Pozitif/Negatif Duygular-Zihinsel Dayanıklılık İlişkisinde Algılanan Stresin Aracı Rolü

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 37 - 51, 28.03.2023

Rıdvan Ergin , Gökhan Çakır , Utku Işık

https://doi.org/10.38021/asbid.1161949

Cited By: 2

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın temel amacı; pozitif-negatif duyguların zihinsel dayanıklılığa etkisi ve bu etkide algılanan stres düzeyinin aracı (mediatör) rolünü belirlemektir. Araştırmaya gönüllü olarak 252’si (%65.8) erkek, 131’i (%34.2) kadın olmak üzere 383 sporcu katılmıştır. Sporcuların yaşları 15 ile 55 (19.41±5.57) arasında değişmektedir. Araştırma elde edilen veriler kolayda örnekleme yöntemi kapsamında Türkiye’deki 81 ilin 40’ından online olarak (web tabanlı Google form) elde edilmiştir. Anket, iki kısımdan oluşmaktadır. İlk kısımda; sporcuların demografik bilgilerini içeren sorular yer alırken ikinci kısımda; pozitif/negatif duygular, algılanan stres ve sporda zihinsel dayanıklılığı içeren sorular yer almaktadır. Ölçeklerin örneklem grubu için uygun olup olmadığını anlamak ve aracı model içerisindeki güvenirliliği arttırmak amacı ile doğrulayıcı faktör analizinden faydalanılmıştır. Çalışmada, negatif ve pozitif duyguların zihinsel dayanıklılık üzerindeki etkisi Basit Doğrusal Regresyon Analizi ile test edilmiştir. Pozitif ve negatif duygular ile zihinsel dayanıklılık arasındaki ilişkide algılanan stresin aracılığını test etmek için SPSS PROCESS makrosu (Model 4, Hayes, 2018) kullanılmıştır. Negatif duyguların zihinsel dayanıklılık üzerindeki direkt etkisi istatistiksel olarak anlamlıdır (β=-0.2629; p<0.05). Ayrıca, pozitif duyguların zihinsel dayanıklılık üzerindeki direkt etkisi istatistiksel olarak anlamlıdır (β=0.3720; p<0.05). Sporcularda artan negatif duygular, artan algılanan stres ile ilişkilendirildi ve bu düşük zihinsel dayanıklılığı öngördü. Yine, sporcularda artan pozitif duygular, azalan algılanan stres ile kısmı bir etkiyle ilişkilendirildi ve bu durum nispeten daha yüksek zihinsel dayanıklılığı öngördü.

Keywords

Algılanan stres, Negatif duygular, Pozitif duygular, Zihinsel dayanıklılık.

Supporting Institution

Bulunmamaktadır.

Project Number

Bulunmamaktadır.

Thanks

Teşekkürler. :)

Mediator Role of Perceived Stress in the Relationship between Positive/Negative Emotions and Mental Toughness

Abstract

The main purpose of this research is to identify the mediator function performed by perceived stress level in the relationship between positive and negative emotions and mental toughness. 383 athletes voluntarily participated in the research, 252 (65.7%) male and 131 (34.2%) female. The athletes’ ages are between 15 and 55 (19.41±5.57). As part of the convenience sampling approach, data were collected from 40 of Turkey’s 81 provinces online (using a web-based Google form). The questionnaire consists of two parts. In the first part, there are questions about the demographic characteristics of the athletes. In the second part, some questions measure perceived stress, positive/ negative emotions, and mental toughness information in sports. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to understand whether the scales were suitable for the sample group and to increase the reliability of the mediator model. In the study, the effect of negative and positive emotions on mental toughness was tested with Simple Linear Regression Analysis. The mediating function of perceived stress in the relationship between positive and negative emotions and mental toughness was evaluated using the SPSS PROCESS macro (Model 4; Hayes, 2018). The direct effect of negative emotions on mental toughness was statistically significant (β=-0.2629; p<0.05). In addition, the direct effect of positive emotions on mental toughness was statistically significant (β=0.3720; p<0.05). Increased negative emotions in athletes were associated with increased perceived stress, predicting lower mental toughness. Once again, increased positive emotions in athletes were associated with a partial effect with reduced perceived stress, predicting relatively higher mental toughness.

