Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

ULUSLARARASI DENİZ TİCARETİNDE IMO VE USCG’NİN BALAST SUYU REGÜLASYONLARI

Year 2019, Volume: 6 Issue: 4, 54 - 66, 30.04.2019

Şengül Şanlıer

Abstract

Uluslararası
ticaretin stratejik pek çok boyutu vardır. Ticari ilişkilerin mahiyetini
çoğunlukla piyasa, taşıma ve hukuk normları belirler. Gemilerin tabi olduğu ulusal düzenlemelerle ticari
faaliyette bulunacakları liman devletlerinin uyguladıkları yasal düzenlemeler
bütün tarafları bağlar.
Bu çalışmada, deniz yoluyla gerçekleşen uluslararası ticaretin hukuki boyutunu
ilgilendiren düzenlemeler üzerinde durulmuştur.
Çalışmanın sınırlılığı kapsamında deniz ortamında gerçekleşen hemen her
faaliyete belli bir standart getirmeye çalışan Uluslararası
Denizcilik Örgütü (IMO)
ile Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Sahil
Güvenlik Regülasyonları (USCG)’nın “balast suları”yla ilgili mevcut
durumları mikro anlamda tespit edilmiş, yapılan düzenlemeler karşılaştırmalı
olarak verilmiştir. Üretici firmalar tarafından
geliştirilen balast suyu arıtım sistemlerinden mekanik, fiziksel, kimyasal ve
diğer yöntemler dikkate alınmıştır. Çalışmaya BWM 2004 Sözleşmesi ile USCG
düzenlemelerinin kapsamları, getirdikleri yükümlülükler ve aralarındaki
farklılıklar da eklenerek son durum değerlendirmesine gidilmiştir.

