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The anthropogenic causes of extinction

Year 2021, Issue: 41, 44 - 53, 28.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.33613/antropolojidergisi.757509

Abstract

Global disasters, which are becoming more frequent today, reveal the seriousness of the warnings from scientists that ecological problems will gradually become more prominent and will directly affect lives. Contrary to popular belief, the disasters that have shaken social lifestyles are neither surprising nor unexpected. In fact, human activities has long been upsetting the global equilibrium and this transition is about to end up with these and similar consequences. To perceive the reasons lying beneath the ecological balance that become delicate and fragile, it’s essential to re-examine the global damage caused by human activities. Only thus it will be possible to reduce the damage given to the earth and to develop a more nature- friendly, consistent living-style. Thus studying the thousands years of suppression imposed on the living forms other than humans seems important to understand how the ecological balance has been damaged. To this end, in this study natural and human based/anthropogenic causes of extinction were handled and the differences between these two factors were evaluated. The study argues that the anthropogenic extinction, in various ways, differ than those of naturally occurred and terminated extinctions and thus must be taken into account as a serious phenomenon in order to achieve global ecological balance.

References

  • Aitken, G. M. (1998). Extinction. Biology and Philosophy, 13(3), 393–411. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006567916998
  • Alroy, J. (2008). Dynamics of origination and extinction in the marine fossil record. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105(1), 11536–11542. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0802597105
  • Barlow, M. (2008). Mavi sözleşme: Küresel su krizi ve su hakkı Mücadelesi, B. Cezar (Çev.). Yordam Kitap. (Eserin asıl baskısı 2007).
  • Brannen, P. (2017). The ends of the world: Volcanic apocalypses, lethal oceans, and our quest to understand earth’s past mass extinctions. Ecco Publication.
  • Broswimmer, F. J. (2002). Ecocide: A short history of the mass extinction of species. Pluto Press.
  • Burkett, P. (2004). Marx ve doğa: Al-yeşil bir perspektif, E. Özkaya (Çev.), Epos Yayınları. (Eserin asıl baskısı 1999).
  • Cardillo, M., Mace, G. M., Gittleman, J. L., Jones, K. E., Bielby, J. ve Purvis, A. (2008). The predictability of extinction: biological and external correlates of decline in mammals. Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 275(1641), 1441–1448. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0179
  • Carson, R. (1962). Silent spring. Houghton Mifflin.
  • Ceballos, G. ve Ehrlich, P. R. (2018). The misunderstood sixth mass extinction, Science, V. 360 (6393), 1080-1081. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau0191
  • Château, J., Rebolledo, C., ve Dellink, R. (2011), “An Economic Projection to 2050: The OECD “ENV-Linkages” Model Baseline”, OECD Environment Working Papers, No. 41, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/5kg0ndkjvfhf-en
  • Collingwood, R. G. (1999). Doğa Tasarımı, K. Dinçer (Çev.). İmge Kitabevi. (Eserin asıl baskısı 1960).
  • Crutzen, P. J. ve Stoermer, E. F. (2000). The Anthropocene. IGBP Newsletter, (41), 17–18.
  • Des Jardins, J. R. (2006). Çevre etiği: Çevre felsefesine giriş, R. Keleş (Çev.). İmge Kitapevi. (Eserin asıl baskısı 1993).
  • Elliot, R. (1994). Extinction, restoration, naturalness. Environmental Ethics, 16(2), 135–144. https://doi.org/10.5840/enviroethics199416228
  • FAO (2021). Sustainable development goals 14.4. http://www.fao.org/sustainable-development-goals/indicators/1441/en/
  • Foster, J. B., ve Magdoff, F. (2014). Her çevrecinin kapitalizm hakkında bilmesi gerekenler, Ö. Aksakal (Çev.). Patika Kitap Yayınları. (Eserin asıl baskısı 2011).
  • Foster, J. B. (2012). Marksist Ekoloji, Kalkedon Yayınları, İstanbul. (Eserin asıl baskısı 2000).
  • Gaston, K. J. (2005). Progress reports biodiversity and extinction: species and people. Progress in Physical Geography, 29(2), 239–247. https://doi.org/10.1191/0309133305pp445pr
  • Glavin, T. (2014). The sixth extiction: Journey among the lost and left behind. St. Martin’s Press.
  • Hallam, T. (2005). Catastrophes and lesser calamities: The causes of mass extinctions. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198524977.001.0001
  • Hannah, L. (2012). Saving a million species: Extinction risk from climate change. Island Press. https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-182-5
  • Hilborn, R., ve Hilborn, U. (2012). Overfishing: What everyone needs to know. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780199798131.001.0001
  • Huberman, L. (2011). Sosyalizmin alfabesi, 20. Baskı, A. Bilgi (Çev.). Sol Yayınları. (Eserin asıl baskısı 1953).
  • Jha, M. K. (2010). Natural and anthropogenic disasters: An overview. M. K. Jha (Ed.) içinde, Natural and anthropogenic disasters: Vulnerability, preparedness and mitigation (s. 1-16). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2498-5
