U18 Erkek Futbolcularda Altı Haftalık Pliometrik Antrenmanların Reaktif Kuvvet İndeksi ve Anaerobik Kapasiteye Etkisi

Abstract

Bu çalışamanın amacı, U18 erkek futbolculara uygulanan altı haftalık pliometrik antrnmanların reaktif kuvvet indeksi (RSI) ve anaerobik kapasiteye etkisini belirlemektir. Araştırmada nicel araştırma yöntemi deneysel modellerinden ön test-son test kontrol gruplu desen kullanıldı. Araştırmaya gönüllü olarak katılan 18 erkek futbolcu seçkisiz olarak deney grubu (n=9) ve kontrol grubuna (n=9) ayrıldı. Deney grubundaki futbolculara düzenli futbol antrenmanına ek olarak altı hafta boyunca haftada 3 gün pliometrik antrenman programı uygulanırken kontrol grubundaki futbolculara bu sürede yalnızca düzenli futbol antrenmanı uygulandı. Araştırmaya katılan futbolculara antrenmanlar öncesi ve altı haftalık antrenmanlar sonunda RSI ve Wingate anerobik güç testi (WAnT) uygulandı. Verilerin normallik düzeyi Shapiro-Wilk testi ile belirlendi. Normal dağılım gösteren verilerin analizinde bağımsız gruplar için Independent Sample T Testi ve bağımlı gruplar için Paired Sample T Testi kullanıldı. Araştırmadan elde edilen bulgulara göre deney grubundaki futbolcuların RSI (t = -2,353 ; p = 0.046) ve zirve güç (PP) (t = -3,418 ; p = 0.009) parametrelerinde son testler lehine anlamlı bir fark tespit edillirken, ortalama güç (MP) ve yorgunluk indeksi (FI) paremetrelerinde anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmamıştır. Sonuç olarak, U18 erkek futbolculara uygulanan altı haftalık pliometrik antrenmanların RSI ve PP değerlerinde olumlu etkiler sağladığı belirlenmiştir.

Keywords

• Futbol
• Reaktif Kuvvet İndeksi
• Anaerobik Güç

The Effect of Six-Week Plyometric Training on Reactive Strength Index and Anaerobic Capacity in U18 Male Football Players

Abstract

This study aims to determine the effect of six-week plyometric training on the reactive strength index (RSI) and anaerobic capacity in U18 male football players. In the study, a pre-test post-test control group design, one of the experimental models of the quantitative research method, was used. A total of 18 male football players who voluntarily participated in the study were randomly assigned to the experimental group (n=9) and the control group (n=9). While the football players in the experimental group followed a plyometric training program three times a week for six weeks in addition to their regular football training, the football players in the control group only continued their regular football training during this period. Prior to the training program and at the end of the six-week period, the participants underwent assessments including the Reactive Strength Index (RSI) and the Wingate Anaerobic Power Test (WAnT). The normality of the data was determined using the Shapiro-Wilk test. For the analysis of normally distributed data, the Independent Sample T-Test was used for independent groups, while the Paired Sample T-Test was employed for dependent groups. According to the findings of the study, a significant difference in favor of the post-test was observed in the Reactive Strength Index (RSI) (t = -2.353; p = 0.046) and peak power (PP) (t = -3.418; p = 0.009) parameters of the experimental group football players. However, no significant difference was found in the mean power (MP) and fatigue index (FI) parameters. In conclusion, it was determined that the six-week plyometric training program applied to U18 male football players had positive effects on RSI and PP values.

Keywords

• Football
• Reactive Strength Index
• Anaerobic Power

References

1. Adigüzel, N. S., & Günay, M. (2016). The effect of eight weeks plyometric training on anaerobic power, counter movement jumping and isokinetic strength in 15-18 years basketball players. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 11(10), 3241-3250.
2. Akgün, N. (1994). Egzersiz fizyolojisi. Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi
3. Ateş, M., Demir, M., & Ateşoğlu, U. (2007). Pliometrik Antrenmanın 16-18 Yaş Grubu Erkek Futbolcuların Bazı Fiziksel ve Fizyolojik Parametreleri Üzerine Etkisi. Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1501/Sporm_0000000123
4. Baktaal, D. G. (2008). 16-22 yaş bayan voleybolcularda pliometrik çalışmaların dikey sıçrama üzerine etkilerinin belirlenmesi. Unpublished Master's Thesis, Çukurova University, Institute of Health Sciences, Adana.
5. Bayraktar I. (2006). Farklı spor branşlarinda pliometrik güç gelişiminin anahtari, Ata Ofset Matbaacılık.
6. Bedoya, A. A., Miltenberger, M. R., & Lopez, R. M. (2015). Plyometric training effects on athletic performance in youth soccer athletes: a systematic review. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 29(8), 2351-2360. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000877
7. Bianchi, M., Coratella, G., Dello Iacono, A., & Beato, M. (2019). Comparative effects of single vs. double weekly plyometric training sessions on jump, sprint, and change of direction abilities of elite youth football players. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 58(8), 1223-1229. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.18.08804-7
8. Bompa T. O. (2001). Sporda çabuk kuvvet antrenmanı. Bağırgan Yayımevi. 35, 46- 47.

