Exercise Addiction and Social Comparison: A Research on Hearing-Impaired and Non-Hearing-Impaired Individuals

Abstract

This study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effect of exercise addiction levels of hearing impaired and non-hearing impaired individuals on social comparison according to different variables. In our study, the "exercise addiction scale" adapted into Turkish by Tekkurşun-Demir et al., (2018) was used in order to measure the exercise addiction levels of the participants and the "social comparison scale" developed by Allan & Gilbert (1995), was used in its latest adaptation to Turkish. In the collection of data, the electronic survey method prepared over Google Forms was preferred. In the analysis of the data obtained through the STATA 14.1 package program, One-Way ANOVA was used to examine the differences of variables, and Pearson Correlation analysis was used to examine the relationships between variables. A total of 172 volunteers living and studying in the Kayseri region of Turkey participated in our study. While there was a significant difference (P <0.05) for non-hearing impaired individuals in social comparison level and excessive focus/emotion change and tolerance/passion sub-dimensions, no significant difference was found for hearing impaired individuals (P> 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the social comparison level and the postponing of individual and social needs / conflict variables for both groups compared (P> 0.05).It was determined that the results of the correlation analysis for non-hearing impaired individuals supported the results obtained in the ANOVA analysis (P> 0.05). In the correlation analysis for hearing impaired individuals, between excessive focus and emotional change, which is one of the sub-dimensions of the exercise addiction scale, and social comparison, positive and statistically significant relationship was determined (P <0.05). However, these results were observed to be inconsistent with the ANOVA results for the hearing impaired. For hearing-impaired individuals, correlation results between other sub-dimensions and social comparison were found to be consistent with the ANOVA results. As a result, it was determined that some sub-dimensions of exercise dependence positively and statistically affect the level of social comparison in non-hearing impaired individuals significantly.

Keywords

• Addiction
• Exercise Addiction
• Social Comparison
• Hearing Impaired
• Bağımlılık
• egzersiz bağımlılığı
• Sosyal Karşılaştırma
• egzersiz
• Egzersiz Bağımlılığı
• Egzersiz Bağımlılığı
• Sosyal Karşılaştırma
• İşitme Engelliler

Egzersiz Bağımlılığı ve Sosyal Karşılaştırma: İşitme Engelli ve İşitme Engelli Olmayan Bireyler Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Öz

Bu çalışmada, işitme engelli ve işitme engelli olmayan bireylerin egzersiz bağımlılık düzeylerin sosyal karşılaştırmaya etkisini farklı değişkenlere göre karşılaştırılması amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmamızda, katılımcıların egzersiz bağımlılığı düzeylerini ölçmek amacıyla Tekkurşun-Demir, et al. tarafından Türkçeye uyarlanan “egzersiz bağımlılığı ölçeği” ve Allan & Gilbert, tarafından geliştirilen “sosyal karşılaştırma ölçeği” en son Türkçeye uyarlanmış haliyle kullanılmıştır. Verilerin toplanmasında ise Google Forms üzerinden hazırlanan elektronik anket yöntemi tercih edilmiştir. Elde edilen verilerin analizinde STATA 14.1 paket programı aracılığıyla değişkenler farklılıkların incelenmesinde One-Way ANOVA, değişkenler arası ilişkiler incelenirken Korelasyon analizi uygulanmıştır. Kayseri bölgesinde yaşayan ve okuyan toplam 172 gönüllü çalışmamıza katılım göstermiştir. İşitme engeli olmayan ve işitme engelli bireyler için sosyal karşılaştırma düzeyi ile aşırı odaklanma/duygu değişimi ve tolerans/tutku alt boyutlarında sağlıklı bireyler için anlamlı bir fark varken (P <0.05), işitme engelli bireyler için anlamlı bir fark bulunamamıştır (P>0.05). Karşılaştırılan her iki grup için sosyal karşılaştırma düzeyi ve bireysel ve sosyal ihtiyaçların ertelenmesi/çatışma değişkenleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark gözlenmemiştir (P>0.05). Sağlıklı bireyler için yapılan korelasyon analizine ilişkin sonuçların ANOVA analizinde elde edilen sonuçları desteklediği görülmüştür (P>0.05). İşitme engelli bireyler için yapılan korelasyon analizinde, egzersiz bağımlılığı ölçeğinin alt boyutlarından biri olan aşırı odaklanma ve duygu değişimi ile sosyal karşılaştırma arasında pozitif ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki gözlenmiştir (P <0.05). Ancak, bu sonuçlar işitme engelliler için yapılan ANOVA sonuçları ile uyumsuz olduğu gözlenmiştir. İşitme engelli bireyler için, diğer alt boyutlar ile sosyal karşılaştırma arasında ki korelasyon sonuçlarının, ANOVA sonuçları ile tutarlı olduğu görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak, egzersiz bağımlılığının bazı alt boyutlarının işitme engelli olmayan bireylerde sosyal karşılaştırma düzeyini pozitif ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir biçimde etkilediği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bağımlılık
• Egzersiz Bağımlılığı
• Sosyal Karşılaştırma

