Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Hippotherium brachypus (Hensel, 1862) (Equidae, Hipparionini) from Late Miocene Mammal Localities in Western Anatolia: Systematics and Paleoecology

Year 2024, Issue: 48, 24 - 35, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.33613/antropolojidergisi.1489367

Abstract

Anatolia has played a crucial role as a crossroads for the evolution of terrestrial mammals throughout the paleogeographic history of the Eurasian and African faunas. The fossil record of equids is significant in tracing intercontinental dispersal patterns by contributing to the evaluation of evolutionary processes and biochronological correlations. Systematic studies on fossil Equidae taxons contribute to elucidating the connections between their functional anatomies, age distributions, the paleoenvironments of faunas, and regional climate changes. The Hipparion taxon, known as the three-toed horses of the Late Miocene, was first observed in the early Vallesian in Anatolia and exhibited significant diversity, especially during the Turolian. In this context, studying Anatolian faunas is notable for understanding Eurasian Hipparion evolution and for Equidae systematic paleontology studies. Hippotherium brachypus is known as the large hipparionine species of the Turolian and was first reported from Pikermi. This paper discusses the presence of the Hippotherium brachypus and the paleoenvironments of regions based on the systematics of maxillary specimens as well as isolated series collected from the Late Miocene mammal localities of Muğla-Yatağan-Şerefköy (MN12), Uşak-Eşme-Kemiklitepe (MN11-12), and Kütahya-Bayat (MN11-12).

