Başarılı Sporcularda Yaşam Süresi ve Doğumda Beklenen Yaşam Süresi Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 1-Cumhuriyet'in 100. Yılı Özel Sayısı, 667 - 683, 29.10.2023

Alparslan Gazi Aykın Ümit Doğan Üstün

https://doi.org/10.38021/asbid.1366862

Abstract

İnsanlığın ölümsüzlük arayışı, uzun yaşam mücadelesini zorunlu kılmıştır. Daha iyi ve daha uzun yaşamanın yolu sağlıktır. Bu noktada spor, sağlıklı ve uzun yaşamın bir aracı olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı başarılı sporcuların doğumda beklenen yaşam süresi ile yaşam süreleri arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya koymaktır. Araştırmanın örneklemini olimpiyatlarda Türkiye adına madalya alan ve 2021 yılına kadar hayatını kaybeden tüm sporcular oluşturmuştur. Sporcuların doğum tarihlerindeki beklenen yaşam süreleri Excel'de oluşturulan üstel denklemler yardımıyla tahmin edilmiştir. Elde edilen bu veriler ışığında Türkiye, Avrupa, Asya, Avrasya ve Dünya'da sporcuların ölüm yaşları ile doğuşta beklenen yaşam sürelerini karşılaştıran grafikler oluşturulmuştur. Sonuç olarak örneklem grubunun yer aldığı Türkiye'de doğuşta beklenen yaşam süresinin, Türkiye'nin de dahil olduğu Avrupa, Asya, Avrasya ve Dünya ile karşılaştırıldığında genel olarak düşük olduğunu söyleyebiliriz. Ancak sporcuların doğumda beklenen yaşam süresinin, ölüm yaşı dikkate alındığında Türkiye, Avrupa, Asya, Avrasya ve Dünya'da beklenen yaşam süresinin üzerinde olduğu belirlendi. Bu sonuç sporun yaşam beklentisine olumlu katkı sağlayan bir araç olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir.

Keywords

Doğumda Beklenen Yaşam Süresi, Yaşam Süresi, Başarılı Sporcu, Türkiye

Ethical Statement

Mevcut araştırma süresince “Yükseköğretim Kurumları Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yayın Etiği Yönergesi” çerçevesinde hareket edilmiştir.”

Investigation of the Relationship Between Life Span in Successful Athletes and Life Expectancy at Birth

Abstract

Humanity's quest for immortality has necessitated the struggle for longevity. The way to live better and longer is health. At this point, sports emerge as a tool for a healthy and long life. The aim of this study is to reveal the relationship between life expectancy at birth and the life span of successful athletes. The sample of the study consisted of all athletes who received medals on behalf of Turkey in the Olympics and died until 2021. The expected life span of the athletes at the date of birth was estimated with the help of the exponential equations created in Excel. In the light of these obtained data, graphs were created comparing the ages of death of the athletes with the life expectancy at birth in Turkey, Europe, Asia, Eurasia and the World. As a result, we can say that life expectancy at birth in Turkey, where the sample group is located, is generally low when compared to Europe, Asia, Eurasia and the World, of which Turkey is a part. However, life expectancy at birth of athletes was found to be above the life expectancy in Turkey, Europe, Asia, Eurasia and the World, considering the age of death. This result indicates that sports can be used as a tool that makes a positive contribution to life expectancy.

Keywords

Life Expectancy at Birth, Life Span, Successful Athlete, Türkiye

Ethical Statement

During the current research, we acted within the framework of the "Higher Education Institutions Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Directive".