Keywords

Uluslararası Ticaret Balast Suları IMO BWM Sözleşmesi USCG Regülasyon

References

  • Akdoğan, R. (1988), İngilizce-Türkçe Ansiklopedik Denizcilik Sözlüğü. Üçüncü Baskı, İstanbul: Günlük Ticaret Gazetesi Tesisleri.
  • Bailey, S. A., Nandakumar, K., ve MacIsaac, H. J. (2006). Does saltwater flushing reduce viability of diapausing eggs in ships ballast sediment. Diversity and Distributions, 12, 328-335.
  • Bakalar, G. (2016). Comparisons of interdisciplinary ballast water treatment systems and operational experiences from ships-review. SpringerPlus, 5, 1-12.Bax, N., Williamson, A., Aguero, M., Gonzalez, E., ve Geeves, W. (2003). Marine invasive alien species: A threat to global biodiversity. Marine Policy, 27, 313-323.
  • Bilgin Güney, C. (2011). Balast suyu arıtımında elektrokimyasal hücre uygulaması (Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul). Erişim adresi:https://polen.itu.edu.tr/bitstream/11527/8039/1/11526.pdf
  • Bilgin Güney, C. (2017). Balast suyu arıtım sistemlerinin incelenmesi-Teknik Rapor. İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Gemi İnşaatı ve Deniz Bilimleri Fakültesi, Rapor No: DEN 2017/2, İstanbul.
  • Carlton, J. T. (1979). History, biogeography, and ecology of the ıntroduced marine and estuarine ınvertebrates of the Pacific Coast of North America, Doktora Tezi, Ecology in The Graduate Division, University of California, Berkeley, ABD.
  • Cordell, J. R., Lawrence, D. J., Ferm, N. C., Tear L. M., Smith, S. S., ve Herwig, R.P. (2009). Factors influencing densities of non-indigenous species in the ballast water of ships arriving at ports in Puget Sound, Washington, United States. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Fresh Water Ecosystems, 19, 322-343.
  • Gollasch, S. (2006). Overview on introduced aquatic species in european and navigational and adjacent waters. Helgoland Marine Research, 60(2), 84-89.
  • Gollasch, S., David, M., Voigt, M., Dragsund, E., Hewitt, C., ve Fukuyo, Y. (2007). Critical review of the IMO international convention on the management of ships’ Ballast water and sediment. Harmful Algae, 6, 585-600.
  • Hess-Erga, O. K., Attramadal, K. J. K., ve Vadstein, O. (2008). Biotic and abiotic particles protect marine heterotrophic bacteria during UV and ozone disinfection. Aquatic Biology, 4, 147-154.
  • Hijnen, W. A. M., Beerendonk, E. F., ve Medema, G. J. (2006). Inactivation credit of uv radiation for viruses, bacteria and protozoan (oo)cysts in water: A review. Water Research, 40, 3-22.
  • Holm, E. R., Stamper, D. M., Brizzolara, R. A., Barnes, L., Deamer, N., ve Burkholder, J. M. (2008). Sonication of bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton: Application to treatment of ballast water. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 56, 1201-1208.
  • Hülsmann, N. ve Galil, B.S. (2001). The effects of freshwater flushing on marine heterotrophic protists-implications for ballast water management. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42(11), 1082-1086.
  • IMO, (2001). 1st International Ballast Water Treatment R&D Symposium-GloBallast Monograph Series No. 5, Symposium Proceedings, 26-27 March 2001, London.
  • IMO, (2004). Gemi Balast Sularının ve Sedimanlarının Kontrolü ve Yönetimi Uluslararası Sözleşmesi, 13 Şubat 2014, Londra.
  • Joyce, E., Phull, S. S., Lorimer, J.P., ve Mason, T. J (2003). The development and evaluation of ultrasound for the treatment of bacterial suspensions. astudy of frequency, power and sonication time on cultured Bacillus species. Ultrasonic Sonochemistry, 10, 315-318.
  • McCluskey, D. K. ve Holdø, A. E. (2009). Optimizing the hydrocyclone for ballast water treatment using computational fluid Dynamics. International Journal of Multiphysics, 3(3), 221-234.
  • Oemcke, D. ve van Leeuwen, J. H. (2004). Seawater ozonation of Bacillus subtilis spores: Implications for the use of ozone in ballast water treatment. Ozone: Science and Engineering, 26, 389-491.
  • Rigby, G. R., Hallegraeff, G. M., ve Sutton, C. (1999). Novel ballast water heating technique offers cost-effective treatment to reduce the risk of global transport of harmful marine organisms. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 191, 289-293.
  • Rigby, G., Hallegraeff, G., ve Taylor, A. (2004). Ballast water heating offers a superior treatment option. Journal of Marine Environmental Engineering, 7, 217-230.Ruiz, G. M., Carlton, J. T., Grosholz, E. D., ve Hınes, A. H. (1997). Global invasions of marine and estuarine habitats by non-ındigenous species: mechanisms, extent, and consequences. American Zoologist, 37(6), 621-632.
  • Smit, M. G. D., Ebbens, E., Jak, R. G., ve Huijbregts, M. A. J. (2008). Time and concentration dependency in the potentially affected fraction of species: The case of hydrogen peroxide treatment of ballasy water. Environmental Technology and Chemistry, 27(3), 746-753.
  • Taylor, A. H., ve Rigby, G. (2001). Suggested designs to facilitate improved management and treatment of ballast water on new and existing ships. Discussion paper prepared for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Australia as part of the Research Advisory Group Ballast Water Research and Development Program, London.
  • Viitasalo, S., Sassi, J., Rytkönen, J., ve Leppäkoskı, E. (2005). Ozone, ultraviolet light, ultrasound, and hydrogen peroxide as ballast water treatments-experiments with mesozooplankton in low saline Brackish water. Journal of Marine Environmental Engineering, 8, 35-55.
  • Vorkapić, A., Komar, I., ve Mrčelić, G. J. (2016). Shipboard ballast water treatment systems on seagoing ships. Transactions On Maritime Science, 5(1), 19-28.
  • IMO, (2019). Erişim adresi: http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/BallastWaterManagement/Documents/Table%20of%20BA%20FA%20TA%20updated%20January%202019.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Şubat 2019).
  • İMEAK Deniz Ticaret Odası, (2016). Balast Suyu Yönetimi Hakkında Güncel ve Detaylı Bilgiler. Erişim adresi: http://www.denizticaretodasi.org.tr/Shared%20Documents/SektorelEgitim/Balast_Suyu_Yonetimi_Semineri_Sunumu.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Şubat 2019).
  • FAO (The Food and Agriculture Organization), (2018). Ballast Water Frequently Asked Questions. Erişim adresi: https://www.dco.uscg.mil/Portals/9/MSC/BWMS/Ballast_Water_FAQs.pdf?ver=2018-06-06-123015-850, (Erişim Tarihi:15 Şubat 2019).
  • BWM Checklist, (2016). US Regulatory Update: Ballast Water Management Checklist, Federal Ballast Water Management, Erişim adresi: http://www.nemtas.com.tr/nemtasdocuments/documents/Downloads/2016%20BWM%20Checklist%20Rev%202.pdf, Erişim Tarihi:17 Eylül 2018).
  • Ballast Water FAQS (Frequently Asked Questions), (2018). Erişim adresi: https://www.dco.uscg.mil/Portals/9/MSC/BWMS/Ballast_Water_FAQs.pdf?ver=2018-06-06-123015-850, (Erişim Tarihi:17 Şubat 2019).
  • U.S. Ballast Water Regulations, (2017). U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters Office of Operating and Environmental Standards. Erişim adresi:https://www.google.com/search?q=U.S.+Ballast+Water+Regulations%2C+(2017).+U.S.+Coast+Guard+Headquarters+Office+of+Operating+and+Environmental+Standards&oq=U.S.+Ballast+Water+Regulations%2C+(2017).+U.S.+Coast+Guard+Headquarters+Office+of+Operating+and+Environmental+Standards&aqs=chrome..69i57.1034j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8, (Erişim Tarihi: 23 Şubat 2019).

