol in tobacco. Beitrage zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research 25(4): 498-506. https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0925
• Noonan S C & Savage G P (1999). Oxalate content of foods and its effect on humans. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 8(1): 64-74. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-6047.1999.00038.x
• O'Bryan C A, Pendleton S J, Crandall P G & Ricke S C (2015). Potential of plant essential oils and their components in animal agriculture - in vitro studies on antibacterial mode of action. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2:35. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2015.00035
• Penniston K L, Nakada S Y, Holmes R P & Assimos D G (2008). Quantitative assessment of citric acid in lemon juice lime juice and commercially-available fruit juice products. Journal of Endourol 22(3):567-70. https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2007.0304
• Ribeiro B, Rangel J, Valentão P, Andrade P B, Pereira J A, Bölke H & Seabra R M (2007). Organic acids in two Portuguese chestnut (Castanea sativa Miller) varieties. Food Chemistry 100(2): 504-508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.09.073
• Santos M J, Pinto T & Vilela A (2022). Sweet chestnut (castanea sativa mill.) nutritional and phenolic composition interactions with chestnut flavor physiology, Foods 11: 4052. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11244052
• Serdar U T, Mercan L T, Okumus A T & Soylu A T (2014). Morphological and molecular comparison of selected chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill,) genotypes from Black Sea Region of Turkey, Anadolu Journal of Agricultural Sciences 29(1): 54-62. https://doi.org/10.7161/anajas.2014.29.1.54
• Sevindik E, Aydin S, Apaydın E, Okan K & Efe F (2019). Antibacterial and antifungal activities of essential oils from Laurus nobilis L, flowers and leaves grown in the West Anatolian area. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 28(9): 6555-6559 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-021-00549-7
• Silva B M, Andrade P B, Mendes G C, Seabra R M & Ferreira M A (2002). Study of the organic acids composition of quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller) fruit and jam. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50: 2313–2317. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf011286+
• Silva B M, Andrade P B, Goncalves A C, Seabra R M, Oliveira M B & Ferreira M A (2004a). Influence of jam processing upon the contents of phenolics organic acids and free amino acids in quince fruit (Cydonia oblonga Miller). European Food Research and Technology 218: 385–389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-003-0845-6
• Silva B M, Andrade P B, Valentao P, Ferreres F, Seabra R M, & Ferreira M A (2004b). Quince Cydonia oblonga Miller fruit (pulp peel and seed) and jam: antioxidant activity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52: 4705–4712. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf040057v
• Sobral M V, Xavier A L, Lima T C & de Sousa D P (2014). Antitumor activity of monoterpenes found in essential oils. The Scientific World Journal 2014:953451. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/953451
• Soylu A (2004). Chestnut growing and specialities. Hasad 64 pp
• Suárez M H, Galdón B R, Mesa D R, Romero C D & Rodríguez E (2012). Sugars organic acids and total phenols in varieties of chestnut fruits from Tenerife (Spain). Food and Nutrition Sciences, Scientific Research Publishing 3(6):705–715. https://doi.org/10.4236/fns.2012.36096
• Suárez-Luque S, Mato I, Huidobro J F, Simal-Lozano J & Sancho M T (2002). Rapid determination of minority organic acids in honey by high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography, A 955(2): 207–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00248-0
• Sun J (2007). D-Limonene: Safety and clinical applications. Alternative Medicine Review 123: 259-264
• Şengül Ü (2016). Comparing determination methods of detection and quantification limits for aflatoxin analysis in hazelnut. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 24(1): 56–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2015.04.009
• Thiyagarajan S, Franciolus D, Bisselink R, Ewing T, Boeriu C & Haveren J (2020). Selective production of maleic acid from furfural via a cascade approach combining photochemistry and electro- or biochemistry, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 8 (29): 10626-10632. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c02833
• Vaughan J G & Geissler C A (1997). The new oxford book of food plants, New York: Oxford University Press, 19 pp. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1998.tb01871.x
• Vekiari S A, Panagou E & Mallidis C (2006). Compositional analysis of chestnuts in Mediterranean countries. Advances in Horticultural Science 20(1): 90–95
• Wojcieszak R, Santarelli F, Paul S & et al. (2015). Recent developments in maleic acid synthesis from bio-based chemicals. Sustain Chemical Process 3(1):1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40508-015-0034-5