The Effect of Aerobic Exercise Applied with the Mediterranean Diet on Body Composition, Body Likeness and Sexual Life Quality

Year 2022, , 935 - 952, 23.12.2022

Nehir Yalçınkaya , Seda Yalçın , Ezgi Samar , Malik Beyleroğlu , Alper Cenk Gürkan

https://doi.org/10.38021/asbid.1201897

Cited By: 2

Abstract

To examine the effect of 8-week aerobic exercise applied together with the Mediterranean diet on body composition, body liking and sexual quality of life. The research consists of 64 (age = 40.13  3.38) sedentary women residing in Sakarya. Participants were randomly divided into four groups (Mediterranean diet + exercise group (n:16), exercise only (n:16), Mediterranean diet only (n:16) and control group (n:16)). An 8-week exercise and diet program was applied to sedentary women, and body composition (BMI, lean mass, fat mass), body liking and sexual life quality values were measured before and after diet and exercise programs. Repeated measures of variance analysis (ANOVA) were used in the SPSS 25.0 package program on the obtained data. The confidence interval was chosen as 95% and values below p<0.05 were considered statistically significant. In addition time-dependent percentage changes between groups were calculated using the formula “%Δ= (post Test- pre Test) /pre Test*100”. When the body composition values of aerobic exercise applied together with the Mediterranean diet in sedentary women were examined, it was determined that the pre-test and post-test averages of BMI, lean mass and fat kg values differed according to time. It was determined that the values of body liking and sexual life quality differed in Mediterranean diet + exercise, exercise group and Mediterranean diet group compared to the control group. It was observed that aerobic exercise applied together with the Mediterranean diet in sedentary women improved body composition, body liking and sexual life quality.

Keywords

Mediterranean diet, Aerobic exercise, Body composition, body liking, Sexual life quality.

Akdeniz Diyeti ile Birlikte Uygulanan Aerobik Egzersizin Vücut Kompozisyonu Bedeni Beğenme ve Cinsel Yaşam Kalitesi Üzerine Etkisi

Abstract

Çalışmada Akdeniz diyeti ile birlikte uygulanan 8 haftalık aerobik egzersizin vücut kompozisyonu, bedeni beğenme ve cinsel yaşam kalitesi üzerine etkisini incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma Sakarya ilinde ikamet eden 64 (yaş = 40.13  3.38) sedanter kadından oluşmaktadır. Katılımcılar randomize olarak dört gruba (Akdeniz diyeti + egzersiz grubu (n:16), sadece egzersiz grubu (n:16), sadece Akdeniz diyeti grubu (n:16) ve kontrol grubu (n:16)) ayrılmıştır. Sedanter kadınlara 8 haftalık egzersiz ve diyet programı uygulanmış, diyet ve egzersiz programları öncesi ve sonrasında vücut kompozisyonu (BKİ, yağsız kütle, yağ kütle), bedeni beğenme ve cinsel yaşam kalite değerleri ölçümleri alınmıştır. Elden edilen verilere SPSS 25.0 paket programında tekrar eden ölçümlerde varyans analizi (Repeated measures -ANOVA) kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca zamana bağlı gruplar arasındaki değişimler “%Δ= (Son Test-Ön Test) /Ön Test*100” formülü kullanılarak hesaplanmıştır. Güven %95 aralığı olarak seçilmiş ve p<0,05’in altındaki istatiksel değerler anlamlı olarak kabul edilmiştir. Sedanter kadınlarda Akdeniz diyeti ile birlikte uygulanan aerobik egzersizin vücut kompozisyon değerleri incelendiğinde BKI, yağsız kütle ve yağ kütle değerlerinin ön test ve son test ortalamaları zamana göre anlamlı bir farklılık gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Bedeni beğenme ile cinsel yaşam kalitesi değerlerinin Akdeniz diyeti+ egzersiz, egzersiz grubu ve Akdeniz diyeti grubunun kontrol grubuna göre farklılık gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Katılımcıların ön test ve son test ortalamalarının zamana göre anlamlı bir farklılık gösterdiği bulunmuştur. Sedanter kadınlarda Akdeniz diyeti ile birlikte uygulanan aerobik egzersizin vücut kompozisyonu, bedeni beğenme ve cinsel yaşam kalitesi üzerine iyileşme olduğu görülmüştür.

Keywords

Akdeniz diyeti, Aerobik egzersiz, Vücut kompozisyonu, bedeni beğenme, Cinsel yaşam kalitesi, Mediterranean diet, Aerobic exercise, Body composition, body liking, Sexual life quality.

