Adapting the Emotion Regulation Scale for Athletes for Use with Referees and Examining Its Psychometric Properties

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 4, 1167 - 1177, 28.12.2023

Vicente Romo-perez , Aydın Karaçam , Arif Çetin , Atilla Pulur , Bekir Erhan Orhan , Ali Selman Özdemir

https://doi.org/10.38021/asbid.1315121

Abstract

This study has aimed to adapt the Emotion Regulation Scale for Athletes (ERSA) developed by Tingaz and Altun (2021) for referees. Materials and Methods: Using the convenience sampling method, 355 class referees actively serving within the basketball and handball federations in 2021-2022 were included in the study. Of the referee group, 52.11% (n=185) were basketball referees, 32.11% (n=114) were Football referees, and 15.77% (n=56) were handball referees. There were 35 (9.86%) female and 320 (90.14%) male referees. The mean age and seniority of the participants were 31.12 and 10.21 years, respectively. Data analysis was done using the SPSS 21 and AMOS programs. Principal component analysis and varimax rotation techniques were used to test the scale's construct validity. Criterion validity was calculated with Pearson's correlation coefficient. As a result, a two-factor structure with eigenvalues greater than one emerged. Internal consistency coefficients were calculated as .83 for the Cognitive Reappraisal and .76 for the Suppression. The CFA analysis revealed x2/df=1.603, RMSEA=.07, CFI=.96, GFI=.93, RMR=.10 NFI=.90, and IFI=96. Overall, the study suggested that the Emotion Regulation Scale for Referees (ERSR) was a valid and reliable tool to measure emotion regulation among referees.

Keywords

Emotion regulations, scale development, referee, sport

References

• Barr, C. A., & Hums, M. A. (2012). Management principles applied to sport management. L. P. Masteralexis, C. A. Barr, & M. A. Hums (Eds), Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, 44-65.
• Berking, M., & Whitley, B. (2014) Affect regulation training: A practitioners manual. New York, Springer.
• Bintaş-Zörer, P., & Yorulmaz, O. (2022). Duygu düzenlemeye güncel bir bakış: Bağlamsal faktörler. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 14(2), 195-206.
• Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2002). Faktör analizi: Temel kavramlar ve ölçek geliştirmede kullanımı. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi Dergisi, 8(4), 470-483.
• Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2018). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Ankara: Pegem Atıf İndeksi.
• Byrne, B. M. (1998). Structural equation modeling with LISREL, Prelis, and Simplis: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Chelladurai, P. (2014). Managing organizations for sport and physical activity. Scottsdale, AZ: Holcomb Hathaway Publishers.
• Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik SPSS ve Lisrel uygulamaları. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
• Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment Research, and Evaluation, 10(1), 7.
• Ekmekçi, R. (2008). Basketbol hakemlerinin stres kaynakları ile stresle başa çıkma yöntemlerinin tesbiti ve önleyici yönetsel uygulamaların geliştirilmesi Yayımlanmamış Doktora tezi, Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Spor Yöneticiligi Anabilim Dalı, Bolu.
• Ekmekçi, R. (2016). Hakemlikte psikolojik hazırlık. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
• Eldeleklioğlu, J., & Eroğlu, Y. A. (2015). Turkish adaptation of the emotion regulation questionnaire. Journal of Human Sciences, 12(1), 1157-1168.
• Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using SPSS. London: Sage Publications, Inc.
• Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., & Spinhoven, P. (2001) Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation and emotional problems. Pers Individ Dif., 30, 1311- 1327
• Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004) Multidimensional assessment of emotional regulation and dysregulation: development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotional regulation scale. J Psychopathol Behav Assess, 26, 41-54.
• Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 271-299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271
• Gross, J. J. (2001). Emotion regulation in adulthood: Timing is everything. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(6), 214-219.
• Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39(3), 281-291. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0048577201393198
• Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348
• Guillén, F., & Feltz, D. L. (2011). A conceptual model of referee efficacy. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 25.
• Jöreskog, K. G., Sörbom, D., Toit, S. D., & Toit, M. D. (2000). Lisrel 8: New statistical features. Scientific Software International.
• Karaçam, A., & Pulur, A. (2016). Identification the relation between active basketball classification referees' empathetic tendencies and their problem-solving abilities. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 4, 1912-1917.
• Kline, R. B. (2011). An easy guide to factor analysis. New York: The Guilford Press.
• Parkinson, B., Totterdell, P. (1999) Classifying affect-regulation strategies. Cogn Emot, 13, 277-303.
• Preacher, K. J., & MacCallum, R. C. (2002). Exploratory factor analysis in behavior genetics research: Factor recovery with small sample size. Behavior Genetics, 32(2), 153-161. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015210025234
• Richards, J. M., Gross, J. J. (1999) Composure at any cost? The cognitive consequences of emotion suppression. Pers Soc Psychol Bull, 25, 1033-1044.
• Richards, J. M., Gross, J. J. (2006) Personality and emotional memory: how regulating emotion impairs memory for emotional events. J Res Pers, 40, 631-651
• Sapnas, K. (2004). Letters to the Editor: Determining adequate sample size. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 36(1), 4.
• Szasz, P. L., Szentagotai, A., Hofmann, S. G. (2011) The effect of emotion regulation strategies on anger. Behav Res Ther, 49, 114-119
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics. New York: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon.
• Tavşancıl, E. (2014). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve spss ile veri analizi. Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi.
• Thomson, B. (2004). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Washington: APA
• Tingaz, E. O., & Altun, E. M. (2021). Duygu Düzenleme Ölçeğinin Sporcular İçin Uyarlanması Ve Psikometrik Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 26(2), 301-313.
• Totan T. (2015). Duygu düzenlenme anketi Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Bilişsel Davranışçı Psikoterapi ve Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3,153-161.
• Tuero, C., Tabernero, B., Márquez, S., & Guillén, F. (2002). Analysis of the factors affecting the practice of refereeing. Sociedade Capixaba de Psicologia do Esporte, 1(1), 7–16.
• Weinberg, R. S., & Richardson, P. A. (1990). Psychology of officiating. USA: Leisure Press.
• Yaşlıoğlu, M. M. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde faktör analizi ve geçerlilik: keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanılması. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 46, 74-85.
• Yılmaz, V., & Çelik, H. E. (2009). Lisrel ile yapısal eşitlik modellemesi-1. Ankara: Pegem Yayıncılık.
• Yurtsever, G. (2004). Emotional regulation strategies and negotiation. Psychological Reports, 95(3), 780-786. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.95.3.780-78