9. Chelly, M. S., Ghenem, M. A., Abid, K., Hermassi, S., Tabka, Z., & Shephard, R. J. (2010). Effects of in-season short-term plyometric training program on leg power, jump-and sprint performance of soccer players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(10), 2670-2676. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e2728f
10. Dallas, G. C., Pappas, P., Ntallas, C. G., Paradisis, G. P., & Exell, T. A. (2020). The effect of four weeks of plyometric training on reactive strength index and leg stiffness is sport dependent. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 60(7), 979-984. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.20.10384-0
11. De Villarreal, E. S. S., Requena, B., & Newton, R. U. (2010). Does plyometric training improve strength performance? A meta-analysis. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 13(5), 513-522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2009.08.005
12. Diallo. Dore E, Duche P., & Van P.E. (2001). Effects of plyometric training followed by a reduced training programmeon physical performancein prepubescent soccer players, Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 41(3), 342-348.
13. Ebben, W. P., & Petushek, E. J. (2010). Using the reactive strength index modified to evaluate plyometric performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(8), 1983-1987. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e72466
14. Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G* Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149-1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
15. Feng, D., Yang, W., & Li, L. (2024). Countermovement jump and reactive strength index of artistic gymnasts improve more with cluster-based plyometric training than with traditional methods. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 24700. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-76150-1
16. Flanagan, E. P., & Comyns, T. M. (2008). The use of contact time and the reactive strength index to optimize fast stretch-shortening cycle training. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 30(5), 32-38. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0b013e318187e25b
17. Flanagan, E. P., Ebben, W. P., & Jensen, R. L. (2008). Reliability of the reactive strength index and time to stabilization during depth jumps. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(5), 1677-1682. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318182034b
18. Gençoğlu, C. (2008). Hentbolcularda Üst Ekstremiteye Uygulanan Pliyometrik Egzersizin Atış Hızı ve İzokinetik Kas Kuvvetine Etkisi. Unpublished Master's Thesis, Dokuz Eylul University, Institute of Health Sciences, İzmir.
19. Grieco, C. R., Cortes, N., Greska, E. K., Lucci, S., & Onate, J. A. (2012). Effects of a combined resistance-plyometric training program on muscular strength, running economy, and V [combining dot above] O2peak in division I female soccer players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(9), 2570-2576. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31823db1cf
20. Hazır, T. (1994). Eksantrik ve Konsantrik Kas Kasılmasında Oksijen Tüketimi. Unpublished Master of Science Thesis. Hacettepe University, Institute of Health Sciences. Ankara.
21. Jarvis, P., Turner, A., Read, P., & Bishop, C. (2022). Reactive strength index and its associations with measures of physical and sports performance: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 52(2), 301-330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01566-y
22. Kahraman, M. Z., & Özkan, Z. (2023). The relationship between reactive strength index and agility in young male volleyball and basketball players. Yalova Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), 100-112. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/yalovaspor/issue/76342/1262770
23. Kobal, R., Loturco, I., Barroso, R., Gil, S., Cuniyochi, R., Ugrinowitsch, C., ... & Tricoli, V. (2017). Effects of different combinations of strength, power, and plyometric training on the physical performance of elite young soccer players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 31(6), 1468-1476. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001609
24. Koç, H., Gökdemir, K., & Kılınç, F. (2000.) Sezon arasinda yapilan antrenmanlarin kütahyaspor futbolcularinin bazi fiziksel ve fizyolojik parametrelerine etkisi, Gazi Üni. Beden Eğt. ve Spor Bilimleri 1. Kongresi, (s.122-128). Ankara, Türkiye.
25. Komi, P. V. (2000). Stretch-shortening cycle: a powerful model to study normal and fatigued muscle. Journal of Biomechanics, 33(10), 1197-1206. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9290(00)00064-6
26. Kutlu, M., Gür, E., Karahüseylnoğlu, M. F., & Kamanlı, A. (2001). Plyometrik antrenmanin genç futbolcularin anaerobik güçlerine etkisi. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(4), 37-43.
27. Little, T., & Williams, A. G. (2006). Effects of differential stretching protocols during warm-ups on high-speed motor capacities in professional soccer players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 20(1), 203-307. doi: 10.1519/R-16944.1.
28. Lloyd, R. S., Oliver, J. L., Hughes, M. G., & Williams, C. A. (2012). The effects of 4-weeks of plyometric training on reactive strength index and leg stiffness in male youths. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(10), 2812-2819. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318242d2ec
