Günümüzde futbolcular sporcu kimliklerinin yanı sıra alınan ve satılan bir ticari ürün olarak görülmektedirler. Kulüpler son yıllarda futbolcu alım satımı üzerinden kâr elde edebilmek için çeşitli modeller üretmiş ve uygulamıştır. Çalışmamızın amacı, son yıllarda futbol dünyasında sıklıkla uygulanan “kiralık ordusu modeli”nin tanımlanması ve analiz edilmesidir. Araştırmada kullanılan veriler futbol dünyasında genel kabul gören Transfermarkt veri tabanından alınmıştır. Çalışmada kiralık ordusu modelinin dünyadaki öncüsü olarak kabul edilen İngiliz Chelsea FC’nin, 1 Ocak 1996 - 31 Aralık 2020 tarihleri arasındaki çeyrek asırlık süreçte gerçekleştirdiği tüm transferler incelenmiştir. 384 futbolcuya ait veriler SPSS 24.0 programına aktarılmış ve bulgular tanımlayıcı istatistikler aracılığıyla yorumlanmıştır. Model ile ilgili elde edilen temel sonuçlar şöyledir; Altyapıdan çıkan futbolcular kiralık ordusu modelinin futbolcu kaynağının neredeyse yarısını oluşturmaktadır (%47,4). Satışların önemli bir bölümü iç pazara yani Birleşik Krallık ülkelerine yapılmaktadır (%38,8). Başka takımlara kiralanma ortalaması 3 olarak bulunmuştur. Futbolcuların büyük bir kısmının Chelsea FC A takımında hiç müsabakaya çıkmadığı saptanmıştır (%65,7). Özellikle 2005 yılından itibaren kiralık ordusu modelini aktif olarak kullandığı gözlemlenen Chelsea FC’nin model sayesinde 149M €’luk gelir elde ettiği tespit edilmiştir. FIFA’nın 22 yaş altı futbolcuların kiralanmasına ilişkin 2022 yılından itibaren yürürlüğe gireceğini açıkladığı kısıtlama kararının, kiralık ordusu modelinin geleceği için ciddi bir tehdit oluşturacağı düşünülmektedir.
Ante, L. (2019). Determinants of transfer fees: Evidence from the five major european football leagues. doi: 10,13140/RG.2.2.18356.91526/1
Antonioni, P. ve Cubbin, J. (2000). The Bosman ruling and the emergence of a single market in soccer talent. European journal of law and economics, 9(2), 157-173.
Barnwell, B. (2021, 8 Mart). Chelsea face a tough transfer ban: Can their Loan Army come to their rescue?. Erişim adresi: https://www.espn.com/soccer/english-premier-league/23/blog/post/3885056/chelsea-face-a-tough-transfer-ban-can-their-loan-army-come-to-their-rescue
Chelsea Football Club. (2021, 3 Ocak). On loan players. Erişim adresi: https://www.chelseafc.com/en/teams/first-team?pageTab=players
Crafton, A. (2021, 20 Şubat). FIFA's new loan rules could be disastrous for Chelsea with plans to stop clubs sending out more than eight players. Erişim adresi: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-6164017/FIFAs-new-loan-rules-disastrous-Chelsea.html
Çatı, K., Eş, A. ve Özevin, O. (2017) Futbol takımlarının finansal ve sportif etkinliklerinin entropi ve topsis yöntemiyle analiz edilmesi: Avrupa’nın 5 büyük ligi ve süper lig üzerine bir uygulama. Uluslararası yönetim iktisat ve işletme dergisi, 13(1), 199-222.
Çetinkaya, G. ve Yıldırım, Ü. (2021). Türk futbolundaki yabancı futbolcu transferlerinin kâr-zarar analizi. The journal of social science, 5(9), 176-188. doi: 10.30520/tjsosci.846934
Daniel, M. (2021, 9 Mart). Chelsea’s transfer strategy the model for long-term success. Erişim adresi:
https://theprideoflondon.com/2017/01/06/chelseas-transfer-strategy/
Deniz, L. (2020, 28 Aralık). Satın alma, kiralama ve satma. Erişim adresi: https://www.transfermarkt.com.tr/mancity-ve-baska-takimlarda-yer-almayan-oyuncularla-olusturulan-ticaret-modeli/view/news/352204
Depken, C. A. ve Globan, T. (2020). Football transfer fee premiums and Europe's big five. Southern economic journal, 1-20. doi: 10.1002/soej.12471
Feess, E. ve Mülheußer, G. (2002). Economic consequences of transfer fee regulations in European football. European journal of law and economics, 13(3), 221-237.