Project Number

26312

References

  • Arslan, F. (1992). Felis cf. catus (Carnivora-Mammalia) from the Late Miocene of Serefköy (Mugla-Yatagan). Geological Bulletin of Turkey, 35, 47-50.
  • Bernor, R. L., & Lipscomb, D. (1991). The systematic position of “Plesiohipparion” aff. huangheense (Equidae, Hipparionini) from Gülyazi, Turkey. Mitteilungen Bayerischen Staatsslammlung für Paläontologie und historische Geologie, 31, 107-123.
  • Bernor, R. L., & Sen, S. (2017). The Early Pliocene Plesiohipparion and Proboscidipparion (Equidae, Hipparionini) from Çalta, Turkey (Ruscinian Age, c. 4.0 Ma). Geodiversitas, 39(2), 285-314.
  • Bernor, R. L., Mirzaie Ataabadi, M., Meshida, K., & Wolf, D. (2016). The Maragheh hipparions, late Miocene of Azarbaijan, Iran. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 96, 453-488.
  • Bernor, R. L., Scott, R. S., Fortelius, M., Kappelman, J., & Sen, S. (2003). Equidae (Perissodactyla). Geology and Paleontology of the Miocene Sinap Formation, Turkey, 220, 282.
  • Bernor, R. L., Tobien, H., & Woodburne, M. O. (1989). Patterns of Old World hipparionine evolutionary diversification and biogeographic extension. European Neogene mammal chronology, 263-319.
  • Eisenmann, V., Alberdi, M.T., De Giuli, C., Staesche, U. (1988). Methodology. In: Woodburne, M., Sondaar, P.Y. (Eds.), Studying Fossil Horses. EJ Brill Press, Leiden, 71s.
  • Forsten, A. (1979). How many Hipparion species at Samos? Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatschefte 7, 391–396.
  • Forsten, A. (1999). Snout proportions in some Eurasian hipparions (Mammalia, Equidae): taxonomic and functional implications. Geodiversitas, 21(2), 255-278.
  • Forsten, A., & Kaya, T. (1995). The hipparions (Mammalia, Equidae) from Gülpinar (Canakkale, Turkey). Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 69(3), 491-501.
  • Geraads, D., Kaya, T., & Mayda, S. (2005). Late Miocene large mammals from Yulafli, Thrace region, Turkey, and their biogeographic implications. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 50(3).
  • Geraads, D. (2013). Large mammals from the late Miocene of Çorakyerler, Çankırı, Turkey. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica; Izd. na Balg. Akad. na Naukite, Sofija, 65(3), 381-390.
  • Gromova, V., 1952. Le genre Hipparion. Bureau de Recherches geologiques et Minieres. C.E.D.P 12, 1–288. Güleç, G. (2011). Stratonikeia Antik Kent'inden (Eskihisar köyü, Muğla-Yatağan) çıkarılan kalıntıların spekroskopik yöntemlerle incelenmesi (YL Tezi, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü).
  • Halaçlar, K., Rummy, P., Mayda, S., & Deng, T. (2024). A newly discovered Hystrix primigenia specimen from the Kemiklitepe collection at Ege University Natural History Museum: insights into paleobiogeography in Eurasia. Integrative Zoology. (Baskıda)
  • Hammer, Ø., & Harper, D. A. (2001). Past: paleontological statistics software package for educaton and data anlysis. Palaeontologia electronica, 4(1), 1.
  • Hristova, L., Geraads, D., Markov, G. N., & Spassov, N. (2013). Late miocene mammals from Kocherinovo, southwestern Bulgaria. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, 65(4), 517-529.
  • Hunter, J. D. (2007). Matplotlib: A 2D graphics environment. Computing in science & engineering, 9(03), 90-95. Karaoğlu, Ö., Helvacı, C., & Ersoy, Y. (2010). Petrogenesis and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of the volcanic rocks of the Uşak-Güre basin, western Türkiye. Lithos, 119(3-4), 193-210.
  • Kaya, T. (1993). The Late Miocene Perissodactyla in Sazak (Kale-Denizli). Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 115(115), 23-30.
  • Kaya, T.T., Mayda, S., Kostopoulos, D.S., Alçiçek, M.C., Merceron, G., Tan, A., Karakutuk, S., Giesler, A.K., Scott, R.S. (2012). Şerefköy-2, a new late Miocene mammal locality from the Yatağan Formation, Muğla, SW Turkey. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 11(1), 5-12.
  • Kaya, T.T., Mayda, S., Kostopoulos, D.S., Alçiçek, M.C., Merceron, G., Tan, A., Karakutuk, S., Giesler, A.K., Scott, R.S., (2012). Serefkoy-2, a new Late Miocene mammal locality from the Yatagan Formation, Mugla, SW Turkey. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 11(1), 5-12. doi: 10.1016/j.crpv.2011.09.001
