The Concept of Morality in National Athletes: A Phenomenological Approach

Year 2022, , 798 - 817, 23.12.2022

İlyas Görgüt , Erkut Tutkun

https://doi.org/10.38021/asbid.1201848

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to find out young elite athletes’ views on the concept of moral because of being a role model in society with their values and moral structures. In this study qualitative method was used and as a research design, psychological phenomenology approach, which is one of the phenomenological patterns, was preferred. The sample group of the study consists of 11 young national team athletes who were determined with maximum variation sampling method, which is one of the purposive sampling methods. With these athletes, individual interviews for each participant which lasted for an average of 45 minutes within the context of semi structured interview technique were conducted. In accordance with the permission taken from the participants, their answers were recorded and then textualized. Descriptive and content analysis method were used to analyse the data. According to athletes who assess moral in terms of behaviour and protection, sports can contribute to individuals’ moral development. While athletes have individual values, and values related with the team and opponent, events which sometimes motivate athletes positively and which sometimes influence them negatively occur in sport environment. In addition, according to athletes, first of all the family, then coaches and environment have responsibilities in the moral development of an athlete.

Keywords

Approach, Athlete, Concept, Moral, National, Phenomenology

Milli Sporcularda Ahlak Kavramı: Fenomenolojik Bir Yaklaşım

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, değerleri ve ahlaki yapıları ile toplumda rol model olmalarından dolayı genç elit sporcuların ahlak kavramına ilişkin görüşlerini ortaya çıkarmaktır. Çalışmada nitel yöntem kullanılmış ve araştırma deseni olarak fenomenolojik desenlerden psikolojik fenomenoloji yaklaşımı tercih edilmiştir. Araştırmanın örneklem grubunu amaçlı örnekleme yöntemlerinden maksimum çeşitlilik örnekleme yöntemi ile belirlenen 11 genç milli takım sporcusu oluşturmaktadır. Bu sporcularla yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme tekniği kapsamında her bir katılımcı için ortalama 45 dakika süren bireysel görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Katılımcılardan alınan izin doğrultusunda yanıtları kayıt altına alınarak metin haline getirilmiştir. Verilerin analizinde betimsel ve içerik analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak ahlakı davranış ve koruma açısından değerlendiren sporculara göre spor, bireylerin ahlaki gelişimine katkı sağlayabilmektedir. Sporcuların bireysel değerleri, takım ve rakip ile ilgili değerleri bulunurken, spor ortamında sporcuları bazen olumlu, bazen olumsuz etkileyen olaylar meydana gelmektedir. Ayrıca sporculara göre bir sporcunun ahlaki gelişiminde önce aile, sonra antrenörler ve çevrenin sorumlulukları vardır.

