Kaya Tırmanıcıların Kişilik Özellikleri, Öz yeterlilikleri ve Heyecan Arama Davranışları

Abstract

Araştırmanın amacı, Türkiye’de aktif kaya tırmanışı yapan tırmanıcıların kişilik özellikleri, öz yeterlilikleri ve heyecan arama davranışları arasında ilişki olup olmadığını ortaya koymaktır. Araştırma nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden tarama deseni ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma grubu Türkiye Dağcılık Federasyonu bünyesindeki spor kulüpleri ve üniversite dağcılık topluluklarında aktif olarak kaya tırmanışı yapan kolayda örnekleme yöntemi ile seçilmiş 113’ü erkek, 62’si kadın toplam 175 kaya tırmanıcısından oluşmaktadır. Araştırmanın verileri, heyecan arama, beş faktör kişilik özellikleri ve kaya tırmanışı öz-yeterlilik ölçekleri ile toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde, parametrik olma koşullarının sağlandığı ve verilerin normal dağılım gösterdiği için yüzde frekans, t-Testi, tek yönlü varyans analizi ve Pearson korelasyon testleri kullanılmıştır. Kaya tırmanıcılar, an fazla gelişime açıklık ve dışa dönüklük en az ise nevrotiklik kişilik özelliğine sahip bireyler oldukları belirlenmiştir. Kaya tırmanıcılar en fazla heyecan ve macera arama, deneyim arama, en az ise sıkılmaya yatkınlık davranışını gösterdikleri belirlenmiştir. Kaya tırmanıcıların öz yeterlik ortalaması yüksek seviyede olduğu görülmüştür. Dışa dönük olma, nevrotiklik, uyumluluk ve gelişime açık olma kişilik özellikleri, heyecan ve macera arama, sıkılmaya yatkınlık davranışları ve öz yeterlilikleri cinsiyet değişkenine göre anlamlı farklılık oluşturmuştur. Dışa dönük ve gelişime açık olma kişilik özellikleri, deneyim, heyecan ve macera arama davranışı öz yeterlik ile pozitif yönde; şartlı refleks yitimi ile negatif yönde anlamlı ilişkili olduğu görülmüştür. Kişilik özelliklerinin öz yeterlik üzerindeki etkisi istatistiksel anlamlı olduğu, varyansın %36,6’sini açıklayabildiği; heyecan arama davranışlarının öz yeterlik üzerindeki etkisi de anlamlı olduğu, varyansın %37,1’ini açıklayabildiği görülmüştür. Kaya tırmanıcıların meraklı, yeni tecrübe ve fikirleri keşfetmeyi seven, yaratıcı, analitik düşünen, duyarlı bireyler olduklarını, fakat az da olsa endişeli, güvensiz, sinirli ve kaygı yüklü bireyler oldukları, kendilerini daha çok heyecan ve macera arama davranışına sürükledikleri belirlenmiştir. Kaya tırmanıcıların dışa dönük ve gelişme kişilik özelliklerinin artması başarılı olma yolunda kendine olan inancı da artmasını sağlamıştır. Öz yeterliğin hem sorumluluk hem de nevrotiklik arasındaki ilişki üzerindeki önemli aracılık etkisi olduğunu belirlemiştir. Heyecan arayışı yüksek olan tırmanıcıların daha fazla uyarıcı duyumlara maruz kalacakları için öz yeterlik durumları daha da yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Keywords

• Kaya tırmanışı
• Kişilik Özellikleri
• Öz yeterlilik
• Heyecan Arama Davranışı
• Rock climbing Personality Characteristics
• Self-efficacy
• Excitement Search Behavior

Personality Characteristics, Self-Efficacy and Excitement Search Behaviors of Rock Climbers