  • Jones, A. (2014). Impact volcanism and mass extinctions. G. Keller ve A. C. Kerr (Ed.) içinde, Volcanism, impacts, and mass extinctions: Causes and effects (s. 369-381). The Geology Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1130/2014.2505(19)
  • Keleş, R., Hamamcı, C., ve Çoban, A. (2012). Çevre politikası, 7. Baskı. İmge Kitabevi.
  • Lande, R. (1987). Extinction thresholds in demographic models of territorial populations. The American Naturalist, 130(4), 624–635. https://doi.org/10.1086/284734
  • Leakey, R., ve Lewin, R. (1995). The sixth extinction: Patterns of life and the future of humankind. Anchor.
  • Lovejoy, T., ve Hannah, L. (2019). Changing the biosphere. T. Lovejoy ve L. Hannah (Ed.) içinde, Biodiversity and Climate Change Transforming the Biosphere (s. 3-11). Yale University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv8jnzw1.6
  • Malm, A., ve Hornborg, A. (2014). The geology of mankind? A critique of the antropocene narrative. The Anthropocene Review, 1(1), 62-69. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053019613516291
  • Mammadov, R. (2011). The geophytes species in the north-eastern region of great caucasian (Around Azerbaijan) and effects of anthropogenic factors on their diversity and distribution. Gazi University Journal of Science, 24(1), 1-9.
  • McKee, J. K., Sciulli, P. W., Fooce, C. D., ve Waite, T. A. (2003). Forecasting global biodiversity threats associated with human population growth. Biological Conservation, 115(1), 161–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00099-5
  • McKee, J. (2003). Sparing nature: The conflict between human population growth and Earth’s biodiversity, Rutgers University Press. https://doi.org/10.36019/9780813558776
  • Michalski, F. ve Peres, C. A. (2005). Anthropogenic determinants of primate and carnivore local extinctions in a fragmented forest landscape of southern Amazonia, Biological Conservation, 124(3), 383–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.01.045
  • Palmer, D., ve Barrett, P. (2010). Evrim atlası, Ç. Sunay ve M. Özgüleş (Çev.). İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. (Eserin asıl baskısı 2009).
  • Pievani, T. (2014). The sixth mass extinction: Anthropocene and the human impact on biodiversity, Rendiconti Lincei, (25), 85–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12210-013-0258-9
  • Pimm, S. L., ve Raven, P. (2000). Biodiversity: extinction by numbers, Nature, 403(6772), 843-845. https://doi.org/10.1038/35002708
  • Polanyi, K. (2014). Büyük dönüşüm çağımızın siyasal ve ekonomik kökenleri, 12. Basım, A. Buğra (Çev.). İletişim Yayınları. (Eserin asıl baskısı 1944).
  • Ponting, C. (2000). Dünyanın yeşil tarihi: Çevre ve uygarlıkların çöküşü, A. Başçı-Sander (Çev.). Sabancı Üniversitesi Yayınları. (Eserin asıl baskısı 1991).
  • Renner, M. (2014). İklim değişikliği ve yerinden edilme, Worldwatch Enstitüsü içinde, Dünyanın Durumu 2013: Sürdürülebilirlik hâlâ mümkün mü? (s. 481-494), C. Ulutaş Ekiz ve Ç. Ekiz (Çev.). İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Roberson, L. A., Watson, R. A., ve Klein, C. J. (2020). Over 90 endangered fish and invertebrates are caught in industrial fisheries. Nature Communications, 11(4764), 1- 8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18505-6
  • Rockstörm, J., ve Klum, M. (2015). Big world small planet: Abundance within planetary boundaries. Yale University Press.
  • Schuster, S. ve Schüle, W. (2000). Anthropogenic causes, mechanisms and effects of Upper Pliocene and Quaternary extinctions of large vertebrates. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 19(3), 223-239. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0092.00108
  • Smith, V. L. (1975). The primitive hunter culture, Pleistocene extinction, and the rise of agriculture. Journal of Political Economy, 83(4), 727-755. https://doi.org/10.1086/260353
  • Thomas, C. D., Cameron, A., ve Williams, S. E. (2004). Extinction risk from climate change, Nature, (427), 145- 148. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02121
  • Travis, J. M. (2003). Climate change and habitat destruction: A deadly Anthropogenic cocktail, Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 270(1514), 467-473. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2246
  • UN (6 Mayıs 2019). UN report: Nature’s dangerous decline ‘unprecedented’; species extinction rates ‘accelerating’ https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2019/05/nature-decline-unprecedented-report/
  • WCMC (2021). Annual review 2019: Putting nature at the heart of decision-making. https://annualreview.unep-wcmc.org/
  • Ünder, H. (1996). Çevre felsefesi. Doruk Yayınları.
  • Vitousek, P. M., Aber, J. D., Howarth, R. W., Likens, G. E., Matson, P. A., Shindler, D. W., ve Tilman, D. G. (1997). Human alternation of the global nitrogen cycle: sources and concequences. Ecological Applications, 7(3), 737-750. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[0737:HAOTGN]2.0.CO;2
  • Wilson, E. O. (2003). The future of life. Vintage.
  • WWF (2021). Orangutan [İnternet sitesi]. (https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/orangutan adresinden 02.04.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.