FIFA (2020a, 28 Aralık). International transfer market snapshot june-october 2020. Erişim adresi: https://img.fifa.com/image/upload/pubedm6pulq6eodl7kpg.pdf
FIFA (2020b, 30 Aralık). Football stakeholders agree further steps in the reform of the transfer system Erişim adresi: https://www.fifa.com/who-we-are/news/football-stakeholders-agree-further-steps-in-the-reform-of-the-transfer-system
FIFA (2021, 5 Mart). Global transfer market report 2020 a review of international football transfers worldwide. Erişim adresi: https://img.fifa.com/image/upload/ijiz9rtpkfnbhxwbqr70.pdf
Hoey, S., Peeters, T. ve Principe, F. (2021). The transfer system in European football: A pro-competitive no-poaching agreement?. International journal of industrial organization, 75, 1-18.
Karasar, N. (2020). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi: Kavramlar, ilkeler, teknikler. Ankara: Nobel Yayınları.
Kolev, D. (2021, 11 Mart). “The rules of the game” : Chelsea’s brilliant business model is an example to follow. Erişim adresi: https://www.euruni.edu/blog/the-rules-of-the-game-chelseas-brilliant-business-model-is-an-example-to-follow/
Olşen, Ş. (1999). İnternet üzerindeki bilgi kaynaklarının seçimi ve değerlendirilmesi. Türk kütüphaneciliği, 13(3), 197-206.
Ömer, İ. (2020). Condition of preference for the transfer of the loaned player (analysis comparative study). Tikrit university journal for rights, 4(4), 235-258. doi: 10.25130/rights.v4i3.492
Özaydın, S. (2020). An empirical analysis of financial fair-play: The case of russian premier league. Russian journal of economics, 6, 196-212. doi: 10.32609/j.ruje.6.49642
Pantuso, G. ve Hvattum, L. M. (2019). Maximizing performance with an eye on the finances: a chance-constrained model for football transfer market decisions. doi: 10.1007/s11750-020-00584-9
Peeters, T. ve Szymanski, S. (2014). Financial fair play in European football, Economic policy, 29(78), 343-390. doi: 10.1111/1468-0327.12031
Perechuda, I. (2020). Football clubs drowned by players. Polish journal of sport and tourism, 27(1), 28-32. doi: 10.2478/pjst-2020-0005
Ribeiro, S. A. ve Lima, F. (2019). Football players’ career and wage profiles, Applied economics, 51(1), 76-87. doi: 10.1080/00036846.2018.1494375
Sevilmiş, A. ve Devecioğlu, S. (2020). Türkiye’de profesyonel futbolda transferlerin görünümü. Turkish studies-social sciences, 15(5), 2723-2738. doi: 10.47356/TurkishStudies.44895
Talksport. (2021, 27 Şubat). Chelsea: All 43 players blues have out on loan. Erişim adresi: https://talksport.com/football/518317/chelsea-43-loan-players-christian-pulisic-alvaro-morata/
Taylor, M. (2006). Global players? Football, migration and globalization c. 1930-2000. Historical social research, 31(1), 7-30.