References

1. Abdulrahman, S. O., Razak, M. R. A., Yasin, M. H. M., & Dauwed, M. (2019). Physical activity measurement for hearing impairments in different age level. American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER), 8(5), 29-35.
2. Allan, S., & Gilbert, P. A. (1995). Social Comparison Scale: Psychometric properties and relationship to psychopathology. Personality and Individual Differences, 19(3), 293-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(95)00086-L
3. Adams, J., & Kirkby, R. J. (2002). Excessive exercise as an addiction: A review. Addiction Research and Theory, 10(5), 415- 437. https://doi.org/10.1080/1606635021000032366
4. Backenroth-Ohsako, G. A. M., Wennberg, P., & Klinteberg, B. A. (2003). Personality and work life: A comparison between hearing ımpaired persons and normal hearing population. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 31(2), 191-204. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2003.31.2.191
5. Bamber, D., Cockerill, I. M., & Carroll, D. (2000). The pathological status of exercise dependence. Br J Sports Med., 34(2), 125–132. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.34.2.125
6. Barboza, C. F. S., Ramos A. S. L., Abreu, P. A., & Castro, H. C. (2019). Physical education: adaptations and benefits for deaf students. Creative Education, 10(4), 714-725. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2019.104053
7. Bardel, M. H., Fontayne, P., Colombel, F., & Schiphof, L. (2010). Effects of match result and social comparison on sport state self-esteem fluctuations. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(3), 171-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2010.01.005
8. Basson, R. (2001). Human sex-response cycles. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 27(1), 33-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/00926230152035831