Türlerin yok oluşunun antropojenik nedenleri

Year 2021, Issue: 41, 44 - 53, 28.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.33613/antropolojidergisi.757509

Abstract

Günümüzde sıklaşan küresel felaketler, ekolojik sorunların git gide ağırlık kazanacağına ve yaşamları doğrudan etkileyeceğine yönelik bilim insanlarından gelmekte olan uyarıların ciddiyetini ortaya koymaktadır. Toplumsal yaşam biçimlerini sarsan felaketler, genel kanının aksine ne şaşırtıcıdır ne de beklenmedik. İnsan eylemlerinin küresel dengeyi alt üst etmekte olduğu ve bu dönüşümün bu ve benzeri sonuçlara gebe olduğu çoktandır dile getirilmektedir. Ekolojik dengelerin hassaslaşması ve krizlere açık hale gelmesinin altında yatan nedenleri anlayabilmek, insan eylemleri sonucu yerküreye verilen zararı tekrar gözden geçirmeyi gerektirir. Ancak bu şekilde verilen hasar azaltılarak yerküreyle daha uyumlu bir yaşam biçimi geliştirmek mümkün olacaktır. Bu anlamda yeryüzünde yaşayan insan dışındaki canlılar üzerinde binlerce yıldır yaratılmış ve artarak devam eden baskının incelenmesi, ekolojik dengenin nasıl zarar gördüğünü anlamak açısından önemli görülmektedir. Yukarıda değinilen amaç doğrultusunda bu çalışmada türlerin yok oluşunun doğal nedenleri ile insana bağlı/antropojenik nedenleri incelenmekte, bu iki etken arasındaki farklar değerlendirilmektedir. Çalışmada, antropojenik yok oluşların doğal süreçte kendiliğinden ortaya çıkan ve kaybolan yok oluşlardan pek çok açıdan farklılık gösterdiği ve küresel denge açısından ciddiye alınması gereken bir fenomen olduğu savunulmaktadır. 

