The Legal Status of the Offshore Bunkering Activities in the context of Uncertainties regarding the Allocation of Rights and Jurisdiction in the Exclusive Economic Zone

Abstract

In the exclusive economic zone (EEZ), codified by the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the coastal state has been granted various rights and jurisdiction, primarily over the natural resources there. On the other hand, it has been accepted that other states enjoy in the EEZ some of the freedoms that have long been recognized on the high seas, subject to the relevant provisions of the Convention. The Convention also provides that conflicts regarding rights and jurisdiction not attributed to the coastal state or to other states should be resolved on the basis of equity, taking into account the relevant circumstances, and interests of the parties concerned. Despite the existence of provisions that are comprehensive and consider different possibilities, it is not always easy to determine whether the activities in the EEZ fall under the jurisdiction of the coastal state or other states. The aforementioned provisions include open-ended terms and generally require reading together with other relevant articles of the Convention. The issue of which state and to what extent is authorized in terms of bunkering activities in the EEZ, which are not clearly regulated in UNCLOS, leads to various disputes, and reveals the need to carefully consider both the provisions of the Convention and the purposes and characteristics of the activity in question. This study aims to examine and evaluate the legal status of bunkering activities in the EEZ in the light of the allocation of relevant rights and jurisdiction, judicial decisions and academic approaches.

Keywords

• UNCLOS
• ITLOS
• EEZ
• Sovereign Rights and Jurisdiction
• Freedoms and Other Internationally Lawful Uses of the Sea
• Offshore Bunkering

MÜNHASIR EKONOMİK BÖLGEDE HAK VE YETKİ DAĞILIMIYLA İLGİLİ BELİRSİZLİKLER BAĞLAMINDA DENİZDE YAKIT İKMAL FAALİYETLERİNİN HUKUKÎ DURUMU

Öz

BM Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesiyle (BMDHS) kodifiye edilen münhasır ekonomik bölgede (MEB) kıyı devletine başta bölgenin doğal kaynakları üzerinde olmak üzere çeşitli haklar ve yetkiler verilmiştir. Buna mukabil, diğer devletlerin de, MEB’de, açık denizlerde öteden beri tanınan serbestliklerden bir kısmına -Sözleşmenin ilgili hükümlerine tâbi olarak- sahip olduğu kabul edilmiştir. Sözleşme, kıyı devletine veya diğer devletlere verilmeyen hak ve yetkilerle ilgili ihtilafların ise, olayın koşulları ve ilgili tarafların menfaatleri gözetilerek hakkaniyet temelinde çözümünü öngörmektedir. Kapsamlı ve değişik ihtimalleri dikkate alan düzenlemelerin varlığına rağmen, MEB’deki faaliyetlerin kıyı devletinin mi yoksa diğer devletlerin mi yetki alanına girdiğinin tespiti her zaman kolay değildir. Bahsi geçen hükümler, yoruma açık ifadeler içerdiği gibi, genellikle Sözleşmenin diğer ilgili maddeleriyle birlikte değerlendirilmeyi de gerektirmektedir. BMDHS’de açıkça düzenlenmeyen MEB’de yakıt ikmal faaliyetleri açısından hangi devletin ne ölçüde yetkili olduğu hususu da, çeşitli uyuşmazlıklara yol açmakta ve gerek Sözleşme hükümlerinin gerek ilgili faaliyetin amaç ve özelliklerinin dikkatlice ele alınması ihtiyacını ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Bu çalışma, MEB’de yakıt ikmal faaliyetlerinin hukukî durumunu, ilgili hak ve yetkilerin dağılımı, yargı kararları ve akademik yaklaşımlar ışığında incelemeyi, değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• BMDHS
• UDHM
• MEB
• Egemen Haklar ve Yetki
• Serbestlikler ve Denizin Uluslararası Hukuka Uygun Diğer Kullanımları
• Denizde Yakıt İkmali

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