Abstract

The aim of this study is to reveal whether there is a relationship between personality traits, self-efficacy and excitement seeking behaviors of climbers who are active rock climbers in Turkey. This research was carried out with the screening design, which is one of the quantitative research methods. The research group consists of a total of 175 rock climbers, 113 male and 62 female, selected by convenience sampling method, who actively climb rock in sports clubs and university mountaineering communities within the Turkish Mountaineering Federation. The data of the study were collected with excitement seeking, five factor personality traits and rock-climbing self-efficacy scales. Percentage frequency, t-Test, one-way analysis of variance and Pearson correlation tests were used in the analysis of the data, since the parametric conditions were met and the data showed normal distribution. It was determined that rock climbers are individuals with an openness to overgrowth and extroversion, while they have the least neuroticism personality traits. It was determined that rock climbers showed the most excitement and adventure seeking, experience seeking, and the least boredom tendency behavior. It was observed that the self-efficacy average of rock climbers was high. Extroversion, neuroticism, adaptability and openness to development personality traits, excitement and adventure seeking, tendency to boredom behaviors and self-efficacy made a significant difference according to the gender variable. Extroverted and open to development personality traits, experience, excitement and adventure-seeking behavior were found to be positively correlated with self-efficacy and negatively correlated with conditional reflex loss.It was observed that the effect of personality traits on self-efficacy was statistically significant, it could explain 36.6% of the variance, the effect of excitement-seeking behaviors on self-efficacy was also significant, and it could explain 37.1% of the variance. It has been determined that rock climbers are curious, loving to discover new experiences and ideas, creative, analytical, sensitive individuals, but they are slightly anxious, insecure, nervous and anxious individuals, and lead themselves to more excitement and adventure-seeking behavior. The increase in the extroverted and developmental personality traits of rock climbers has also increased their self-confidence towards success. He determined that self-efficacy had a significant mediating effect on the relationship between both responsibility and neuroticism. It was determined that the self-efficacy status of climbers with high excitement seeking will be even higher since they will be exposed to more stimulating sensations.

Keywords

• Rock climbing Personality Characteristics
• Self-efficacy
• Excitement Search Behavior

References

1. Allen, M. S., Greenlees, I., ve Jones, M. (2013). Personality in sport: A comprehensive review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6(1), 184-208. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2013.769614
2. Allen, M. S., Greenlees, I., ve Jones, M. (2011). An investigation of the five-factor model of personality and coping behaviour in sport. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(8), 841-850. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.565064
3. Aras, D., Koçak, F., ve Çetinkaya, G. (2019). Kaya Tırmanışı öz-yeterlilik ölçeği Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(1), 113-124. https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.492619
4. Aras, D., ve Ewert, A. W. (2016). The effects of eight weeks sport rock climbing training on anxiety. Acta Medica Mediterranea, 32(1), 223-230.
5. Ardahan F., ve Yerlisu Lapa, T. (2011). Açıkalan rekreasyonu: bisiklet kullanıcıları ve yürüyüşçülerin doğa sporu yapma nedenleri ve elde ettikleri faydalar. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(1), 1327–1341.
6. Bal, F. (2018). Engelli çocuğa sahip bireylerin kişilik özelliklerinin depresyon ve stres üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 79(6), 71-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.16992/ASOS.14165
7. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
8. Benet-Martínez, V., ve John, O. P. (1998). Los Cinco Grandes across cultures and ethnic groups: Multitrait-multimethod analyses of the Big Five in Spanish and English. Journal of personality and social psychology, 75(3), 729. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.3.729