References

• Addis, I. B., Van Den Eeden, S. K., Wassel-Fyr, C. L., Vittinghoff, E., Brown, J. S., Thom, D. H., ve Reproductive Risk Factors for Incontinence Study at Kaiser (RRISK) Study Group. (2006). Sexual activity and function in middle-aged and older women. Obstetrics and gynecology, 107(4), 755.
• Álvarez-Pérez, J., Sánchez-Villegas, A., Díaz-Benítez, E. M., Ruano-Rodríguez, C., Corella, D., Martínez-González, M. Á., ... ve PREDIMED Study Investigators. (2016). Influence of a Mediterranean dietary pattern on body fat distribution: results of the PREDIMED–Canarias Intervention Randomized Trial. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 35(6), 568-580.
• Allaz, A. F., Bernstein, M., Rouget, P., Archinard, M., ve Morabia, A. (1998). Body weight preoccupation in middle‐age and ageing women: A general population survey. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 23(3), 287-294.
• Altabe, M., ve Thompson, J. K. (1993). Body image changes during early adulthood. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 13(3), 323-328.
• Andreoli, A., Lauro, S., Di Daniele, N., Sorge, R., Celi, M., ve Volpe, S. L. (2008). Effect of a moderately hypoenergetic Mediterranean diet and exercise program on body cell mass and cardiovascular risk factors in obese women. European journal of clinical nutrition, 62(7), 892-897.
• Anlı, G., Akın, A., Eker, H., ve Özçelik, B. (2015). Bedeni beğenme ölçeği: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies. 36 ,505-511.
• Bartlewski, P. P. (1996). Effects of aerobic exercise on the social physique anxiety and body esteem of female college students. Women in sport and physical Activity journal, 5(2), 49-62.
• Baysal, A. (2013). Genel Beslenme, Hatiboğlu Yayınevi, Ankara.
• Bazarganipour, F., Ziaei, S., Montazeri, A., Foroozanfard, F., Kazemnejad, A., ve Faghihzadeh, S. (2013). Body image satisfaction and self-esteem status among the patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Iranian journal of reproductive medicine, 11(10), 829.
• Bazarganipour, F., Ziaei, S., Montazeri, A., Foroozanfard, F., Kazemnejad, A., ve Faghihzadeh, S. (2014). Sexual functioning among married Iranian women with polycystic ovary syndrome. International journal of fertility & sterility, 8(3), 273.
• Becker, C. B., Verzijl, C. L., Kilpela, L. S., Wilfred, S. A., ve Stewart, T. (2019). Body image in adult women: Associations with health behaviors, quality of life, and functional impairment. Journal of health psychology, 24(11), 1536-1547.
• Benetti-Pinto, C. L., Ferreira, S. R., Antunes, A., ve Yela, D. A. (2015). The influence of body weight on sexual function and quality of life in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics, 291(2), 451-455.
• Bishop, S. C., Basch, S., ve Futterweit, W. (2009). Polycystic ovary syndrome, depression, and affective disorders. Endocrine Practice, 15(5), 475-482.
• Blycker, G. R., ve Potenza, M. N. (2018). A mindful model of sexual health: A review and implications of the model for the treatment of individuals with compulsive sexual behavior disorder. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(4), 917-929.
• Bonaccio, M., Iacoviello, L., De Gaetano, G., ve Moli-Sani Investigators. (2012). The Mediterranean diet: the reasons for a success. Thrombosis research, 129(3), 401-404.
• Buckland, G., Agudo, A., Travier, N., Huerta, J. M., Cirera, L., Tormo, M. J., ... ve González, C. A. (2011). Adherence to the Mediterranean diet reduces mortality in the Spanish cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Spain). British journal of nutrition, 106(10), 1581-1591.
• Campbell, A. ve Hausenblas, H.A. (2009). Effects of exercise interventions on body image. J. Health Psychol. 14, 780–793.
• Cash, T. F. (2012). Cognitive-behavioral perspectives on body image. Encyclopedia of Body Image and Human Appearance, 1, 334-342.
• Castro, A. I., Gomez-Arbelaez, D., Crujeiras, A. B., Granero, R., Aguera, Z., Jimenez-Murcia, S., ... ve Casanueva, F. F. (2018). Effect of a very low-calorie ketogenic diet on food and alcohol cravings, physical and sexual activity, sleep disturbances, and quality of life in obese patients. Nutrients, 10(10), 1348.
• Carcelén-Fraile, M. D. C., Aibar-Almazán, A., Martínez-Amat, A., Cruz-Díaz, D., Díaz-Mohedo, E., Redecillas-Peiró, M. T., ve Hita-Contreras, F. (2020). Effects of physical exercise on sexual function and quality of sexual life related to menopausal symptoms in peri-and postmenopausal women: A systematic review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(8), 2680.