9. Başoğlu, U. D. (2018). Exercise addiction: A comparison between the individuals who exercise for physical recreation and who receive personal exercise training. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 6(12), 21-25. https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i12.3604
10. Bavlı, Ö., Kozanoğlu M. E., & Doğanay, A. (2011). Düzenli egzersize katılımın egzersiz bağımlılığı üzerine etkisi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilim Dergisi, 13(2), 150-153.
11. Berczik, K., Szabo, A., Griffiths, M., Kurimay, T., Kun, B., Urbán, R., & Demetrovics, Z. (2012). Exercise addiction: Symptoms, diagnosis, epidemiology and etiology. Substance Use and Misuse, March, 47(4), 403-417. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2011.639120
12. Bısgın, H., & Ustun, U. D. (2013). Analysis of elite male wrestlers’ social comparison levels according to socio- demographic backgrounds. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 15(3), 60-63.
13. Bircher, J., Griffiths, M. D., Kasos, K., Demetrovics, Z., & Szabo, A. (2017). Exercise addiction and personality: A two-decade systematic review of the emprical literature (1995-2016). Baltıc Journal of Sport and Health Sciences, 3(106), 19-31. https://doi.org/10.33607/bjshs.v3i106.30
14. Brakel, T. (2014). The effects of social comparison ınformation on cancer survivors quality of life. A field-experimental intervention approach. University of Groningen, Netherlands, p.27-65
15. Brokane, L., & Zaiceva, I. (2011). Socialization problems among hearing-impaired children at special primary school establishment. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 12, 362-370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.02.045
16. Buunk, A. P., & Gibbons, F. X. (2007). Social comparison: The end of a theory and the emergence of a field. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 102(1), 3-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2006.09.007
17. Çakın, G., Juwono, I. D., Potenza, M. N., & Szabo, A. (2021). Exercise addiction and perfectionism: A systematic review of the literature. Current Addiction Reports, Springer, 8(4),144-155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-021-00358-8
18. Duyan, M., & Günel, İ. (2021). Exercise addiction of individuals receiving sports services and analysis of social appearance anxiety levels. African Educational Research Journal, 9(1), 75-85. https://doi.org/10.30918/AERJ.91.20.222
19. Egorov, A. Y., & Szabo, A. (2013). The exercise paradox: An interactional model for a clearer conceptualization of exercise addiction. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 2(4), 199-208. https://doi.org/10.1556/JBA.2.2013.4.2
20. Erdemli, A. (2002). Temel sorunlarıyla spor felsefesi. E Yayınları. Özener Matbaası, Kasım, İstanbul
21. Erkmen, G., & Aşçı, F. H. (2016). Relationships among perceived body appearance, social physique anxiety, physical self-concept, and dispositional flow state of exercise participants. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise. 18(1), 38-44. https://doi.org/10.15314/tjse.77952
22. Fox, K. R., & Lindwall, M. (2014). Self-esteem and self-perceptions in sport and exercise. Papaioannou, A.G., Hackfort, D., (Eds.), Companion to Sport and Exercise Psychology Global Perspectives and Fundamental Concepts, Chapter 3, Routledge: London
23. Freimuth, M., Moniz, S., & Kim, S. R. (2011). Clarifying exercise addiction: Differential diagnosis, co-occurring disorders and phases of addiction. International Journal of Environmental Research And Public Health. Oct., 8(10), 4069-4081. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8104069
24. Granberg, S. (2015). Functioning and Disability in Adults with Hearing Loss. Preparatory Studies in The ICF Core Sets for Hearing Loss Project, Publisher: Örebro University, Sweden
25. Grant, J. E., Potenza, M. N., Weinstein, A., & Gorelick, D. A. (2010). Introduction to behavioral addictions. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse, 36(5), 233-241. https://doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2010.491884
26. Hausenblas, H. A., & Downs, D. S. (2002). Exercise dependence: A systematic review. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 3(2), 89-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1469-0292(00)00015-7
27. Ho, M. S. H., Appleton, P. R., Cumming, J., & Duda, J. L. (2015). Examining the relationship between perfectionism dimensions and burning out symptoms in deaf and hearing athletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 9(2), 156-172. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2014-0035