References

  • Aitken, G. M. (1998). Extinction. Biology and Philosophy, 13(3), 393–411. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006567916998
  • Alroy, J. (2008). Dynamics of origination and extinction in the marine fossil record. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105(1), 11536–11542. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0802597105
  • Barlow, M. (2008). Mavi sözleşme: Küresel su krizi ve su hakkı Mücadelesi, B. Cezar (Çev.). Yordam Kitap. (Eserin asıl baskısı 2007).
  • Brannen, P. (2017). The ends of the world: Volcanic apocalypses, lethal oceans, and our quest to understand earth’s past mass extinctions. Ecco Publication.
  • Broswimmer, F. J. (2002). Ecocide: A short history of the mass extinction of species. Pluto Press.
  • Burkett, P. (2004). Marx ve doğa: Al-yeşil bir perspektif, E. Özkaya (Çev.), Epos Yayınları. (Eserin asıl baskısı 1999).
  • Cardillo, M., Mace, G. M., Gittleman, J. L., Jones, K. E., Bielby, J. ve Purvis, A. (2008). The predictability of extinction: biological and external correlates of decline in mammals. Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 275(1641), 1441–1448. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0179
  • Carson, R. (1962). Silent spring. Houghton Mifflin.
  • Ceballos, G. ve Ehrlich, P. R. (2018). The misunderstood sixth mass extinction, Science, V. 360 (6393), 1080-1081. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau0191
  • Château, J., Rebolledo, C., ve Dellink, R. (2011), “An Economic Projection to 2050: The OECD “ENV-Linkages” Model Baseline”, OECD Environment Working Papers, No. 41, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/5kg0ndkjvfhf-en
  • Collingwood, R. G. (1999). Doğa Tasarımı, K. Dinçer (Çev.). İmge Kitabevi. (Eserin asıl baskısı 1960).
  • Crutzen, P. J. ve Stoermer, E. F. (2000). The Anthropocene. IGBP Newsletter, (41), 17–18.
  • Des Jardins, J. R. (2006). Çevre etiği: Çevre felsefesine giriş, R. Keleş (Çev.). İmge Kitapevi. (Eserin asıl baskısı 1993).
  • Elliot, R. (1994). Extinction, restoration, naturalness. Environmental Ethics, 16(2), 135–144. https://doi.org/10.5840/enviroethics199416228
  • FAO (2021). Sustainable development goals 14.4. http://www.fao.org/sustainable-development-goals/indicators/1441/en/
  • Foster, J. B., ve Magdoff, F. (2014). Her çevrecinin kapitalizm hakkında bilmesi gerekenler, Ö. Aksakal (Çev.). Patika Kitap Yayınları. (Eserin asıl baskısı 2011).
  • Foster, J. B. (2012). Marksist Ekoloji, Kalkedon Yayınları, İstanbul. (Eserin asıl baskısı 2000).
  • Gaston, K. J. (2005). Progress reports biodiversity and extinction: species and people. Progress in Physical Geography, 29(2), 239–247. https://doi.org/10.1191/0309133305pp445pr
  • Glavin, T. (2014). The sixth extiction: Journey among the lost and left behind. St. Martin’s Press.
  • Hallam, T. (2005). Catastrophes and lesser calamities: The causes of mass extinctions. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198524977.001.0001
  • Hannah, L. (2012). Saving a million species: Extinction risk from climate change. Island Press. https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-182-5
  • Hilborn, R., ve Hilborn, U. (2012). Overfishing: What everyone needs to know. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780199798131.001.0001
  • Huberman, L. (2011). Sosyalizmin alfabesi, 20. Baskı, A. Bilgi (Çev.). Sol Yayınları. (Eserin asıl baskısı 1953).
  • Jha, M. K. (2010). Natural and anthropogenic disasters: An overview. M. K. Jha (Ed.) içinde, Natural and anthropogenic disasters: Vulnerability, preparedness and mitigation (s. 1-16). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2498-5
  • Jones, A. (2014). Impact volcanism and mass extinctions. G. Keller ve A. C. Kerr (Ed.) içinde, Volcanism, impacts, and mass extinctions: Causes and effects (s. 369-381). The Geology Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1130/2014.2505(19)
  • Keleş, R., Hamamcı, C., ve Çoban, A. (2012). Çevre politikası, 7. Baskı. İmge Kitabevi.
  • Lande, R. (1987). Extinction thresholds in demographic models of territorial populations. The American Naturalist, 130(4), 624–635. https://doi.org/10.1086/284734
  • Leakey, R., ve Lewin, R. (1995). The sixth extinction: Patterns of life and the future of humankind. Anchor.
  • Lovejoy, T., ve Hannah, L. (2019). Changing the biosphere. T. Lovejoy ve L. Hannah (Ed.) içinde, Biodiversity and Climate Change Transforming the Biosphere (s. 3-11). Yale University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv8jnzw1.6