Keywords

Mental toughness, Negative emotions, Perceived stress, Positive emotions.

Project Number

Bulunmamaktadır.

References

• Aktaş, A. ve Şahin, M. (2018). Narsisistik özellik, öz-şefkat ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğü arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(6), 362-374.
• Altıntaş, A. ve Koruç, PB. (2016). Sporda zihinsel dayanıklılık envanterinin psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi (SZDE). Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 27(4), 163-171.
• Annen, H., Nakkas, C., Bahmani, DS., Gerber, M., Holsboer-Trachsler, E. & Brand, S. (2017). Vulnerable narcissism as key link between dark triad traits, mental toughness, sleep quality and stress. European Psychiatry, 41(1), 261-S261.
• Ari, C., Ulun, C., Yarayan, Y. E., Dursun, M., Mutlu, T. & Üstün, Ü. D. (2020). Mindfulness, healthy life skills and life satisfaction in varsity athletes and university students. Progress in Nutrition, 22, e2020024. DOI: 10.23751/pn.v22i2-S.10561
• Bakır, Y. (2017). Düzenli olarak spor yapan ortaöğretim düzeyindeki ergenlerde sporun mental iyi oluş ve pozitiflik düzeyine etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Ana Bilim Dalı, Sivas.
• Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of personality and social psychology, 51(6), 1173.
• Baumgartner, H. and Homburg, C. (1996). Applications of structural equation modeling in marketing and consumer research: A review. International journal of Research in Marketing, 13(2), 139-161.
• Bentler, PM. and Bonett, DG. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588.
• Browne, MW. and Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit In: Bollen KA, Long JS, eds. Testing Structural Equation Models. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 136-162.
• Byrne, MT. and Gun'ko, YK. (2010). Recent advances in research on carbon nanotube–polymer composites. Advanced Materials, 22(15), 1672-1688.
• Cohen, S., Kamarck, T. & Mermelstein, R. (1983). Perceived stress scale (PSS). J Health Soc Beh, 24, 285.
• Cowden, RG., Meyer-Weitz, A. & Oppong Asante, K. (2016). Mental toughness in competitive tennis: relationships with resilience and stress. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 320.
• Crust, L. (2008). A review and conceptual re-examination of mental toughness: Implications for future researchers. Personality and İndividual Differences, 45(7), 576-583.
• Crust, L. and Azadi, K. (2010). Mental toughness and athletes' use of psychological strategies. European Journal of Sport Science, 10(1), 43-51.
• Er, N., Hosrik, E., Ergün, H. & Serif, M. (2008). Duygu durum degisimlemelerinin otobiyografik bellek üzerindeki etkileri. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 23(62), 1.
• Eskin, M., Harlak, H., Demirkıran, F. & Dereboy, Ç. (2013). Algılanan stres ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması: Güvenirlik ve geçerlik analizi. In New/Yeni Symposium Journal, 51(3), 132-140.
• Gençöz, T. (2000). Pozitif ve negatif duygu ölçeği: Geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Türk Psikologları Dergisi, 15, 19-26.
• Gerber, M., Best, S., Meerstetter, F., Walter, M., Ludyga, S., Brand, S., ... & Gustafsson, H. (2018). Effects of stress and mental toughness on burnout and depressive symptoms: A prospective study with young elite athletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 21(12), 1200-1205.
• Gerber, M., Brand, S., Feldmeth, AK., Lang, C., Elliot, C., Holsboer-Trachsler, E. & Pühse, U. (2013a). Adolescents with high mental toughness adapt better to perceived stress: A longitudinal study with Swiss vocational students. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(7), 808-814.
• Gerber, M., Feldmeth, A. K., Lang, C., Brand, S., Elliot, C., Holsboer-Trachsler, E. & Pühse, U. (2015). The relationship between mental toughness, stress, and burnout among adolescents: A longitudinal study with Swiss vocational students. Psychological Reports, 117(3), 703-723.
• Gerber, M., Kalak, N., Lemola, S., Clough, P. J., Perry, J. L., Pühse, U., ... & Brand, S. (2013b). Are adolescents with high mental toughness levels more resilient against stress?. Stress and Health, 29(2), 164-171.
• Gould, D., Flett, MR. & Bean, E. (2009). ‘‘Mental preparation for training and competition’’. BW. Brewer (ed.). Handbook of sports medicine and science: sport psychology. (s. 53-63). USA: John Wiley & Sons.