28. Hoffman, M. F., Quittner, A. L., & Cejas, I. (2015). Comparisons of social competence in young children with and without hearing loss: A dynamic systems framework. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 20(2):115-124. https://doi.org/10.1093/deafed/enu040
29. Jee, Y. S. (2016). Exercise addiction and rehabilitation. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, 12(2),67-68 https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.1632604.302
30. Klein, M., Fröhlich, M., & Emrich, E. (2017). Self-concept in adolescents-relationship between sport participation, motor performance and personality traits. Sports, 5(22), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports5020022
31. Konar, N., & Akyol, B. (2017). Comparison of self-esteem and body image of hearing impaired wrestlers and non-wrestlers hearing impaired. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 19(1), 137-142
32. Korkmaz, M., ve Uslu, T. (2020). Fitness yapan bireylerin benlik saygısı, sosyal görünüş kaygısı ve sosyalleşme düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi. Spor Eğitim Dergisi, 4(3), 1-18.
33. Kula, H., Ayhan, C., Kaçay, Z., Soyer, A., & Soyer, F. (2020). Perceived health outcomes of recreation and exercise addiction: A study on individuals exercising for recreational purposes. International Journal of Human Sciences, 17(3), 831-839. https://doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v17i3.6027
34. Kurkova, P., Valkova, H., & Scheetz, N. (2011). Factors impacting participation of european elite deaf athletes in sport. Journal of Sports Sciences. March 15th., 29(6), 607-618.https://doi.org /10.1080/02640414.2010.548821
35. Landolfi, E. (2013). Exercise addiction. Sports Med., 43(2), 111-119. https://doi.org /10.1007/s40279-012-0013-x
36. Lodovico, L. D., Dubertret, C., & Ameller, A. (2018). Vulnerability to exercise addiction, socio-demographic, behavioral and psychological characteristics of runners at risk for eating disorders, Comprehensive Psychiatry, 81, 48-52. https://doi.org /10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.11.006
37. Manea, M. M., Milea, B. S., & Câmpean, A. (2018). Problematic exercise a new behavioral addiction. Palestrica of The Third Millennium Civilization and Sport, 19(1), 37-44. https://doi.org/10.26659/pm3.2018.19.1.37
38. Marques, A., Peralta, M., Sarmento, H., Loureiro, V. B., Gouveia, E. R., & De Matos, M. G. (2019). Prevalence of risk for exercise dependence: A systematic review. Sports Medicine, 49(2), 319-330. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s40279-018-1011-4
39. Mousavi-Gilani, S. R., & Dashipour, A. (2017). The effects of physical activity on self-esteem: A comparative study. Int J High Risk Behav Addict., 6(1), e35955. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba.35955
40. Mutlu-Bozkurt, T., Tekkurşun-Demir, G., & Dursun, M. (2019). Examination of motivations of physically, hearing and visually impaired athletes. The Journal of International Social Research, 12(67), 721-728. http://dx.doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2019.3760
41. Mylonopoulou, V., Väyrynen, K., & Isomursu, M. (2018). Designing for Behavior Change-6 Dimensions of Social Comparison Features. Proceedings of the 51st. Hawaii International Conferenceon System Sciences. (pp.2866-2875). January, Hawaii, Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/10125/50251
42. Nakip, M., & Yaraş, E. (2016). SPSS Uygulamalı pazarlama araştırmalarına giriş. 5. Baskı, Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara
43. O’Brien, K. S., Caputi, P., Minto, R., Peoples, G., Hooper, C., Kell, S., & Sawley, E. (2009). Upward and downward physical appearance comparisons: development of scales and examination of predictive qualities. Body Image, 6(3), 201-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.03.003
44. Olmedılla, A., Ortega Toro, E., & Abenza, L. (2016). Self-concept, sport, and physical activity practice in university students. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 11(4), 415-425. https://doi.org/ 10.14198/jhse.2016.114.02
45. Pila, E., Stamiris, A., Castonguay, A. L., & Sabiston, C. M. (2014). Body-related envy: A social comparison perspective in sport and exercise. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 36(1), 93-106. https://doi.org /10.1123/jsep.2013-0100
46. Polat, C., & Şimşek, K. Y. (2015). Spor merkezlerindeki bireylerin egzersiz bağımlılığı düzeylerinin incelenmesi: Eskişehir ili örneği. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, Eylül, 3(15), 354-369. https://doi.org/10.16992/ASOS.765