9. Baretta, D., Greco, A., ve Steca, P. (2017). Understanding performance in risky sport: The role of self-efficacy beliefs and sensation seeking in competitive freediving. Personality and Individual Differences, 117,161-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.006
10. Brymer, E., Feletti, F., Monasterio, E., ve Schweitzer, R. (2020). Understanding extreme sports: A psychological perspective. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 3029. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03029.
11. Burnik, S., Jug, S., ve Kajtna, T. (2008). Sensation seeking in Slovenian female and male mountain climbers. Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis. Gymnica, 38(3).
12. Breivik, G. (1996). Personality, sensation seeking and risk taking among Everest climbers. International journal of sport psychology, 27(3), 308-320.
13. Crust, L. (2020). Personality and mountaineering: A critical review and directions for future research. Personality and individual differences, 163, 110073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.11007
14. Cronin, C. (1991). Sensation seeking among mountain climbers. Personality and individual differences, 12(6), 653-654. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(91)90264-C
15. Çivitci, N., ve Arıcıoğlu, A. (2012). Psikolojik danışman adaylarının yardım etme stilleri ve beş faktör kuramına dayalı kişilik özellikleri. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(23), 78-96
16. Egan, S., ve Stelmack, R. M. (2003). A personality profile of Mount Everest climbers. Personality and individual differences, 34(8), 1491-1494. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00130-7
17. Fowler, C. J., von Knorring, L., ve Oreland, L. (1980). Platelet monoamine oxidase activity in sensation seekers. Psychiatry Research, 3(3), 273-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(80)90057-8.
18. Graydon, D., ve Hanson, K. (1997). Appendix A: Rating Systems. Mountaineering: The freedom of the hills, 510-516.
19. Gürer, B., Yıldırım, E., Abakay, U. ve Altıngül, O. (2015). Dağcılık yapanların zaman yönetiminin bazı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi, International Journal of Sport Studies, 5(9), 1054-1061.
20. Goma-i-Freixanet, M. (2004). Sensation seeking and participation in physical risk sports. On the psychobiology of personality: Essays in honor of Marvin Zuckerman, 185-201.
21. Guenole, N., ve Chernyshenko, O. S. (2005). The Suitability of goldberg's big five ipip personality markers in new zealand: a dimensionality, bias, and criterion validity evaluation. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 34(2).
22. Haynes, C. A., Miles, J. N., ve Clements, K. (2000). A confirmatory factor analysis of two models of sensation seeking. Personality and Individual Differences, 29(5), 823-839. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00235-4
23. Hoyle, R. H. (2006). Personality and self‐regulation: Trait and information‐processing perspectives. Journal of Personality, 74(6), 1507-1526. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00418.x
24. İnallı, Ç., Zekioğlu, A., ve Tatar, A. (2020). Su sporlarıyla uğraşan sporcuların beş faktör kişilik yapıları ve öfke ifade tarzları arasındaki ilişki. Humanistic Perspective, 2(2), 81-107.
25. Ilyasi, G., ve Salehian, M. H. (2011). Comparison of personality traits between individual and team athletes. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, 9(4), 527-530.
26. Joseph, J.E., Liu, X., Jiang, Y., Lynam, D., ve Kelly, T. H. (2009). Neural correlates of emotional reactivity in sensation seeking. Psychological science, 20(2), 215-223. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02283.x
27. Judge, T. A., ve Ilies, R. (2002). Relationship of personality to performance motivation: a meta-analytic review. Journal of applied psychology, 87(4), 797. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.797
28. John, O. P., ve Srivastava, S. (1999). The big-five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives.
29. Karasar, N. (2017). Scientific research method: concepts, principles, techniques. Ankara.
30. Kontos, A. P. (2004). Perceived risk, risk taking, estimation of ability and injury among adolescent sport participants. Journal of pediatric psychology, 29(6), 447-455.
31. Kulaksızoğlu, A. (2000). Ergenlik psikolojisi (3. Baskı), 115. İstanbul: Remzi.
32. Laborde, S., Allen, M. S., Katschak, K., Mattonet, K., ve Lachner, N. (2020). Trait personality in sport and exercise psychology: A mapping review and research agenda. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18(6), 701-716. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2019.1570536