Transfermarkt. (2021b, 25 Ocak). Leihspieler Historie. Erişim adresi: https://www.transfermarkt.com.tr/chelsea/leihspielerhistorie/verein/631/plus/0?saison_id=2020&leihe=ist
Transfermarkt. (2021c, 1 Şubat). Chelsea FC. Erişim adresi: https://www.transfermarkt.com.tr/fc-chelsea/transferstroeme/verein/631
Transfermarkt. (2021d, 4 Şubat). Kevin De Bruyne. Erişim adresi: https://www.transfermarkt.com.tr/kevin-de-bruyne/profil/spieler/88755
Wright, C. (2021, 28 Şubat). Farewell, Lucas Piazon: Chelsea's 'longest-serving' player leaves after 3 games in 10 years. Erişim adresi: https://www.espn.com/soccer/blog-the-toe-poke/story/4288597/farewelllucas-piazon-chelseas-longest-serving-player-leaves-after-3-games-in-10-years
Today, footballers are seen as a commercial product that is bought and sold as well as their athlete identity. In recent years, clubs have produced and implemented various models in order to profit from the purchase and sale of football players. The aim of our study is to define and analyze the "loan army model" which has been used frequently in the football world in recent years. The data used in the study were taken from the Transfermarkt database, which is generally accepted in the world of football. In the study, all the transfers made by the British Chelsea FC, which is considered to be the pioneer of the loan army model in the world, between January 1, 1996 and December 31, 2020 were examined. The data of 384 football players were transferred to the SPSS 24.0 program and the findings were interpreted through descriptive statistics. The main results obtained with the model are as follows; Footballers from the infrastructure make up almost half of the footballer resource of the loan army model (47.4%). A significant portion of the sales ise made to the domestic market, in the UK countries (38.8%). The average of on loan to other teams was found to be 3. It was determined that most of the football players never played in Chelsea FC A team (65.7%). Especially since 2005, Chelsea FC, which has been observed to use the loan army model actively, has been found to have an income of 149M € thanks to the model. FIFA's decision to restrict the on player loans under the age of 22, which will enter into force as of 2022, is thought to pose a serious threat to the future of the loan army model.
Ante, L. (2019). Determinants of transfer fees: Evidence from the five major european football leagues. doi: 10,13140/RG.2.2.18356.91526/1
Antonioni, P. ve Cubbin, J. (2000). The Bosman ruling and the emergence of a single market in soccer talent. European journal of law and economics, 9(2), 157-173.
Barnwell, B. (2021, 8 Mart). Chelsea face a tough transfer ban: Can their Loan Army come to their rescue?. Erişim adresi: https://www.espn.com/soccer/english-premier-league/23/blog/post/3885056/chelsea-face-a-tough-transfer-ban-can-their-loan-army-come-to-their-rescue
Chelsea Football Club. (2021, 3 Ocak). On loan players. Erişim adresi: https://www.chelseafc.com/en/teams/first-team?pageTab=players
Crafton, A. (2021, 20 Şubat). FIFA's new loan rules could be disastrous for Chelsea with plans to stop clubs sending out more than eight players. Erişim adresi: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-6164017/FIFAs-new-loan-rules-disastrous-Chelsea.html
Çatı, K., Eş, A. ve Özevin, O. (2017) Futbol takımlarının finansal ve sportif etkinliklerinin entropi ve topsis yöntemiyle analiz edilmesi: Avrupa’nın 5 büyük ligi ve süper lig üzerine bir uygulama. Uluslararası yönetim iktisat ve işletme dergisi, 13(1), 199-222.
Çetinkaya, G. ve Yıldırım, Ü. (2021). Türk futbolundaki yabancı futbolcu transferlerinin kâr-zarar analizi. The journal of social science, 5(9), 176-188. doi: 10.30520/tjsosci.846934
Daniel, M. (2021, 9 Mart). Chelsea’s transfer strategy the model for long-term success. Erişim adresi:
https://theprideoflondon.com/2017/01/06/chelseas-transfer-strategy/
Deniz, L. (2020, 28 Aralık). Satın alma, kiralama ve satma. Erişim adresi: https://www.transfermarkt.com.tr/mancity-ve-baska-takimlarda-yer-almayan-oyuncularla-olusturulan-ticaret-modeli/view/news/352204
Depken, C. A. ve Globan, T. (2020). Football transfer fee premiums and Europe's big five. Southern economic journal, 1-20. doi: 10.1002/soej.12471
Feess, E. ve Mülheußer, G. (2002). Economic consequences of transfer fee regulations in European football. European journal of law and economics, 13(3), 221-237.