References

• Aburto, J. M., Villavicencio, F., Basellini, U., Kjærgaard, S., & Vaupel, J. W. (2020). Dynamics of life expectancy and life span equality. PNAS, 117(10), 5250-5259.
• Akbayrak, T., & Kaya, S. (2012). Gebelik ve egzersiz. Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayınları. Ankara.
• Akyol, A., Bilgiç, P., & Ersoy, G. (2008). Fiziksel aktivite, beslenme ve sağlıklı yaşam. Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayınları. Ankara.
• Altun, M., & Koçak, S. (2015). The evaluation of sporting success in Turkey: The example of Baku European Games. Hacettepe J. Sport Sci., 26(3), 114-128.
• APA. Life plan for the life span. Access: (https://www.apa.org/pi/aging/lifespan.pdf) 2018. Accessed on: 17.05.2022.
• Aydın, A. D., Demir, H., & Yetim, A. A. (2007). Türk spor politikalarında öngörülen hedeflerin gerçekleşme düzeylerinin belirlenmesi üzerine bir araştırma (GSGM örneği). Niğde Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(2), 87-96.
• Aykın, A. G., & Sarıkol, E. (2020). The impact of the number of athletes and coaches on sporting success with the budget contribution. Ambient Science, 7(Sp1), 43-48.
• Başar, M. (2001). Ailelerdeki yanlış başarı algılamasının öğrenciler üzerindeki etkileri. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(2), 115-124.
• Bergeron-Boucher, M. P., Ebeling, M., & Canudas-Romo, V. (2015). Decomposing changes in life expectancy: Compression versus shifting mortality. Demographic Research, 33(14), 391-424.
• Bilas, V., Franc, S., & Bosnjak, M. (2014). Determinant factors of life expectancy at birth in the European Union countries. Collegium Antropologicum, 38(1), 1–9.
• Borgschulte, M., Guenzel, M., Liu, C., & Malmendier, U. CEO stress and life expectancy: The role of corporate governance and financial distress. Access: (https://eml.berkeley.edu/~ulrike/Papers/CEO_Stress_and_Life_Expectancy_20190901.pdf) 2019. Accessed on: 17.05.2022.
• Canudas-Romo, V., & Becker, S. (2011). The crossover between life expectancies at birth and at age one: The imbalance in the life table. Demographic Research, 24(4), 113-144.
• Carey, J. R. (2003). Life span: A conceptual overview. Population and Development Review, 29, 1-18.
• Chen, A., Munnell, A. H., Sanzenbacher, G. T., & Zulkarnain, A. (2017). Why has U.S. life expectancy fallen below other countries? Center for Retirement Research, 17-22.
• Chetty, R., Stepner, M., Abraham, S., Lin, S., Scuderi, B., Turner, N., Bergeron, A., & Cutler, D. (2016). The association between income and life expectancy in the United States, 2001-2014. JAMA, 315(16),1750-1766. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.4226
• Christensen, K., & Vaupel, J. W. (1996). Determinants of longevity: genetic, environmental and medical factors. Journal of Internal Medicine, 240, 333-341.
• Crimmins, E. M. (2015). Lifespan and healthspan: Past, present, and promise. The Gerontologist, 55(6), 901–911.
• Diaconu, V., Ouellette, N., Camarda, C. G., & Bourbeau, R. (2016). Insight on ‘typical’ longevity: An analysis of the modal lifespan by leading causes of death in Canada. Demographic Research, 35(17), 471-504.
• Eggleston, K. N., & Fuchs, V. R. (2012). The new demographic transition: Most gains in life expectancy now realized late in life. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26(3), 137-156.
• Ehni, H. J. Longevity. Access: (https://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/assets/pdfs/Background-paper-2016-Longevity.pdf) 2015. Accessed on: 17.05.2022.
• Eurostat. Mortality and life expectancy statistics. Access: (https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/pdfscache/1274.pdf) 2020. Accessed on: 22.05.2020.
• Finch, C. E., & Pike, M. C. (1996). Maximum life span predictions from the Gompertz Mortality Model. Journal of Gerontology: BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 51A(3), B183-B194.
• Gaillard, J. M., Loison, A., Festa-Bianchet, M., Yoccoz, N. G., & Solberg, E. (2003). Ecological correlates of life span in populations of large herbivorous mammals. Population and Development Review, 29, 39-56.
• Gallop, A. Mortality improvements and evolution of life expectancies. Access: (https://www.osfi-bsif.gc.ca/Eng/Docs/DEIP_Gallop.pdf) Accessed on: 22.05.2020.