  • Malm, A., ve Hornborg, A. (2014). The geology of mankind? A critique of the antropocene narrative. The Anthropocene Review, 1(1), 62-69. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053019613516291
  • Mammadov, R. (2011). The geophytes species in the north-eastern region of great caucasian (Around Azerbaijan) and effects of anthropogenic factors on their diversity and distribution. Gazi University Journal of Science, 24(1), 1-9.
  • McKee, J. K., Sciulli, P. W., Fooce, C. D., ve Waite, T. A. (2003). Forecasting global biodiversity threats associated with human population growth. Biological Conservation, 115(1), 161–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00099-5
  • McKee, J. (2003). Sparing nature: The conflict between human population growth and Earth’s biodiversity, Rutgers University Press. https://doi.org/10.36019/9780813558776
  • Michalski, F. ve Peres, C. A. (2005). Anthropogenic determinants of primate and carnivore local extinctions in a fragmented forest landscape of southern Amazonia, Biological Conservation, 124(3), 383–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.01.045
  • Palmer, D., ve Barrett, P. (2010). Evrim atlası, Ç. Sunay ve M. Özgüleş (Çev.). İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. (Eserin asıl baskısı 2009).
  • Pievani, T. (2014). The sixth mass extinction: Anthropocene and the human impact on biodiversity, Rendiconti Lincei, (25), 85–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12210-013-0258-9
  • Pimm, S. L., ve Raven, P. (2000). Biodiversity: extinction by numbers, Nature, 403(6772), 843-845. https://doi.org/10.1038/35002708
  • Polanyi, K. (2014). Büyük dönüşüm çağımızın siyasal ve ekonomik kökenleri, 12. Basım, A. Buğra (Çev.). İletişim Yayınları. (Eserin asıl baskısı 1944).
  • Ponting, C. (2000). Dünyanın yeşil tarihi: Çevre ve uygarlıkların çöküşü, A. Başçı-Sander (Çev.). Sabancı Üniversitesi Yayınları. (Eserin asıl baskısı 1991).
  • Renner, M. (2014). İklim değişikliği ve yerinden edilme, Worldwatch Enstitüsü içinde, Dünyanın Durumu 2013: Sürdürülebilirlik hâlâ mümkün mü? (s. 481-494), C. Ulutaş Ekiz ve Ç. Ekiz (Çev.). İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Roberson, L. A., Watson, R. A., ve Klein, C. J. (2020). Over 90 endangered fish and invertebrates are caught in industrial fisheries. Nature Communications, 11(4764), 1- 8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18505-6
  • Rockstörm, J., ve Klum, M. (2015). Big world small planet: Abundance within planetary boundaries. Yale University Press.
  • Schuster, S. ve Schüle, W. (2000). Anthropogenic causes, mechanisms and effects of Upper Pliocene and Quaternary extinctions of large vertebrates. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 19(3), 223-239. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0092.00108
  • Smith, V. L. (1975). The primitive hunter culture, Pleistocene extinction, and the rise of agriculture. Journal of Political Economy, 83(4), 727-755. https://doi.org/10.1086/260353
  • Thomas, C. D., Cameron, A., ve Williams, S. E. (2004). Extinction risk from climate change, Nature, (427), 145- 148. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02121
  • Travis, J. M. (2003). Climate change and habitat destruction: A deadly Anthropogenic cocktail, Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 270(1514), 467-473. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2246
  • UN (6 Mayıs 2019). UN report: Nature’s dangerous decline ‘unprecedented’; species extinction rates ‘accelerating’ https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2019/05/nature-decline-unprecedented-report/
  • WCMC (2021). Annual review 2019: Putting nature at the heart of decision-making. https://annualreview.unep-wcmc.org/
  • Ünder, H. (1996). Çevre felsefesi. Doruk Yayınları.
  • Vitousek, P. M., Aber, J. D., Howarth, R. W., Likens, G. E., Matson, P. A., Shindler, D. W., ve Tilman, D. G. (1997). Human alternation of the global nitrogen cycle: sources and concequences. Ecological Applications, 7(3), 737-750. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[0737:HAOTGN]2.0.CO;2
  • Wilson, E. O. (2003). The future of life. Vintage.
  • WWF (2021). Orangutan [İnternet sitesi]. (https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/orangutan adresinden 02.04.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Review Articles
Authors

Duygu Tan 0000-0002-0778-371X

Publication Date June 28, 2021
Submission Date June 25, 2020
Acceptance Date April 2, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 41

Cite

APA Tan, D. (2021). Türlerin yok oluşunun antropojenik nedenleri. Anthropology(41), 44-53. https://doi.org/10.33613/antropolojidergisi.757509

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