  • Kaya, T., & Geraads, D. (2005). A new late Miocene mammalian fauna in the Karaburun Peninsula (W Turkey). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie. Abhandlungen, 236(3), 321.
  • Kaya, T., & Mayda, S. (2009). Bayat-Kütahya Fosil Memeli Lokalitesinin Son Çalışmalar Işığında Faunal Revizyonu. 62. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı, 13-17 Nisan 2009, Ankara. 698-699.
  • Koufos, G. D. (1987). Study of the Pikermi hipparions. Part I: Generalities and taxonomy. Bulletin du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, 9, 197-252.
  • Koufos, G. D. (2005). Neogene/Quaternary mammalian migrations in eastern Mediterranean. Belgian journal of zoology: BJZ, 135(2), 181.
  • Koufos, G. D., & Sen, S. (2016). Equidae. In S. Sen (Ed.), Late Miocene mammal locality of Küçükçekmece, European Turkey (Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 225-243). Geodiversitas.
  • Koufos, G. D. & Vlachou, T. D. (2005). Equidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the late Miocene of Akkaşdağı, Turkey, in Sen S. (ed.), Geology, mammals and environments at Akkadağı, late Miocene of Central Anatolia. Geodiversitas 27 (4) : 633-705.
  • Koufos, G. D. & Vlachou, T. D. (2016). Equidae. Geobios, 49(1-2), 85-118.
  • Koufos, G. D., Kostopoulos, D. S., Vlachou, T. D., & Konidaris, G. E. (2011). A synopsis of the late Miocene mammal fauna of Samos Island, Aegean Sea, Greece. Geobios, 44(2-3), 237-251.
  • Koufos, G. D., Vlachou, T. D., & Gkeme, A. G. (2022). The fossil record of equids (Mammalia: Perissodactyla: Equidae) in Greece. Fossil vertebrates of Greece Vol. 2: Laurasiatherians, artiodactyles, perissodactyles, carnivorans, and island endemics, 351-401.
  • Ozansoy, F. (1961). Hyaena senyüreki Ozansoy du Pliocene superieur et la repartition du genre Hyaena dans le systeme pliocene de Turquie. Bulletin of Mineral Research Exploration Institute of Turkey 57: 97–120.
  • Ozansoy, F. (1965). Étude des gisements continentaux et des mammifères du Cénozoïque de Turquie. Mémoires de la Société géologiques de France, 102, 1–93.
  • Ozansoy, F. (1969). Sur la longévité des faunes à Hipparion et les faunes de vertebres fossiles dans la region de la mer Égée Anatolienne. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration Institute of Turkey, 72, 130–134.
  • Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Plana, F., Lopez-Soler, A., Tuncali, E., Toprak, S., ... & Koker, A. (1999). Coal geology and coal quality of the Miocene Mugla basin, southwestern Anatolia, Turkey. International Journal of Coal Geology, 41(4), 311-332.
  • Saraç, G. (2003). Türkiye Omurgali fosil yataklari. MTA (Maden Tetfik ve Arama Genel Müdürlügü) Derleme rapor. Jeoloji Kütüphane 637: 1–218.
  • Sen, S. (1994). Les gisements de mammifères du Miocène supérieur de Kemiklitepe, Turquie: 1. Stratigraphie et magnétostratigraphie. Bulletin du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle. Section C, Sciences de la terre, paléontologie, géologie, minéralogie, 16(1), 5.
  • Seyitoğlu, G., Aktuğ, B., Karadenizli, L., Kaypak, B., Şen, Ş., Kazancı, N., ... & Ileri, I. (2009). A Late Pliocene-Quaternary Pinched Crustal Wedge in NW Central Anatolia, Turkey: A Neotectonic Structure Accommodating the Internal Deformation of the Anatolian Plate/KB Orta Anadolu’da Geç Pliyosen–Kuvaterner Kıstırılmış Kabuksal Tektonik Kama: Anadolu Levhasının iç Deformasyonunu Üstlenen Bir Neotektonik Yapı. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 52(1), 121-154.
  • Staesche, U., & Sondaar, PY, (1979). Hipparion aus dem Vallesium und Turolium (Jungtertiär) der Türkei. Geol. Jb., (B)33, 35–79.
  • Xafis, A., Mayda, S., Alçiçek, M. C., Kaya, T., Halaçlar, K., Grímsson, F., & Nagel, D. (2021). Large giraffids (Mammalia, Ruminantia) from the new late Miocene fossiliferous locality of Kemiklitepe-E (Western Anatolia, Turkey). Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 101(3), 853-867.