Year 2019, Volume: 6 Issue: 4, 54 - 66, 30.04.2019

Şengül Şanlıer

Abstract

References

  • Akdoğan, R. (1988), İngilizce-Türkçe Ansiklopedik Denizcilik Sözlüğü. Üçüncü Baskı, İstanbul: Günlük Ticaret Gazetesi Tesisleri.
  • Bailey, S. A., Nandakumar, K., ve MacIsaac, H. J. (2006). Does saltwater flushing reduce viability of diapausing eggs in ships ballast sediment. Diversity and Distributions, 12, 328-335.
  • Bakalar, G. (2016). Comparisons of interdisciplinary ballast water treatment systems and operational experiences from ships-review. SpringerPlus, 5, 1-12.Bax, N., Williamson, A., Aguero, M., Gonzalez, E., ve Geeves, W. (2003). Marine invasive alien species: A threat to global biodiversity. Marine Policy, 27, 313-323.
  • Bilgin Güney, C. (2011). Balast suyu arıtımında elektrokimyasal hücre uygulaması (Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul). Erişim adresi:https://polen.itu.edu.tr/bitstream/11527/8039/1/11526.pdf
  • Bilgin Güney, C. (2017). Balast suyu arıtım sistemlerinin incelenmesi-Teknik Rapor. İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Gemi İnşaatı ve Deniz Bilimleri Fakültesi, Rapor No: DEN 2017/2, İstanbul.
  • Carlton, J. T. (1979). History, biogeography, and ecology of the ıntroduced marine and estuarine ınvertebrates of the Pacific Coast of North America, Doktora Tezi, Ecology in The Graduate Division, University of California, Berkeley, ABD.
  • Cordell, J. R., Lawrence, D. J., Ferm, N. C., Tear L. M., Smith, S. S., ve Herwig, R.P. (2009). Factors influencing densities of non-indigenous species in the ballast water of ships arriving at ports in Puget Sound, Washington, United States. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Fresh Water Ecosystems, 19, 322-343.
  • Gollasch, S. (2006). Overview on introduced aquatic species in european and navigational and adjacent waters. Helgoland Marine Research, 60(2), 84-89.
  • Gollasch, S., David, M., Voigt, M., Dragsund, E., Hewitt, C., ve Fukuyo, Y. (2007). Critical review of the IMO international convention on the management of ships’ Ballast water and sediment. Harmful Algae, 6, 585-600.
  • Hess-Erga, O. K., Attramadal, K. J. K., ve Vadstein, O. (2008). Biotic and abiotic particles protect marine heterotrophic bacteria during UV and ozone disinfection. Aquatic Biology, 4, 147-154.
  • Hijnen, W. A. M., Beerendonk, E. F., ve Medema, G. J. (2006). Inactivation credit of uv radiation for viruses, bacteria and protozoan (oo)cysts in water: A review. Water Research, 40, 3-22.
  • Holm, E. R., Stamper, D. M., Brizzolara, R. A., Barnes, L., Deamer, N., ve Burkholder, J. M. (2008). Sonication of bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton: Application to treatment of ballast water. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 56, 1201-1208.
  • Hülsmann, N. ve Galil, B.S. (2001). The effects of freshwater flushing on marine heterotrophic protists-implications for ballast water management. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42(11), 1082-1086.
  • IMO, (2001). 1st International Ballast Water Treatment R&D Symposium-GloBallast Monograph Series No. 5, Symposium Proceedings, 26-27 March 2001, London.
  • IMO, (2004). Gemi Balast Sularının ve Sedimanlarının Kontrolü ve Yönetimi Uluslararası Sözleşmesi, 13 Şubat 2014, Londra.
  • Joyce, E., Phull, S. S., Lorimer, J.P., ve Mason, T. J (2003). The development and evaluation of ultrasound for the treatment of bacterial suspensions. astudy of frequency, power and sonication time on cultured Bacillus species. Ultrasonic Sonochemistry, 10, 315-318.
  • McCluskey, D. K. ve Holdø, A. E. (2009). Optimizing the hydrocyclone for ballast water treatment using computational fluid Dynamics. International Journal of Multiphysics, 3(3), 221-234.
  • Oemcke, D. ve van Leeuwen, J. H. (2004). Seawater ozonation of Bacillus subtilis spores: Implications for the use of ozone in ballast water treatment. Ozone: Science and Engineering, 26, 389-491.
