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The “European Refugee Crisis” as the Crisis of Liberal Tolerance: Three Modalities of Liberal Exclusion

Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2 1 Haziran 2022
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The “European Refugee Crisis” as the Crisis of Liberal Tolerance: Three Modalities of Liberal Exclusion

Öz

This article examines European residential responses to migrations after 2015. The literature meticulously analyzes their historically-contextually changing variances and inner diversities while imposing a binary view: the anti-immigration response is the negation, and the solidarity response is the affirmation of liberal tolerance. Contrarily, I argue that both responses utilize the liberal tolerance idea and its operational principles. First, they border the European Self and the migrant Other; re-border “the intolerable” and “the tolerable” migrant; and then exclude the former while only partially including the latter. Refugees’ inclusion and exclusion are seen either as a zero-sum (i.e., they are either included or excluded) or a dialectical state (i.e., the inclusion of some means the exclusion of others), but I claim that even the most inclusive responses are excluding the very subjects they claim to include. Inclusion is partial, while exclusion is constant. Thus, I discuss the migrants’ permanent yet differential exclusions in three modalities of liberal tolerance: Liberal intolerance, differentiating tolerance, and indifferent tolerance.

Anahtar Kelimeler

“European Refugee Crisis”, Liberal Tolerance, Liberal Intolerance, Indifferent Tolerance, Differentiating Tolerance

Kaynakça

  1. Altındağ, Onur and Neeraj Kaushal (2021), “Do Refugees Impact Voting Behavior in the Host Country? Evidence from Syrian Refugee Inflows to Turkey”, Public Choice, 186 (1): 149-178.
  2. Apaydın, Samet and Meltem Müftüler‐Baç (2021), “The Syrian Refugee Crisis Through the Lenses of Turkish Political Discourses: An Analysis of Deliberations in The Turkish Parliament”, International Migration: 1-20. DOI: 10.1111/imig.12949
  3. Archibugi, Daniele, Marco Cellini and Mattia Vitiello (2021), “Refugees in the European Union: from Emergency Alarmism to Common Management”, Journal of Contemporary European Studies: 1-19. DOI: 10.1080/14782804.2021.1912718
  4. Ataç, İlker (2016), “Refugee Protest Camp Vienna: Making Citizens through Locations of the Protest Movement”, Citizenship Studies, 20 (5): 629–646.
  5. Ataç, İlker, Kim Rygiel and Maurice Stierl (2016), “Introduction: The Contentious Politics of Refugee and Migrant Protest and Solidarity Movements: Remaking Citizenship from the Margins”, Citizenship Studies, 20 (5): 527-544.
  6. Baban, Feyzi and Kim Rygiel (2017), “Living with Others: Fostering Radical Cosmopolitanism through Citizenship Politics in Berlin”, Ethics & Global Politics, 10 (1): 98-116.
  7. Badano, Gabriela and Alasia Nuti (2018), “Under Pressure: Political Liberalism, the Rise of Unreasonableness, and the Complexity of Containment”, Journal of Political Philosophy, 26 (2): 145-168.
  8. Bakić-Hayden, Milica (1995), “Nesting Orientalisms: The Case of Former Yugoslavia”, Slavic Review, 54 (4): 917-931.
  9. Bakić-Hayden, Milica and Robert M. Hayden (1992), “Orientalist Variations on the Theme ‘Balkans’: Symbolic Geography in Recent Yugoslav Cultural Politics”, Slavic Review, 51 (1): 1-15.
  10. Barnett, Michael N. (Ed.) (2017), Paternalism Beyond Borders (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Kaynak Göster

APA
Sözer, H. (2022). The “European Refugee Crisis” as the Crisis of Liberal Tolerance: Three Modalities of Liberal Exclusion. Alternatif Politika, 14(2), 229-262. https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2022.08
AMA
1.Sözer H. The “European Refugee Crisis” as the Crisis of Liberal Tolerance: Three Modalities of Liberal Exclusion. Altern. Polit. 2022;14(2):229-262. doi:10.53376/ap.2022.08
Chicago
Sözer, Hande. 2022. “The ‘European Refugee Crisis’ as the Crisis of Liberal Tolerance: Three Modalities of Liberal Exclusion”. Alternatif Politika 14 (2): 229-62. https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2022.08.
EndNote
Sözer H (01 Haziran 2022) The “European Refugee Crisis” as the Crisis of Liberal Tolerance: Three Modalities of Liberal Exclusion. Alternatif Politika 14 2 229–262.
IEEE
[1]H. Sözer, “The ‘European Refugee Crisis’ as the Crisis of Liberal Tolerance: Three Modalities of Liberal Exclusion”, Altern. Polit., c. 14, sy 2, ss. 229–262, Haz. 2022, doi: 10.53376/ap.2022.08.
ISNAD
Sözer, Hande. “The ‘European Refugee Crisis’ as the Crisis of Liberal Tolerance: Three Modalities of Liberal Exclusion”. Alternatif Politika 14/2 (01 Haziran 2022): 229-262. https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2022.08.
JAMA
1.Sözer H. The “European Refugee Crisis” as the Crisis of Liberal Tolerance: Three Modalities of Liberal Exclusion. Altern. Polit. 2022;14:229–262.
MLA
Sözer, Hande. “The ‘European Refugee Crisis’ as the Crisis of Liberal Tolerance: Three Modalities of Liberal Exclusion”. Alternatif Politika, c. 14, sy 2, Haziran 2022, ss. 229-62, doi:10.53376/ap.2022.08.
Vancouver
1.Hande Sözer. The “European Refugee Crisis” as the Crisis of Liberal Tolerance: Three Modalities of Liberal Exclusion. Altern. Polit. 01 Haziran 2022;14(2):229-62. doi:10.53376/ap.2022.08