Batı Anadolu Geç Miyosen Memeli Lokalitelerinden Hippotherium brachypus (Hensel, 1862) (Equidae, Hipparionini): Sistematik ve Paleoekoloji

Year 2024, Issue: 48, 24 - 35, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.33613/antropolojidergisi.1489367

Abstract

Anadolu, Avrasya ve Afrika faunalarının paleocoğrafik tarihi boyunca özellikle karasal memelilerin evrimi için önemli bir kavşak rolü oynamıştır. Fosil atların kaydı ise evrimsel süreçlerin ve biyokronolojik korelasyonların değerlendirilmesine katkıda bulunarak kıtalararası yayılım desenlerinin izlenmesinde önemli bir yere sahiptir. Fosil Equidae örneklerinin üzerine yapılan sistematik çalışmalar, fonksiyonel anatomileri, yaş dağılımları, faunaların paleoekolojisi ile bölgesel iklim değişiklikleri arasındaki bağlantının aydınlatılmasına katkı sağlamaktadır. Geç Miyosen dönemi 3 toynaklı atları olarak bilinen Hipparion taksonu Anadolu’da ilk kez Astrasiyen-Valesiyen sınırında görülmüş olup, daha sonra özellikle Turoliyen dönemde ciddi bir çeşitlilik sergilemiştir. Bu bağlamda, Avrasya Hipparion evriminin anlaşılmasında Anadolu faunalarının çalışılması, Equidae sistematik paleontoloji çalışmaları açısından dikkate değerdir. Hippotherium brachypus Turoliyen dönemin iri hipparionine türü olarak bilinmektedir ve bu tür ilk kez Hensel tarafından Pikermi’den raporlanmıştır. Bu makalede Batı Anadolu'daki Geç Miyosen dönem memeli lokaliteleri olan Muğla-Yatağan-Şerefköy (MN12), Uşak-Eşme-Kemiklitepe (MN11-12) ve Kütahya-Bayat (MN11-12) lokalitelerinden elde edilen maksiller diş serileri ve izole diş örneklerinin sistematik tayini sonucunda Hippotherium brachypus taksonunun varlığı ve bölgelerin paleoekolojisi tartışılacaktır.

Supporting Institution

Bu çalışma Ege Üniversitesi BAP Birimi tarafından " Ankara ve Muğla yöresi Anadolu Geç Miyosen Equidae koleksiyonlarının Sistematik Tayini” başlıklı, 26312 no’lu ve FM-YLT-2023-26312 kodlu “Yüksek Lisans Tez Projesi” kapsamında desteklenmiştir