  • Rigby, G. R., Hallegraeff, G. M., ve Sutton, C. (1999). Novel ballast water heating technique offers cost-effective treatment to reduce the risk of global transport of harmful marine organisms. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 191, 289-293.
  • Rigby, G., Hallegraeff, G., ve Taylor, A. (2004). Ballast water heating offers a superior treatment option. Journal of Marine Environmental Engineering, 7, 217-230.Ruiz, G. M., Carlton, J. T., Grosholz, E. D., ve Hınes, A. H. (1997). Global invasions of marine and estuarine habitats by non-ındigenous species: mechanisms, extent, and consequences. American Zoologist, 37(6), 621-632.
  • Smit, M. G. D., Ebbens, E., Jak, R. G., ve Huijbregts, M. A. J. (2008). Time and concentration dependency in the potentially affected fraction of species: The case of hydrogen peroxide treatment of ballasy water. Environmental Technology and Chemistry, 27(3), 746-753.
  • Taylor, A. H., ve Rigby, G. (2001). Suggested designs to facilitate improved management and treatment of ballast water on new and existing ships. Discussion paper prepared for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Australia as part of the Research Advisory Group Ballast Water Research and Development Program, London.
  • Viitasalo, S., Sassi, J., Rytkönen, J., ve Leppäkoskı, E. (2005). Ozone, ultraviolet light, ultrasound, and hydrogen peroxide as ballast water treatments-experiments with mesozooplankton in low saline Brackish water. Journal of Marine Environmental Engineering, 8, 35-55.
  • Vorkapić, A., Komar, I., ve Mrčelić, G. J. (2016). Shipboard ballast water treatment systems on seagoing ships. Transactions On Maritime Science, 5(1), 19-28.
  • IMO, (2019). Erişim adresi: http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/BallastWaterManagement/Documents/Table%20of%20BA%20FA%20TA%20updated%20January%202019.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Şubat 2019).
  • İMEAK Deniz Ticaret Odası, (2016). Balast Suyu Yönetimi Hakkında Güncel ve Detaylı Bilgiler. Erişim adresi: http://www.denizticaretodasi.org.tr/Shared%20Documents/SektorelEgitim/Balast_Suyu_Yonetimi_Semineri_Sunumu.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Şubat 2019).
  • FAO (The Food and Agriculture Organization), (2018). Ballast Water Frequently Asked Questions. Erişim adresi: https://www.dco.uscg.mil/Portals/9/MSC/BWMS/Ballast_Water_FAQs.pdf?ver=2018-06-06-123015-850, (Erişim Tarihi:15 Şubat 2019).
  • BWM Checklist, (2016). US Regulatory Update: Ballast Water Management Checklist, Federal Ballast Water Management, Erişim adresi: http://www.nemtas.com.tr/nemtasdocuments/documents/Downloads/2016%20BWM%20Checklist%20Rev%202.pdf, Erişim Tarihi:17 Eylül 2018).
  • Ballast Water FAQS (Frequently Asked Questions), (2018). Erişim adresi: https://www.dco.uscg.mil/Portals/9/MSC/BWMS/Ballast_Water_FAQs.pdf?ver=2018-06-06-123015-850, (Erişim Tarihi:17 Şubat 2019).
  • U.S. Ballast Water Regulations, (2017). U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters Office of Operating and Environmental Standards. Erişim adresi:https://www.google.com/search?q=U.S.+Ballast+Water+Regulations%2C+(2017).+U.S.+Coast+Guard+Headquarters+Office+of+Operating+and+Environmental+Standards&oq=U.S.+Ballast+Water+Regulations%2C+(2017).+U.S.+Coast+Guard+Headquarters+Office+of+Operating+and+Environmental+Standards&aqs=chrome..69i57.1034j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8, (Erişim Tarihi: 23 Şubat 2019).
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Şengül Şanlıer 0000-0003-3676-6641

Publication Date April 30, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 6 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Şanlıer, Ş. (2019). ULUSLARARASI DENİZ TİCARETİNDE IMO VE USCG’NİN BALAST SUYU REGÜLASYONLARI. Avrasya Sosyal Ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(4), 54-66.