FIFA (2020a, 28 Aralık). International transfer market snapshot june-october 2020. Erişim adresi: https://img.fifa.com/image/upload/pubedm6pulq6eodl7kpg.pdf
FIFA (2020b, 30 Aralık). Football stakeholders agree further steps in the reform of the transfer system Erişim adresi: https://www.fifa.com/who-we-are/news/football-stakeholders-agree-further-steps-in-the-reform-of-the-transfer-system
FIFA (2021, 5 Mart). Global transfer market report 2020 a review of international football transfers worldwide. Erişim adresi: https://img.fifa.com/image/upload/ijiz9rtpkfnbhxwbqr70.pdf
Hoey, S., Peeters, T. ve Principe, F. (2021). The transfer system in European football: A pro-competitive no-poaching agreement?. International journal of industrial organization, 75, 1-18.
Karasar, N. (2020). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi: Kavramlar, ilkeler, teknikler. Ankara: Nobel Yayınları.
Kolev, D. (2021, 11 Mart). “The rules of the game” : Chelsea’s brilliant business model is an example to follow. Erişim adresi: https://www.euruni.edu/blog/the-rules-of-the-game-chelseas-brilliant-business-model-is-an-example-to-follow/
Olşen, Ş. (1999). İnternet üzerindeki bilgi kaynaklarının seçimi ve değerlendirilmesi. Türk kütüphaneciliği, 13(3), 197-206.
Ömer, İ. (2020). Condition of preference for the transfer of the loaned player (analysis comparative study). Tikrit university journal for rights, 4(4), 235-258. doi: 10.25130/rights.v4i3.492
Özaydın, S. (2020). An empirical analysis of financial fair-play: The case of russian premier league. Russian journal of economics, 6, 196-212. doi: 10.32609/j.ruje.6.49642
Pantuso, G. ve Hvattum, L. M. (2019). Maximizing performance with an eye on the finances: a chance-constrained model for football transfer market decisions. doi: 10.1007/s11750-020-00584-9
Peeters, T. ve Szymanski, S. (2014). Financial fair play in European football, Economic policy, 29(78), 343-390. doi: 10.1111/1468-0327.12031
Perechuda, I. (2020). Football clubs drowned by players. Polish journal of sport and tourism, 27(1), 28-32. doi: 10.2478/pjst-2020-0005
Ribeiro, S. A. ve Lima, F. (2019). Football players’ career and wage profiles, Applied economics, 51(1), 76-87. doi: 10.1080/00036846.2018.1494375
Sevilmiş, A. ve Devecioğlu, S. (2020). Türkiye’de profesyonel futbolda transferlerin görünümü. Turkish studies-social sciences, 15(5), 2723-2738. doi: 10.47356/TurkishStudies.44895
Talksport. (2021, 27 Şubat). Chelsea: All 43 players blues have out on loan. Erişim adresi: https://talksport.com/football/518317/chelsea-43-loan-players-christian-pulisic-alvaro-morata/
Taylor, M. (2006). Global players? Football, migration and globalization c. 1930-2000. Historical social research, 31(1), 7-30.
Transfermarkt. (2021b, 25 Ocak). Leihspieler Historie. Erişim adresi: https://www.transfermarkt.com.tr/chelsea/leihspielerhistorie/verein/631/plus/0?saison_id=2020&leihe=ist
Transfermarkt. (2021c, 1 Şubat). Chelsea FC. Erişim adresi: https://www.transfermarkt.com.tr/fc-chelsea/transferstroeme/verein/631
Transfermarkt. (2021d, 4 Şubat). Kevin De Bruyne. Erişim adresi: https://www.transfermarkt.com.tr/kevin-de-bruyne/profil/spieler/88755
Wright, C. (2021, 28 Şubat). Farewell, Lucas Piazon: Chelsea's 'longest-serving' player leaves after 3 games in 10 years. Erişim adresi: https://www.espn.com/soccer/blog-the-toe-poke/story/4288597/farewelllucas-piazon-chelseas-longest-serving-player-leaves-after-3-games-in-10-years
Çetinkaya, G. (2021). Futbolda “Kiralık Ordusu Modeli” Üzerine Bir Çalışma. Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science, 4(1), 89-105. https://doi.org/10.38021/asbid.897406