Project Number

26312

References

  • Arslan, F. (1992). Felis cf. catus (Carnivora-Mammalia) from the Late Miocene of Serefköy (Mugla-Yatagan). Geological Bulletin of Turkey, 35, 47-50.
  • Bernor, R. L., & Lipscomb, D. (1991). The systematic position of “Plesiohipparion” aff. huangheense (Equidae, Hipparionini) from Gülyazi, Turkey. Mitteilungen Bayerischen Staatsslammlung für Paläontologie und historische Geologie, 31, 107-123.
  • Bernor, R. L., & Sen, S. (2017). The Early Pliocene Plesiohipparion and Proboscidipparion (Equidae, Hipparionini) from Çalta, Turkey (Ruscinian Age, c. 4.0 Ma). Geodiversitas, 39(2), 285-314.
  • Bernor, R. L., Mirzaie Ataabadi, M., Meshida, K., & Wolf, D. (2016). The Maragheh hipparions, late Miocene of Azarbaijan, Iran. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 96, 453-488.
  • Bernor, R. L., Scott, R. S., Fortelius, M., Kappelman, J., & Sen, S. (2003). Equidae (Perissodactyla). Geology and Paleontology of the Miocene Sinap Formation, Turkey, 220, 282.
  • Bernor, R. L., Tobien, H., & Woodburne, M. O. (1989). Patterns of Old World hipparionine evolutionary diversification and biogeographic extension. European Neogene mammal chronology, 263-319.
  • Eisenmann, V., Alberdi, M.T., De Giuli, C., Staesche, U. (1988). Methodology. In: Woodburne, M., Sondaar, P.Y. (Eds.), Studying Fossil Horses. EJ Brill Press, Leiden, 71s.
  • Forsten, A. (1979). How many Hipparion species at Samos? Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatschefte 7, 391–396.
  • Forsten, A. (1999). Snout proportions in some Eurasian hipparions (Mammalia, Equidae): taxonomic and functional implications. Geodiversitas, 21(2), 255-278.
  • Forsten, A., & Kaya, T. (1995). The hipparions (Mammalia, Equidae) from Gülpinar (Canakkale, Turkey). Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 69(3), 491-501.
  • Geraads, D., Kaya, T., & Mayda, S. (2005). Late Miocene large mammals from Yulafli, Thrace region, Turkey, and their biogeographic implications. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 50(3).
  • Geraads, D. (2013). Large mammals from the late Miocene of Çorakyerler, Çankırı, Turkey. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica; Izd. na Balg. Akad. na Naukite, Sofija, 65(3), 381-390.
  • Gromova, V., 1952. Le genre Hipparion. Bureau de Recherches geologiques et Minieres. C.E.D.P 12, 1–288. Güleç, G. (2011). Stratonikeia Antik Kent'inden (Eskihisar köyü, Muğla-Yatağan) çıkarılan kalıntıların spekroskopik yöntemlerle incelenmesi (YL Tezi, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü).
  • Halaçlar, K., Rummy, P., Mayda, S., & Deng, T. (2024). A newly discovered Hystrix primigenia specimen from the Kemiklitepe collection at Ege University Natural History Museum: insights into paleobiogeography in Eurasia. Integrative Zoology. (Baskıda)
  • Hammer, Ø., & Harper, D. A. (2001). Past: paleontological statistics software package for educaton and data anlysis. Palaeontologia electronica, 4(1), 1.
  • Hristova, L., Geraads, D., Markov, G. N., & Spassov, N. (2013). Late miocene mammals from Kocherinovo, southwestern Bulgaria. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, 65(4), 517-529.
  • Hunter, J. D. (2007). Matplotlib: A 2D graphics environment. Computing in science & engineering, 9(03), 90-95. Karaoğlu, Ö., Helvacı, C., & Ersoy, Y. (2010). Petrogenesis and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of the volcanic rocks of the Uşak-Güre basin, western Türkiye. Lithos, 119(3-4), 193-210.
  • Kaya, T. (1993). The Late Miocene Perissodactyla in Sazak (Kale-Denizli). Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 115(115), 23-30.
  • Kaya, T.T., Mayda, S., Kostopoulos, D.S., Alçiçek, M.C., Merceron, G., Tan, A., Karakutuk, S., Giesler, A.K., Scott, R.S. (2012). Şerefköy-2, a new late Miocene mammal locality from the Yatağan Formation, Muğla, SW Turkey. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 11(1), 5-12.
  • Kaya, T.T., Mayda, S., Kostopoulos, D.S., Alçiçek, M.C., Merceron, G., Tan, A., Karakutuk, S., Giesler, A.K., Scott, R.S., (2012). Serefkoy-2, a new Late Miocene mammal locality from the Yatagan Formation, Mugla, SW Turkey. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 11(1), 5-12. doi: 10.1016/j.crpv.2011.09.001
  • Kaya, T., & Geraads, D. (2005). A new late Miocene mammalian fauna in the Karaburun Peninsula (W Turkey). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie. Abhandlungen, 236(3), 321.
  • Kaya, T., & Mayda, S. (2009). Bayat-Kütahya Fosil Memeli Lokalitesinin Son Çalışmalar Işığında Faunal Revizyonu. 62. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı, 13-17 Nisan 2009, Ankara. 698-699.
  • Koufos, G. D. (1987). Study of the Pikermi hipparions. Part I: Generalities and taxonomy. Bulletin du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, 9, 197-252.