• Chang, W. Y., Knochenhauer, E. S., Bartolucci, A. A., ve Azziz, R. (2005). Phenotypic spectrum of polycystic ovary syndrome: clinical and biochemical characterization of the three major clinical subgroups. Fertility and sterility, 83(6), 1717-1723.
• Cobo-Cuenca, A. I., Garrido-Miguel, M., Soriano-Cano, A., Ferri-Morales, A., Martínez-Vizcaíno, V., ve Martín- Espinosa, N. M. (2019). Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and its association with body composition and physical fitness in Spanish university students. Nutrients, 11(11), 2830.
• Costa, E. C., Sá, J. C. F. D., Stepto, N. K., Costa, I. B. B., Farias Junior, L. F., Moreira, S. D. N. T., ... ve Azevedo, G. D. D. (2018). Aerobic training improves quality of life in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 50(7),1357–1366.
• Dashti, S., Latiff, L. A., Hamid, H. A., Sani, S. M., Akhtari-Zavare, M., Abu Bakar, A. S., ... ve Esfehani, A. J. (2016). Sexual dysfunction in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome in Malaysia. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 17(8), 3747-3751.
• Deeks, A. A., Gibson-Helm, M. E., Paul, E.ve Teede, H. J. (2011). Is having polycystic ovary syndrome a predictor of poor psychological function including anxiety and depression? Hum. Reprod., 26, 1399–1407.
• Di Renzo, L., Marsella, L. T., Carraro, A., Valente, R., Gualtieri, P., Gratteri, S., ... ve De Lorenzo, A. (2015). Changes in LDL oxidative status and oxidative and inflammatory gene expression after red wine intake in healthy people: a randomized trial. Mediators of inflammation.
• Duijts, S. F., van Beurden, M., Oldenburg, H. S., Hunter, M. S., Kieffer, J. M., Stuiver, M. M., ... ve Aaronson, N. K. (2012). Efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy and physical exercise in alleviating treatment-induced menopausal symptoms in patients with breast cancer: results of a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 30(33), 4124-4133.
• Eggers, S., ve Kirchengast, S. (2001). The polycystic ovary syndrome–a medical condition but also an important psychosocial problem. Collegium Antropologicum, 25(2), 673-685.
• Ferreira, C. H. J., Dwyer, P. L., Davidson, M., De Souza, A., Ugarte, J. A., ve Frawley, H. C. (2015). Does pelvic floor muscle training improve female sexual function? A systematic review. International Urogynecology Journal, 26(12), 1735-1750.
• Ficarra, S., Di Raimondo, D., Navarra, G. A., Izadi, M., Amato, A., Macaluso, F. P., ... ve Bellafiore, M. (2022). Effects of Mediterranean Diet Combined with CrossFit Training on Trained Adults’ Performance and Body Composition. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 12(8), 1238.
• Fisher, E., ve Thompson, J. K. (1994). A comparative evaluation of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) versus exercise therapy (ET) for the treatment of body image disturbance: Preliminary findings. Behavior Modification, 18(2), 171-185.
• Garber, C. E., Blissmer, B., Deschenes, M. R., Franklin, B. A., Lamonte, M. J., Lee, I. M., ... ve Swain, D. P. (2011). Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise.
• George, D., ve Mallery. P. (2001). SPSS for windows step by step: A simple guide and reference 10.0 update. (3. Baskı). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
• Grogan, S. (2021). Body image: Understanding body dissatisfaction in men, women, and children. Routledge.
• Hackney, A. C. (2006). Stress and the neuroendocrine system: the role of exercise as a stressor and modifier of stress. Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism, 1(6), 783-792.
• Hausenblas, H. A., ve Fallon, E. A. (2006). Exercise and body image: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Health, 21(1), 33-47.
• Hetherington, M. M., ve Burnett, L. (1994). Ageing and the pursuit of slimness: Dietary restraint and weight satisfaction in elderly women. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33(3), 391-400.
• Hew-Butler, T., Noakes, T. D., Soldin, S. J., ve Verbalis, J. G. (2008). Acute changes in endocrine and fluid balance markers during high-intensity, steady-state, and prolonged endurance running: unexpected increases in oxytocin and brain natriuretic peptide during exercise. European Journal of Endocrinology, 159(6), 729.