• Haacker, M. Contribution of increased life expectancy to living standards. Access: (https://www.ces-asso.org/sites/default/files/haacker-life-welfare.pdf) Accessed on: 03.06.2020.
• Horiuchi, S. (2003). Interspecies differences in the life span distribution: Humans versus Invertebrates. Population and Development Review, 29, 127-151.
• Isaacs, K. P., & Choudhury, S. The growing gap in life expectancy by income: Recent evidence and implications for the social security retirement age. Congressional Research Service, Access: (https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44846.pdf) 2017. Accessed on: 03.06.2020.
• Johansson, K., & Lindgren, M. Documentation for life expectancy at birth (years) for countries and territories. The Gapminder Foundation, Stockholm. Access: (https://www.gapminder.org/documentation/documentation/gapdoc004_v7.pdf) 2014. Accessed on: 18.05.2022.
• Kaplan, H., Lancaster, J., & Robson, A. (2003). Embodied capital and the evolutionary economics of the human life span. Population and Development Review, 29, 152-182.
• Kent County Council. Life Expectancy in Kent. Strategic Commissioning Statistical Bulletin, Access: (https://www.kent.gov.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/13828/Life-expectancy-bulletin.pdf) 2020. Accessed on: 03.06.2020.
• Khan, A., Khan, S., & Khan, M. (2016). Factors effecting life expectency in developed and developing countries of the world (An approach to available literature). International Journal of Physical Education and Sports, 1(1), 04-06.
• Klenk, J., Rapp, K., Büchele, G., Keil, U., & Weiland, S. K. (2007). Increasing life expectancy in Germany: quantitative contributions from changes in age- and disease-specific mortality. European Journal of Public Health, 17(6), 587–592.
• Kuzu, A. (2013). Araştırmaların planlanması. İçinde A. A. Kurt (Ed.), Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri, Anadolu Üniversitesi. Eskişehir.
• Lally, M., & Valentine, S. Lifespan Development. Access: (http://dept.clcillinois.edu/psy/LifespanDevelopment.pdf) 2019. Accessed on: 17.05.2022.
• Lindgren, B. "The Rise in Life Expectancy, Health Trends among the Elderly, and the Demand for Health and Social Care" Working Papers 142, National Institute of Economic Research, 2016.
• Luy, M., Giulio, P. D., Lego, V. D., Lazarevič, P., & Sauerberg, M. (2020). Life expectancy: Frequently used, but hardly understood. Gerontology, 66, 95–104.
• Mangel, M. (2003). Environment and longevity: The demography of the growth rate. Population and Development Review, 29, 57-70.
• Marshall, L., Finch, D., Cairncross, L., & Bibby, J. Mortality and life expectancy trends in the UK: stalling progress. The Health Foundation, London. Access: (https://www.health.org.uk/sites/default/files/upload/publications/2019/HL04_Mortality-trends-in-the-UK.pdf) 2019. Accessed on: 17.05.2022.
• Mathers, C. D., Sadana, R., Salomon, J. A., Murray, C. J. L., & Lopez, A. D. (2001). Healthy life expectancy in 191 countries, 1999. The Lancet, 357, 1685-1691.
• Németh, L., & Missov, T. I. (2018). Adequate life-expectancy reconstruction for adult human mortality data. Plos One, 13(6). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198485
• OECD. Society at a glance 2011: OECD Social Indicators, Health Indicators. Access: (https://www.oecd.org/berlin/47570143.pdf) 2011. Accessed on: 17.05.2022.
• OECD. Health at a glance: Asia/Pacific 2018: Measuring progress towards universal health coverage. Access: (https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/health_glance_ap-2018-7-en.pdf?expires=1590136534&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=6251451611718A7252D682D1A34B3871) 2018. Accessed on: 22.05.2020.
• OECD. Life expectancy at birth. OECD Family Database, Access: (http://www.oecd.org/social/family/CO_1_2_Life_expectancy_at_birth.pdf) 2019. Accessed on: 22.05.2020.
• Orzack, S. H. (2003). How and why do aging and life span evolve? Population and Development Review, 29, 19-38.
• Özger, Y. (2018). The medal of constitution prepared as a new symbol of political authority during the second constitutional era. Journal of History School (JOHS), 11(XXXV), 1-19.