Keywords

Ahlak, Kavram, Fenomenoloji, Milli, Sporcu, Yaklaşım

References

• Alaranta, A., Alaranta, H., Holmila, J., Palmu, P., Pietilä, K., & Helenius, I. (2006). Self-reported attitudes of elite athletes towards doping: differences between type of sport. International journal of sports medicine, 27(10), 842-846.
• Alerding, C. M. (2011). Moral Disengagement and the Self in Sport. Master of Science, Purdue University, USA.
• Aquilina, D., & Chetcuti, A. (2014). Match-fixing: the case of Malta. International journal of sport policy and politics, 6(1), 107-128, DOI: 10.1080/19406940.2013.777938
• Arnaud, P., & Riordan, J. (Eds.). (2013). Sport and international politics: impact of facism and communism on Sport. Routledge.
• Baş, T. & Akturan, U. (2013). Nitel araştırma yöntemleri Nvivo ile nitel veri analizi. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
• Baumeister, R. F. (1984). Choking under pressure: self-consciousness and paradoxical effects of incentives on skillful performance. Journal of personality and social psychology, 46(3), 610.
• Bray, S. R., Culos, S. N., Gyurcsik, N. C., Widmeyer, W. N., & Brawley, L. R. (1998). Athletes' causal perspectives on game location and performance: The home advantage?. In Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology Vol. 20, pp. S100.
• Bray, S. R., & Widmeyer, W. N. (1995). Athlete's perceptions of a home advantage in women's basketball. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 7, S43.
• Bray, S. R., & Widmeyer, W. N. (2000). Athletes' perceptions of the home advantage: An investigation of perceived causal factors. Journal of Sport Behavior, 23(1), 1.
• Collins, M. (2014). Sport and social exclusion. Routledge Publishing.
• Cucoş, C. (2002). Pedagogie, ediţia a II-a revăzută şi adăugită. Editura Polirom, Iaşi.
• Çitemel, N. (2010). Lisansüstü öğrencilerinin ahlaki yargı yetenekleri ile psikolojik belirtileri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Sakarya Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Sakarya.
• Danioni, F., Barni, D., & Rosnati, R. (2017). Transmitting sport values: the importance of parental involvement in children’s sport activity. Europe's Journal of Psychology, 13(1), 75-92.
• Eccles, J. S., & Harrold, R. D. (1991). Gender differences in sport involvement: Applying the Eccles’ expectancy-value model. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 3, 7-35.
• Erickson, K., & Côté, J. (2016). A season-long examination of the intervention tone of coach–athlete interactions and athlete development in youth sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 22, 264-272.
• Green, M., & Houlihan, B. (2005). Elite sport development: Policy learning and political priorities. Psychology Press.
• Gündüz, M. (2010). Ahlak sosyolojisi, (Yenilenmiş 2. Baskı). Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
• Hallmann, K., Breuer, C., & Kühnreich, B. (2013). Happiness, pride and elite sporting success: What population segments gain most from national athletic achievements?. Sport Management Review, 16(2), 226-235.
• Hellstedt, J. C. (1987). The coach/parent/athlete relationship. The Sport Psychologist, 1(2), 151-160.
• Hemery, D. (1986). The pursuit of sporting excellence: A study of sport's highest achievers. London: Willow Books.
• Horn, T. (2008). Coaching effectiveness in the sport domain. In T. Horn (Ed.), Advances in sport psychology (3rd ed., pp. 239e267). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
• Jones, C. (2005). Character, virtue and physical education. European Physical Education Review, 1(2), 139-151.
• Jurkovac, T. (1985). Collegiate basketball players’ perceptions of the home advantage. Unpublished master’s thesis, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH.
• Keegan, R. J., Harwood, C. G., Spray, C. M., & Lavallee, D. (2014). A qualitative investigation of the motivational climate in elite sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(1), 97-107.
• Kesgin, S. (2010). Cumhuriyet Dönemi Örgün Eğitim Kurumlarında Ahlak Eğitimi Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
• Knight, C. J., Berrow, S. R., & Harwood, C. G. (2017). Parenting in sport. Current opinion in psychology, 16, 93-97.
• Kremer-Sadlik, T., & Kim, J. L. (2007). Lessons from sports: Children's socialization to values through family interaction during sports activities. Discourse & Society, 18(1), 35-52.
• Krüger, A. (1993). On the origin of the notion that sport serves as a means of national representation. History of European Ideas, 16(4-6), 863-869.
• Light, R. L., Harvey, S., & Memmert, D. (2013). Why children join and stay in sports clubs: Case studies in Australian, French and German swimming clubs. Sport, Education and Society, 18(4), 550-566.
• Macniven, R., Orr, R., Grassmayr, M., Grunseit, A., Colagiuri, S., & Bauman, A. (2010). Perceptions of role modeling and junk food advertising in elite and sub-elite athletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 13, e70.
• Mallia, L., Lazuras, L., Barkoukis, V., Brand, R., Baumgarten, F., Tsorbatzoudis, H., ... & Lucidi, F. (2016). Doping use in sport teams: The development and validation of measures of team-based efficacy beliefs and moral disengagement from a cross-national perspective. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 25, 78-88.
• Merriam, B.S. (2013). Nitel araştırma: Desen ve uygulama için bir rehber. (çev. S. Turan). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
• Nevill, A. M., Balmer, N. J., & Williams, A. M. (2002). The influence of crowd noise and experience upon refereeing decisions in football. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 3(4), 261-272.
• Popescu, V., & Masari, G. A. (2011). Comparative Analysis of athletes’ fair play attitude according to specific variables conditioned by sports training and competition. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 12, 24-29.
• Poulter, D. R. (2009). Home advantage and player nationality in international club football. Journal of sports sciences, 27(8), 797-805.
• Roth, R. W. (2013). The influence of the coach on moral character in collegiate student-athletes. Doctorate, Northcentral University, USA.
• Rutten, E. A., Stams, G. J. J., Biesta, G. J., Schuengel, C., Dirks, E., & Hoeksma, J. B. (2007). The contribution of organized youth sport to antisocial and prosocial behavior in adolescent athletes. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36(3), 255-264.
• Sezer, U., Ektirici, A., Özbal, A. F., & Atlı, K. (2015). Evaluation of the sportsmanship behaviors of the secondary school students in terms of different variables. Journal of International Sport Sciences,1(1),42-51.
• Sılay, N. (2010). Yükseköğretimde karakter eğitiminin incelenmesi. Doktora Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
• Sotiriadou, K. P., & Shilbury, D. (2009). Australian elite athlete development: An organisational perspective. Sport Management Review, 12(3), 137-148.
• Thirer, J., & Rampey, M. S. (1979). Effects of abusive spectators' behavior on performance of home and visiting intercollegiate basketball teams. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 48(3_suppl), 1047-1053.
• Ullrich-French, S., & Smith, A. L. (2006). Perceptions of relationships with parents and peers in youth sport: Independent and combined prediction of motivational outcomes. Psychology of sport and exercise, 7(2), 193-214.
• Veronica, P. (2010). The importance of moral training in sports performance. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 869-874.
• Weiss, M. R., Smith, A. L., & Theeboom, M. (1996). “That’s what friends are for”: Children’s and teenagers’ perceptions of peer relationships in the sport domain. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18(4), 347-379.
• Wylleman, P., De Knop, P., Ewing, M. E., & Cumming, S. P. (2000). Transitions in youth sport: A developmental perspective on parental involvement. Career transitions in Sport: International Perspectives, 143-160.
• Wyllemann, P., & Lavallee, D. (2004). A developmental perspective on transitions faced by athletes. In M. Weiss (Ed.), Developmental sport and exercise psychology: A lifespan perspective (pp. 507-527). Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology.
• Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2013). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. (9. Genişletilmiş Baskı) Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.