47. Savaşır, I., & Şahin, N. H. (1997). Bilişsel-davranışçı terapilerde değerlendirme: Sık kullanılan ölçekler. Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları. Ankara, 9, 110-113.
48. Schneider, S. M., & Schupp, J. (2014). Individual differences in social comparison and its consequences for life satisfaction: Introducing a short scale of the Iowa–Netherlands comparison orientation measure. Published in Social Indicators Research, 115(2), 767-789. https://doi.org / 10.1007/s11205-012-0227-1
49. Schneider, C., Agthe, M., Yanagida, T., Voracek, M., & Hennig-Fastt, K. (2017). Effects of muscle dysmorphia, social comparisons and body schema priming on desire for social ınteraction: An experimental approach. BMC Psychology, 5(19), 1-9. https://doi.org / 10.1186/s40359-017-0189-9
50. Szabo, A., Frenkl, R., & Caputo, A. (1997). Relationships between addiction to running, commitment to running, and deprivation from running: A study on the internet. European Yearbook of Sport Psychology, 1, 130-147.
51. Szabo, A. (2000). Physical activity and psychological dysfunction. Biddle, S., Fox, K., and Boutcher, S., (Eds), Physical Activity and Psychological Well-Being (130-153), Routledge: London,
52. Szabo, A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2007). Exercise addiction in British sport science students. International Journal of Mental Health Addiction, January, 5(1), 25-28. https://doi.org / 10.1007/s11469-006-9050-8
53. Szabo, A., Griffiths, M. D., De La Vega Marcos, R., Mervo, B., & Demetrovics, Z. (2015). Methodological and conceptual limitations in exercise addiction research. Yale J. Biol Med., 88(3), 303-308.
54. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). MA: Pearson, Boston
55. Thakur, M. B., & Joshi, N. (2016). Analysis of self compassion and self esteem between adolescents engaged in physical exercise in the form of gym with those having sedentary lifestyle. Journal of Psychosocial Research, 11(1), 65-75.
56. Tekkurşun-Demir, G., Hazar, Z., & Cicioğlu, H. İ. (2018). Egzersiz bağımlılığı ölçeği (EBÖ): Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Education Journal, Kastamonu, 26(3), 865-874. https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.413383
57. Tekkurşun-Demir, G., & Türkeli, A. (2019). Spor bilimleri fakültesi öğrencilerinin egzersiz bağımlılığı ve zihinsel dayanıklılık düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 10-24. https://doi.org / 10.25307/jssr.505941
58. Terry, A., Szabo, A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2004). The exercise addiction inventory: A new brief screening tool. Addiction Research and Theory, October, 12(5), 489-499. https://doi.org /:10.1080/16066350310001637363
59. Walter, N., & Heinen, T. (2019). Exercise addiction and its relation to psycho-social aspects and motives. Problems of Psychology in The 21st Century, 13(2), 113-126. https://doi.org/10.33225/ppc/19.13.113
60. Williams, D. M. (2008). Exercise, affect, and adherence: An integrated model and a case for self-paced exercise. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 30, 471-496. https://doi.org /10.1123/jsep.30.5.471
61. Xu, W., Li, C., & Wang, L. (2020). Physical activity of children and adolescents with hearing impairments: A systematic review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, June 25, 17(12), 4575. https://doi.org /10.3390/ijerph17124575
62. Yıldız, N. O., Özen, G., & Bostancı, T. G. (2016). The effects of one-day outdoor education on self-efficacy. Journal of Human Sciences, 13(3), 6098-6103. https://doi.org /10.14687/jhs. v13i3.4296
63. Yılmaz, A., Şentürk, U., & Ramazanoğlu, F. (2014). Bedensel engellilerde spor konulu araştırmaların içerik analizi. Spor Yönetimi ve Bilgi Teknolojileri Dergisi, 9(1-2), 28-42.
64. Yılmaz, A., Karakaş, G., Baba-Kaya, H., & Kaçay, Z. (2017). The effects of sportive exercises on physical fitness of children with specific learning disability. Acta Kinesiologica, 11(1), 88-93.
65. Zell, E., & Alicke, M. D. (2009). Self-evaluative effects of temporal and social comparison. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(1), 223-227. https://doi.org /10.1016/j.jesp.2008.09.007
66. Zıpporah, M. M. (2016). Determinants of participation in sport among students with hearing ımpairment in secondary for the deaf in Kenya. A Thesis Submitted To The School of Applied Human Sciences in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Award of the Degree of Master of Science (Physical and Health Education) of Kenyatta University: Nairobi
67. Zmijewski, C. F., & Howard, M. O. (2003). Exercise dependence and attitudes toward eating among young adults. Eating Behaviors, 4(2), 181-195. https://doi.org / 10.1016/S1471-0153(03)00022