29. Luebbers, P. E., Potteiger, J. A., Hulver, M. W., Thyfault, J. P., Carper, M. J., & Lockwood, R. H. (2003). Effects of plyometric training and recovery on vertical jump performance and anaerobic power. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 17(4), 704-709. https://doi.org/10.1519/00124278-200311000-00013
30. Matavulj, D., Kukolj, M., Ugarkovic, D., Tihanyi, J., & Jaric, S. (2001). Effects of plyometric training on jumping performance in junior basketball players. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 41(2), 234-240.
31. Meylan, C., & Malatesta, D. (2009). Effects of in-season plyometric training within soccer practice on explosive actions of young players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(9), 2605-2613. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b1f330
32. Mujika, I., Santisteban, J., & Castagna, C. (2009). In-season effect of short-term sprint and power training programs on elite junior soccer players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(9), 2581-2587. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181bc1aac
33. Ramirez-Campillo, R., Álvarez, C., García-Hermoso, A., Ramírez-Vélez, R., Gentil, P., Asadi, A., & Izquierdo, M. (2018b). Methodological characteristics and future directions for plyometric jump training research: a scoping review. Sports Medicine, 48, 1059-1081. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0870-z
34. Ramirez-Campillo, R., Alvarez, C., García-Pinillos, F., Sanchez-Sanchez, J., Yanci, J., & Castillo, D. (2018a). Optimal reactive strength index: Is it an accurate variable to optimize plyometric training effects on measures of physical fitness in young soccer players? The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 32(4), 885-893. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002467
35. Ramirez‐Campillo, R., Moran, J., Chaabene, H., Granacher, U., Behm, D. G., García‐Hermoso, A., & Izquierdo, M. (2020). Methodological characteristics and future directions for plyometric jump training research: A scoping review update. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 30(6), 983-997. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13633
36. Ramírez-Vélez, R., López-Albán, C. A., La Rotta-Villamizar, D. R., Romero-García, J. A., Alonso-Martinez, A. M., &Izquierdo, M. (2016). Wingate anaerobic test percentile norms in colombian healthy adults. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 30(1), 217-225. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001054
37. Sağiroğlu, İ. (2008). Genç Basketbolcularda Pliyometrik Antrenmanların Anaerobik Performans ve Dikey Sıçrama Yüksekliğine Etkisi. Unpublished Master's thesis, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir.
38. Shephard R.J. (1999). Biology and medicine of soccer, an update. Journal of Sports Sciences, 17, 757-786. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404199365498
39. Singh, L. S., Singh, W. J., Azeem, K., Meitei, N. M., & Mola, D. W. (2024). Concept of plyometric training and its effect on physiological parameters of football players. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 24(4), 609-618. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2024.4.13
40. Staron, R. S., Hagerman, F. C., Hikida, R. S., Murray, T. F., Hostler, D. P., & Crill, M. T. (2000). Fiber type composition of the vastus lateralis muscle of young men and women. The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, 48(5), 623-629. https://doi.org/10.1177/002215540004800506
41. Stratford, C., Dos’Santos, T., and McMahon, J. J. (2020). Comparing drop jumps with 10/5 repeated jumps to measure reactive strength index. Prof. Strength Cond, 57, 23-28.
42. Tobakçal, F. (2019). Genç Elit Futbolcularda Yüksek Yoğunluklu Aralikli Antrenmanin Performansa ve Kognitif Fonksiyona Etkisi. Master's thesis, Selçuk Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Konya.
43. Turner, A. N., & Stewart, P. F. (2014). Strength and conditioning for soccer players. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 36(4), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000054
44. Türkarslan, B., & Deliceoglu, G. (2024). The effect of plyometric training program on agility, jumping, and speed performance in young soccer players. Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports, 28(2), 116-123. https://doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2024.0205
45. Váczi, M., Tollár, J., Meszler, B., Juhász, I., &Karsai, I. (2013). Short-term high intensity plyometric training program improves strength, power and agility in male soccer players. Journal of Human Kinetics, 36, 17. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2013-0002
46. Zagatto, A. M., Beck, W. R., & Gobatto, C. A. (2009). Validity of the running anaerobic sprint test for assessing anaerobic power and predicting short-distance performances. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(6), 1820-1827. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b3df32
47. Zatsiorsky, V. M., Kraemer, W. J., & Fry, A. C. (2020). Science and practice of strength training. Human kinetics.
48. Zhang, W., Chen, X., Xu, K., Xie, H., Chen, J., Zhu, Z., & Sun, J. (2024). The potential of a targeted unilateral compound training program to reduce lower limb strength asymmetry and increase performance: a proof-of-concept in basketball. Frontiers in Physiology, 15, 1361719. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1361719