• Hornbuckle, L. M., McKenzie, M. J., ve Whitt-Glover, M. C. (2018). Effects of high-intensity interval training on cardiometabolic risk in overweight and obese African-American women: a pilot study. Ethnicity & Health, 23(7), 752-766.
• Huang, J. S., Norman, G. J., Zabinski, M. F., Calfas, K., ve Patrick, K. (2007). Body image and self-esteem among adolescents undergoing an intervention targeting dietary and physical activity behaviors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40(3), 245-251.
• Jones, G. L., Hall, J. M., Lashen, H. L., Balen, A. H., ve Ledger, W. L. (2011). Health‐related quality of life among adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 40(5), 577-588.
• Joseph, G., Arviv-Eliashiv, R., ve Tesler, R. (2020). A comparison of diet versus diet+ exercise programs for health improvement in middle-aged overweight women. Women's Health, 16, 1745506520932372.
• Kastorini, C. M., Milionis, H. J., Goudevenos, J. A., ve Panagiotakos, D. B. (2010). Mediterranean diet and coronary heart disease: is obesity a link?–A systematic review. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 20(7), 536-551.
• Karacan, S., ve Günay, M. (2003). Sporcularda menstruasyon ve premenstrual sendromun bazı temel motorik özelliklere ve fizyolojik parametrelere etkisi. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(4), 49-57.
• Karasar, N. (2012). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi [Scientific research method]. Ankara: Nobel Yayınları.
• Lara, L. A. S., Ramos, F. K. P., Kogure, G. S., Costa, R. S., de Sá, M. F. S., Ferriani, R. A., ve dos Reis, R. M. (2015). Impact of physical resistance training on the sexual function of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 12(7), 1584-1590.
• Leblanc, V., Bégin, C., Hudon, A. M., Royer, M. M., Corneau, L., Dodin, S., ve Lemieux, S. (2014). Gender differences in the long-term effects of a nutritional intervention program promoting the Mediterranean diet: changes in dietary intakes, eating behaviors, anthropometric and metabolic variables. Nutrition Journal, 13(1), 1-19.
• Liao, L. M., Nesic, J., Chadwick, P. M., Brooke-Wavell, K., ve Prelevic, G. M. (2008). Exercise and body image distress in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a pilot investigation. Gynecological Endocrinology, 24(10), 555-561.
• Lopes, I. P., Ribeiro, V. B., Reis, R. M., Silva, R. C., de Souza, H. C. D., Kogure, G. S., ... ve da Silva Lara, L. A. (2018). Comparison of the effect of intermittent and continuous aerobic physical training on sexual function of women with polycystic ovary syndrome: randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 15(11), 1609-1619.
• Martin, C. K., Bhapkar, M., Pittas, A. G., Pieper, C. F., Das, S. K., Williamson, D. A., ... ve Roberts, S. B. (2016). Effect of calorie restriction on mood, quality of life, sleep, and sexual function in healthy nonobese adults: the CALERIE 2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Internal Medicine, 176(6), 743-752.
• Merra, G., Noce, A., Marrone, G., Cintoni, M., Tarsitano, M. G., Capacci, A., ve De Lorenzo, A. (2020). Influence of mediterranean diet on human gut microbiota. Nutrients, 13(1), 7.
• Ngowsiri, K., Tanmahasamut, P., ve Sukonthasab, S. (2014). Rusie Dutton traditional Thai exercise promotes health related physical fitness and quality of life in menopausal women. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 20(3), 164-171.
• Panico, A., Messina, G., Lupoli, G. A., Lupoli, R., Cacciapuoti, M., Moscatelli, F., ... ve Lupoli, G. (2017). Quality of life in overweight (obese) and normal-weight women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Patient Preference and Adherence, 11, 423.
• Pfister, G., ve Rømer, K. (2017). It's not very feminine to have a mustache: Experiences of Danish women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Health Care for Women İnternational, 38(2), 167-186.
• Ribeiro, V. B., Lopes, I. P., Dos Reis, R. M., Silva, R. C., Mendes, M. C., Melo, A. S., ... ve Lara, L. A. D. S. (2019). Continuous versus intermittent aerobic exercise in the improvement of quality of life for women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Health Psychology, 26(9), 1307-1317.
• Rodin, J., Silberstein, L., ve Striegel-Moore, R. (1984). Women and weight: a normative discontent. In Nebraska symposium on motivation. University of Nebraska Press.
