Liberal Tahammülün Krizi Olarak “Avrupa Mülteci Krizi”: Liberal Dışlamanın Üç Formu

Year 2022, , 229 - 262, 01.06.2022

Hande Sözer

https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2022.08

Abstract

Bu makale, Avrupa sakinlerinin 2015 sonrası göçlere yanıtlarını inceler. Literatür bu yanıtların tarihsel ve bağlamsal olarak değişen farklılaşmalarını incelerken bir ikilik kurar: göç karşıtı yaklaşım liberal tahammül nosyonunun inkârı, dayanışma yaklaşımı ise liberal tahammülün onaylanması olarak varsayılır. Literatürün aksine iki yanıtın da liberal tahammül kavramından ve liberal tahammül kavramının dışlayıcı işleyiş prensiplerini kullandıklarını savunuyorum. Yani önce Avrupalı Özne ile göçmen Öteki arasında, sonra tahammül edilebilen ve edilemeyen göçmen arasında ayrım yapılır, sonra da tahammül edilemeyen Öteki dışlanırken tahammül edilen Öteki ancak kısmen içerilir. Bu durum ya bir hep ya da hiç durumu (yani biri ya içerilir ya da dışlanır) ya da diyalektik bir durum (yani birinin içerilmesi diğerinin dışlanması demektir) olarak görülürken ben en içeren yaklaşımların bile içerdiklerini iddia ettikleri özneleri dışladıklarını iddia ediyorum. İçermek kısmi ve dışlama bakidir. Bu nedenle göçmenlerin sürekli ancak farklılaşmış dışlanma formlarını liberal tahammülün üç formu, liberal tahammülsüzlük, ayırt eden tahammül, kayıtsız tahammül açısından ele alıyorum.

Keywords

"Avrupa Mülteci Krizi", Liberal Tahammül, Liberal Tahammülsüzlük, Ayırt eden Tahammül, Kayıtsız Tahammül

The “European Refugee Crisis” as the Crisis of Liberal Tolerance: Three Modalities of Liberal Exclusion

Abstract

This article examines European residential responses to migrations after 2015. The literature meticulously analyzes their historically-contextually changing variances and inner diversities while imposing a binary view: the anti-immigration response is the negation, and the solidarity response is the affirmation of liberal tolerance. Contrarily, I argue that both responses utilize the liberal tolerance idea and its operational principles. First, they border the European Self and the migrant Other; re-border “the intolerable” and “the tolerable” migrant; and then exclude the former while only partially including the latter. Refugees’ inclusion and exclusion are seen either as a zero-sum (i.e., they are either included or excluded) or a dialectical state (i.e., the inclusion of some means the exclusion of others), but I claim that even the most inclusive responses are excluding the very subjects they claim to include. Inclusion is partial, while exclusion is constant. Thus, I discuss the migrants’ permanent yet differential exclusions in three modalities of liberal tolerance: Liberal intolerance, differentiating tolerance, and indifferent tolerance.

Keywords

“European Refugee Crisis”, Liberal Tolerance, Liberal Intolerance, Indifferent Tolerance, Differentiating Tolerance

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