• Pattison, S. J., McPherson, K., Blakemore, C., & Haberman, S. Life expectancy: Past and future variations by gender in England & Wales. Longevity Science Advisory Panel, Access: (https://www.longevitypanel.co.uk/_files/life-expectancy-by-gender.pdf) 2012. Accessed on: 03.06.2020.
• Raalte, A. V., Martikainen, P., & Myrskylä, M. Lifespan variation by occupational class: Compression or stagnation over time? Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Access: (https://www.demogr.mpg.de/papers/working/wp-2012-010.pdf) 2012. Accessed on: 17.05.2022.
• Rabbi, A. M. F. (2013). Imbalance in life table: Effect of infant mortality on lower life expectancy at birth. Journal of Scientific Research, 5(3), 479-488.
• Rabbi, A. M. F., & Mazzuco, S. (2018). Mortality and life expectancy forecast for (comparatively) high mortality countries. Genus, 74, 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41118-018-0042-x
• Redondo, R. G., & Boe, C. (2005). Decomposition analysis of Spanish life expectancy at birth: Evolution and changes in the components by sex and age. Demographic Research, 13(20), 521-546.
• Riffe, T., Raalte, A. V., & Bijlsma, M. Healthy life expectancy, mortality, and age prevalence of morbidity. Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Germany. Access: (https://www.demogr.mpg.de/papers/working/wp-2017-015.pdf) 2018. Accessed on: 18.05.2022.
• Robine, J. M., & Saito, Y. (2003). Survival beyond age 100: The case of Japan. Population and Development Review, 29, 208-228.
• Roser, M., Ortiz-Ospina, E., & Ritchie, H. Life expectancy. Our World in Data, Access: (https://ourworldindata.org/life-expectancy) 2019. Accessed on: 18.05.2022.
• Schanzenbach, D. W., Nunn, R., & Bauer, L. The Changing landscape of American life expectancy. The Hamilton Project,Access: (https://www.hamiltonproject.org/assets/files/changing_landscape_american_life_expectancy.pdf) 2016. Accessed on: 17.05.2022.
• SHGM. Altın madalya kazanan sporcular. Spor Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Access: (https://shgm.gsb.gov.tr/Sayfalar/124/162/AltinMadalyaKazananSporcular) Access on: 18.05.2022.
• SHGM. Gümüş madalya kazanan sporcular. Spor Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Access: (https://shgm.gsb.gov.tr/Sayfalar/125/162/gumus-madalya-kazanan-sporcular.aspx) Access on: 18.05.2022.
• SHGM. Bronz madalya kazanan sporcular. Spor Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Access: (https://shgm.gsb.gov.tr/Sayfalar/126/162/bronz-madalya-kazanan-sporcular.aspx) Access on: 18.05.2022.
• Singh, A., & Ladusingh, L. (2016). Life expectancy at birth and life disparity: an assessment of sex differentials in mortality in India. International Journal of Population Studies, 2(1), 38–52.
• TMOK. Olimpiyat madalyalarımız. Türkiye Milli Olimpiyat Komitesi, Access: (https://www.olimpiyatkomitesi.org.tr/Olimpiyat-Madalyalarimiz) Accessed on: 18.05.2022.
• United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Mortality 2017-Data Booklet, Access: (https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/mortality/World-Mortality-2017-Data-Booklet.pdf) 2017. Accessed on: 03.06.2020.
• Vaupel, J. W. (2003). Post-Darwinian longevity. Population and Development Review, 29, 258-269.
• Vaupel, J. W., Zhang, Z., & Raalte, A. V. (2011). Life expectancy and disparity: An international comparison of life table data. BMJ Open, 1, 1-6.
• VİKİPEDİ. Olimpiyat madalyası kazanan Türk sporcular listesi. Access: (https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olimpiyat_madalyası_kazanan_Türk_sporcular_listesi) Accessed on: 18.05.2022.
• Vogt, W. P., & Johnson, R. B. (2016). The SAGE dictionary of statistics and methodology. Sage. Los Angeles.
• Vural, Ö., Eler, S., & Atalay Güzel, N. (2010). Masa başı çalışanlarda fiziksel aktivite düzeyi ve yaşam kalitesi ilişkisi. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, VIII(2), 69-75.
• Wachter, K. W. (2003). Hazard curves and life span prospects. Population and Development Review, 29, 270-291. WHO. Life expectancy at birth. Access: (https://www.who.int/whosis/whostat2006DefinitionsAndMetadata.pdf) 2006. Accessed on: 22.05.2020.
• WHO. (2014). Basic documents (48th Edition). Geneva.
• WHO. Physical Activity. Access: (https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity) 2020. Accessed on: 18.01.2021.