• Rojas Vega, S., Hollmann, W., ve Strüder, H. K. (2012). Influences of exercise and training on the circulating concentration of prolactin in humans. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 24(3), 395-402.
• Rowan, C. P., Riddell, M. C., Gledhill, N., ve Jamnik, V. K. (2017). Aerobic exercise training modalities and prediabetes risk reduction. Medicine and Science in Sports And Exercise, 49(3), 403-412.
• Russell, W. D., ve Cox, R. H. (2003). Social physique anxiety, body dissatisfaction, and self-esteem in college females of differing exercise frequency, perceived weight discrepancy, and race. Journal of Sport Behavior, 26(3), 298.
• Smith, A. J., Phipps, W. R., Thomas, W., Schmitz, K. H., ve Kurzer, M. S. (2013). The effects of aerobic exercise on estrogen metabolism in healthy premenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 22(5), 756-764.
• Smith, L., Grabovac, I., Yang, L., Veronese, N., Koyanagi, A., ve Jackson, S. E. (2019). Participation in physical activity is associated with sexual activity in older English adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(3), 489.
• Sobhgol, S. S., Priddis, H., Smith, C. A., ve Dahlen, H. G. (2019). The effect of pelvic floor muscle exercise on female sexual function during pregnancy and postpartum: a systematic review. Sexual Medicine Reviews, 7(1), 13-28.
• Stanton, A. M., Handy, A. B., ve Meston, C. M. (2018). The effects of exercise on sexual function in women. Sexual medicine reviews, 6(4), 548-557.
• Symonds, T., Boolell, M., ve Quirk, F. (2005). Development of a questionnaire on sexual quality of life in women. Journal of sex & marital therapy, 31(5), 385-397.
• Thum, J. S., Parsons, G., Whittle, T., ve Astorino, T. A. (2017). High-intensity interval training elicits higher enjoyment than moderate intensity continuous exercise. PloS one, 12(1).
• Thomson, R. L., Buckley, J. D., Lim, S. S., Noakes, M., Clifton, P. M., Norman, R. J., ve Brinkworth, G. D. (2010). Lifestyle management improves quality of life and depression in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertility and sterility, 94(5), 1812-1816.
• Tiggemann, M., ve Lynch, J. E. (2001). Body image across the life span in adult women: the role of self-objectification. Developmental psychology, 37(2), 243.
• Tuğut, N., ve Gölbaşı, Z. (2010). Cinsel yaşam kalitesi ölçeği-Kadın Türkçe versiyonunun geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Cumhuriyet Medical Journal, 32(2), 172-180.
• Tylka, T. L., ve Wood-Barcalow, N. L. (2015). The Body Appreciation Scale-2: item refinement and psychometric evaluation. Body image, 12, 53-67.
• Villelabeitia Jaureguizar, K., Vicente-Campos, D., Ruiz Bautista, L., Hernández de la Peña, C., Arriaza Gómez, M. J., Calero Rueda, M. J., ve Fernández Mahillo, I. (2016). Effect of high-intensity interval versus continuous exercise training on functional capacity and quality of life in patients with coronary artery disease. Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation and prevention, 36(2), 96-105.
• Waldman, A., Loomes, R., Mountford, V. A., ve Tchanturia, K. (2013). Attitudinal and perceptual factors in body image distortion: an exploratory study in patients with anorexia nervosa. Journal of eating disorders, 1(1), 1-9.
• Wåhlin-Jacobsen, S., Pedersen, A. T., Kristensen, E., Læssøe, N. C., Lundqvist, M., Cohen, A. S., ... ve Giraldi, A. (2015). Is there a correlation between androgens and sexual desire in women?. The journal of sexual medicine, 12(2), 358-373.
• Whayne Jr, T. F., ve Maulik, N. (2012). Nutrition and the healthy heart with an exercise boost. Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 90(8), 967-976.
• Willett, W. C., Sacks, F., Trichopoulou, A., Drescher, G., Ferro-Luzzi, A., Helsing, E., ve Trichopoulos, D. (1995). Mediterranean diet pyramid: a cultural model for healthy eating. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 61(6), 1402S-1406S.
• Zhang, J., Chen, G., Lu, W., Yan, X., Zhu, S., Dai, Y., ... ve Bai, W. (2014). Effects of physical exercise on health-related quality of life and blood lipids in perimenopausal women: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Menopause, 21(12), 1269-1276.
• Zueff, L. N., Lara, L. A. D. S., Vieira, C. S., Martins, W. D. P., ve Ferriani, R. A. (2015). Body composition characteristics predict sexual functioning in obese women with or without PCOS. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 41(3), 227-237.