• Hayes, AF. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation and conditional process analysis: A regression based approach. New York. Guildford Publications.
• Hu, LT. and Bentler, PM. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: a Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
• Jones, G., Hanton, S. & Connaughton, D. (2007). A framework of mental toughness in the world’s best performers. The Sport Psychologist, 21(2), 243-264.
• Kline, B. (2011). First along the river: A brief history of the US environmental movement. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
• Kline, RB. (2010). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. 3rd ed. New York: Guildford Press.
• Kuzucu, Y. (2006). Duyguları fark etmeye ve ifade etmeye yönelik bir psiko-eğitim programının, üniversite öğrencilerinin duygusal farkındalık düzeylerine, duyguları ifade etme eğilimlerine, psikolojik ve öznel iyi oluşlarına etkisi. Doktora Tezi. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü Eğitim Bilimleri Anabilim Dalı Eğitimde Psikolojik Hizmetler Bilim Dalı, Ankara.
• Liew, GC., Kuan, G., Chin, NS. & Hashim, HA. (2019). Mental toughness in sport. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 49(4), 381-394.
• Marsh, HW., Hau, KT., Artelt, C., Baumert, J. & Peschar, JL. (2006). OECD's brief self-report measure of educational psychology's most useful affective constructs: Cross-cultural, psychometric comparisons across 25 countries. International Journal of Testing, 6(4), 311-360.
• Meyers, LS., Gamst, G. & Guarino, AJ. (2016). Applied multivariate research: Design and interpretation. Sage publications.
• Papageorgiou, KA., Benini, E., Bilello, D., Gianniou, FM., Clough, PJ. & Costantini, G. (2019a). Bridging the gap: A network approach to dark triad, mental toughness, the big five, and perceived stress. Journal of Personality, 87(6), 1250-1263.
• Papageorgiou, KA., Gianniou, FM., Wilson, P., Moneta, GB., Bilello, D. & Clough, PJ. (2019b). The bright side of dark: Exploring the positive effect of narcissism on perceived stress through mental toughness. Personality and Individual Differences, 139, 116-124.
• Poulus, D., Coulter, TJ., Trotter, MG. & Polman, R. (2020). Stress and coping in esports and the influence of mental toughness. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 628.
• Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior research methods, 40(3), 879-891.
• Roberti, JW., Harrington, LN. & Storch, EA. (2006). Further psychometric support for the 10‐item version of the perceived stress scale. Journal of College Counseling, 9(2), 135-147.
• Romanová, M. (2021). Coping strategıes and mental toughness in sports school students. Ad Alta: Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 260-264.
• Savcı, M. ve Aysan, F. (2014). Üniversite öğrencilerinde algılanan stres düzeyi ile stresle başa çıkma stratejileri arasındaki ilişki. Uluslararası Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, (3), 44-56.
• Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H. & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
• Selye, H. (1956). What is stress. Metabolism, 5(5), 525-530.
• Sheard, M., Golby, J. & Van Wersch, A. (2009). Progress towards construct validation of the Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 25, 186-193.
• Stock, R., Lynam, S. & Cachia, M. (2018). Academic success: The role of mental toughness in predicting and creating success. Higher Education Pedagogies, 3(1), 429-433.
• Ward, F., St Clair-Thompson, H. & Postlethwaite, A. (2018). Mental toughness and perceived stress in police and fire officers. Policing: An International Journal, 41(6), 674-686.
• Watson, D., Clark, LA., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. J Pers Soc Psychol, 54, 1063-70.
• Wilson, D., Bennett, EV., Mosewich, AD., Faulkner, GE. & Crocker, PR. (2019). “The zipper effect”: Exploring the interrelationship of mental toughness and self-compassion among Canadian elite women athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 40, 61-70.
• Wu, CH., Nien, JT., Lin, CY., Nien, YH., Kuan, G., Wu, TY., ... & Chang, YK. (2021). Relationship between mindfulness, psychological skills, and mental toughness in college athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(13), 6802.