  • Koufos, G. D. (2005). Neogene/Quaternary mammalian migrations in eastern Mediterranean. Belgian journal of zoology: BJZ, 135(2), 181.
  • Koufos, G. D., & Sen, S. (2016). Equidae. In S. Sen (Ed.), Late Miocene mammal locality of Küçükçekmece, European Turkey (Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 225-243). Geodiversitas.
  • Koufos, G. D. & Vlachou, T. D. (2005). Equidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the late Miocene of Akkaşdağı, Turkey, in Sen S. (ed.), Geology, mammals and environments at Akkadağı, late Miocene of Central Anatolia. Geodiversitas 27 (4) : 633-705.
  • Koufos, G. D. & Vlachou, T. D. (2016). Equidae. Geobios, 49(1-2), 85-118.
  • Koufos, G. D., Kostopoulos, D. S., Vlachou, T. D., & Konidaris, G. E. (2011). A synopsis of the late Miocene mammal fauna of Samos Island, Aegean Sea, Greece. Geobios, 44(2-3), 237-251.
  • Koufos, G. D., Vlachou, T. D., & Gkeme, A. G. (2022). The fossil record of equids (Mammalia: Perissodactyla: Equidae) in Greece. Fossil vertebrates of Greece Vol. 2: Laurasiatherians, artiodactyles, perissodactyles, carnivorans, and island endemics, 351-401.
  • Ozansoy, F. (1961). Hyaena senyüreki Ozansoy du Pliocene superieur et la repartition du genre Hyaena dans le systeme pliocene de Turquie. Bulletin of Mineral Research Exploration Institute of Turkey 57: 97–120.
  • Ozansoy, F. (1965). Étude des gisements continentaux et des mammifères du Cénozoïque de Turquie. Mémoires de la Société géologiques de France, 102, 1–93.
  • Ozansoy, F. (1969). Sur la longévité des faunes à Hipparion et les faunes de vertebres fossiles dans la region de la mer Égée Anatolienne. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration Institute of Turkey, 72, 130–134.
  • Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Plana, F., Lopez-Soler, A., Tuncali, E., Toprak, S., ... & Koker, A. (1999). Coal geology and coal quality of the Miocene Mugla basin, southwestern Anatolia, Turkey. International Journal of Coal Geology, 41(4), 311-332.
  • Saraç, G. (2003). Türkiye Omurgali fosil yataklari. MTA (Maden Tetfik ve Arama Genel Müdürlügü) Derleme rapor. Jeoloji Kütüphane 637: 1–218.
  • Sen, S. (1994). Les gisements de mammifères du Miocène supérieur de Kemiklitepe, Turquie: 1. Stratigraphie et magnétostratigraphie. Bulletin du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle. Section C, Sciences de la terre, paléontologie, géologie, minéralogie, 16(1), 5.
  • Seyitoğlu, G., Aktuğ, B., Karadenizli, L., Kaypak, B., Şen, Ş., Kazancı, N., ... & Ileri, I. (2009). A Late Pliocene-Quaternary Pinched Crustal Wedge in NW Central Anatolia, Turkey: A Neotectonic Structure Accommodating the Internal Deformation of the Anatolian Plate/KB Orta Anadolu’da Geç Pliyosen–Kuvaterner Kıstırılmış Kabuksal Tektonik Kama: Anadolu Levhasının iç Deformasyonunu Üstlenen Bir Neotektonik Yapı. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 52(1), 121-154.
  • Staesche, U., & Sondaar, PY, (1979). Hipparion aus dem Vallesium und Turolium (Jungtertiär) der Türkei. Geol. Jb., (B)33, 35–79.
  • Xafis, A., Mayda, S., Alçiçek, M. C., Kaya, T., Halaçlar, K., Grímsson, F., & Nagel, D. (2021). Large giraffids (Mammalia, Ruminantia) from the new late Miocene fossiliferous locality of Kemiklitepe-E (Western Anatolia, Turkey). Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 101(3), 853-867.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Palaeontology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Büşra Pullu This is me 0009-0004-3987-9689

Serdar Mayda 0000-0001-5432-3559

T.tanju Kaya This is me 0009-0006-1614-5580

Project Number 26312
Publication Date June 30, 2024
Submission Date May 24, 2024
Acceptance Date June 6, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Issue: 48

Cite

APA Pullu, B., Mayda, S., & Kaya, T. (2024). Batı Anadolu Geç Miyosen Memeli Lokalitelerinden Hippotherium brachypus (Hensel, 1862) (Equidae, Hipparionini): Sistematik ve Paleoekoloji. Antropoloji(48), 24-35. https://doi.org/10.33613/antropolojidergisi.1489367

by-nc.eu.png

All the published contents in Antropoloji are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). That means the published contents can be used elsewhere by giving appropriate credits, references and a link to the license. Users should also indicate if any changes to the original work have been made. Moreover, users cannot use the original and/or derived material for any commercial purposes. Briefly, the author(s) and reader(s) can reproduce and/or spread the published and/or electronic content in Antropoloji, without any commercial purposes. Nevertheless, this does not necessarily mean that Antropoloji will endorse you or your work as the licensor.
Budapest Open Access Initiative