33. Le Roux, H. N. (2014). Sensation-seeking, locus of control and self-efficacy correlates of adventure-based trainees: A comparative study (Doctoral dissertation, Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University).
34. Llewellyn, D. J., ve Sanchez, X. (2008). Individual differences and risk taking in rock climbing. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9(4), 413-426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.07.003
35. Llewellyn, D. J., Sanchez, X., Asghar, A., ve Jones, G. (2008). Self-efficacy, risk taking and performance in rock climbing. Personality and Individual differences, 45(1), 75-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.03.001
36. Marczak, M., ve Ginszt, M. (2017). Five-factor model personality traits in sport climbers. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 7(9), 178-183.
37. McEwan, D., Boudreau, P., Curran, T., ve Rhodes, R. E. (2019). Personality traits of high-risk sport participants: A meta-analysis. Journal of Research in Personality, 79, 83-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2019.02.006.
38. Merritt, C. J., ve Tharp, I. J. (2013). Personality, self-efficacy and risk-taking in parkour (free running). Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(5), 608-611 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.03.001
39. Monasterio, E., Alamri, Y. A., ve Mei-Dan, O. (2014). Personality characteristics in a population of mountain climbers. Wilderness ve Environmental Medicine, 25(2), 214-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2013.12.028
40. Rickly-Boyd, J. M. (2012). Lifestyle climbing: Toward existential authenticity. Journal of Sport and Tourism, 17(2), 85-104. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2012.729898
41. Rossiter, P. (2007). Rock climbing: On humans, nature, and other nonhumans. Space and culture, 10(2), 292-305. https://doi.org/10.1177/1206331206298546
42. Rumbold, J. L., Madigan, D. J., Murtagh-Cox, A., ve Jones, L. (2021). Examining profiles of the big five and sensation seeking among competitive climbers. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 55, 101-951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.101951
43. Slanger, E., ve Rudestam, K. E. (1997). Motivation and disinhibition in high-risk sports: Sensation seeking and self-efficacy. Journal of research in personality, 31(3), 355-374 https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1997.2193
44. Somer, O., ve Goldberg, L. R. (1999). The structure of Turkish trait-descriptive adjectives. Journal of personality and social psychology, 76(3), 431. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.3.431
45. Schmitt, D. P., Allik, J., McCrae, R. R., ve Benet-Martínez, V. (2007). The geographic distribution of big five personality traits: Patterns and profiles of human self-description across 56 nations. Journal of cross-cultural psychology, 38(2), 173-212. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022106297299.
46. Steele, W. (2006). Participants on the Edge: Engaging the Rock-Climbing Community in Protected Area Planning (Doctoral dissertation), Griffith University.
47. Sümer, N., ve Sümer, H. C. (2005). Beş faktör kişilik özellikleri ölçeği (Yayınlanmamış çalışma).
48. Tkach, C., ve Lyubomırsky, S. (2006). How do people pursue happiness? Relating personality, happiness-increasing strategies, and well-being, Journal of Happiness Studies, 7, 183–225.
49. Tutar, H., ve Yilmazer, A. (2012). A study on the life and work values of health workers. Health and Medicine, 6(8), 2717-2728.
50. Tabachnick, B. G., ve Fidel, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. J. Mosher (Eds.) (sixth edit).
51. Tok, S. (2011). The big five personality traits and risky sport participation. Social Behavior and Personality:an international journal, 39(8), 1105-1111. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2011.39.8.1105
52. Yates J. F. 1992.Risk Alma Davranışı. Wiley: Chichester
53. Wilson, K. E., ve Dishman, R. K. (2015). Personality and physical activity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 72, 230-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.08.023
54. Zuckerman, M. (1994). Behavioral expressions and biosocial bases of sensation seeking. Cambridge university press.
55. Zuckerman, M. (2007). Sensation seeking and risky behavior. American Psychological Association.
56. Zheng, Y., Tian, M., Li, Q., ve Liu, X. (2019). Greater tolerance to losses in sensation seeking: Evidence from probability and delay discounting. Drug and alcohol dependence, 194, 159-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.09.027T