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HOW RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEADERS AND THEIR FOLLOWERS AFFECT EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS?

Year 2017, Volume: 4 Issue: 11, 267 - 284, 01.11.2017

Abstract

Employability is about adaptability and flexibility these are widely emphasized in contemporary business world. Supporting employability skills of employees is seen as crucial for retaining talent, gain their trust and commitment. Thus; development of employability skills not only important for employees but also for organizations and leaders and it is important to understand what factors affecting it. In current study relationship between leaders and employees impact on employability skills is researched. To understand the relationship between employability skills, LMX and its dimensions; a model and five hypotheses were generated. To test the model and hypotheses 426 data was collected from white collar employees that were employed full-time. Structural equation modelling was used to test hypotheses. According to results there is significant relationship between and LMX and employability skills, affect and employability skills, and professional respect and employability skills. Results also revealed that there is no significant relationship between loyalty and employability skills and contribution and employability skills. Even though there is no relationship with some dimensions of LMX and employability; from the research results it can be seen that LMX has an impact on employability skills. As a result;leaders should give importance to their relationship with their employees and make talented employees as a part of their in-group. Employees should also take responsibilities other than their job descriptions to improve their employability skills

References

  • Armstrong, M., & Taylor, S. (2014). Armstrong's Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice (13th Edition ed.). London, United Kingdom: Kogan Page Limited.
  • Baruch, Y. (2001). Employability: A substitude for loyalty. Human Resource Development International, 4, 543-567.
  • Baruch, Y. (2004). Managing careers: Theory and practice. Malaysia: Prentice Hall.
  • Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (2nd Edition ed.). USA: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Cunningham, W. A., Preacher, K. J., & Banaji, M. R. (2001). Implicit attitude measures: Consistency, Stability and Convergent Validity. Psychological Science, 12(2), 163-170.
  • De Jong, J. P., & Den Hartog, D. N. (2007). How leaders influence employees' innovative behaviour. European Journal of Innovation Management, 10(1), 41-64.
  • De Vos, A., & Soens, N. (2008). Protean attitude and career success: The mediating role of self-management. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73, 449-456.
  • Denti, L., & Hemlin, S. (2016). Modelling the link between leader-member exchange and individual innovation in R&D. International Journal of Innovation Management, 20(3).
  • Dessler, G. (2011). Human resources management. UK: Pearson Education Limited.
  • Dienesch, R. M., & Liden, R. C. (1986). Leader-member exchange model of leadership: A critique and further development. The Academy of Management Review, 11(3), 618-634.
  • DiRenzo, M. S. (2010). An examination of the roles of protean career orientation and career capital on work and life outcomes. Thesis for the PhD Degree. Philadelphia: Drexel University.
  • DiRenzo, M. S., & Greenhaus, J. H. (2011). Job search and voluntary turnover in a boundaryless world: A control theory perspective. Academy of Management Review, 36, 567-589.
  • DiRenzo, M. S., Greenhaus, J. H., & Weer, C. H. (2015). Relationship between protean career orientation and work-life balance: A resource perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(4), 538-560.
  • Eby, L. T., Butts, M., & Lockwood, A. (2003). Predictors of success in the era of the boundaryless career. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 689-708.
  • Engel, K. S., & Moosbrugger, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
  • Forstenlechner, I., Selim, H., Baruch, Y., & Madi, M. (2014). Career exploration and perceived employability within an emerging economy context. Human Resource Management, 53(1), 45-66.
  • Fugate, M., Kinicki, A. J., & Ashforth, B. E. (2004). Employability: A psycho-social construct, its dimensions, and applications. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65, 14-38.
  • Graen, G. B., & Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a Multi-Level Multi-Domain Perspective. Leadership Quarterly, 6(2), 219-247.
  • Guilbert, L., & Gouvernet, B. (2016). Emplotability: Review and research prospects. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 16(1), 69-89.
  • Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., & Anderson, R. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th edition ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice Hall.
  • Hall, K. K., Baker, T. L., Andrews, M. C., Hunt, T. G., & Rapp, A. A. (2016). The importance of product/service quality for frontline marketing employee outcomes: The moderating effect of leader-member exchange (LMX). Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 24(1), 23-41.
  • Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validiry in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Acad. Mark. Sci., 43, 115-135.
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
  • Ingusci, E., Manuti, A., & Callea, A. (2016). Employability as mediator in the relationship between the meaning of working and job search behaviours during unemployment. Electronic Journal of Applied Statistical Analysis, 9(1), 1-16.
  • Joo, B.-K., & Ready, K. J. (2012). Career satisfaction: The influences of proactive personality, performance goal orientation, organizational learning culture, and leader-member exchange quality. Career Development International, 17(3), 276-295.
  • Jung, Y., & Takeuchi, N. (2016). Gender differences in career planning and success. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(2), 603-623.
  • Liden, R. C., & Graen, G. (1980). Generalizability of the vertical dyad linkage model of leadership. The Academy of Management Journal, 23(3), 451-465.
  • Liden, R. C., & Masyln, J. M. (1998). Multidimensionality of leader-member exchange: An empirical assessment through scale development. Journal of Management, 24(1), 43-72.
  • Luthans, F. (2011). Organizational behavior: An evidence-based approach (12th edition ed.). New York: Mc-Graw Hill Irwin.
  • Martin, R., Guillaume, Y., Thomas, G., Lee, A., & Epıtropaki, O. (2016). Leader member exchange (LMX) and performance: A meta analytic review. Personnel Psychology, 69, 67- 121.
  • Martini, M., & Cavenago, D. (2017). The role of perceived workplace development opportunities in enhancing individual employability. International Journal of Training and Development, 21(1), 18-34.
  • Mat Roni, S. (2014). Introduction to SPSS, Edith Cowan University. Australia: Soar Centre.
  • McArdle, S., Waters, L., Briscoe, J. P., & Hall, D. T. (2007). Employability during unemployment: Adaptability, career identity, and human and social capital. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 71, 247-264.
  • Ngoma, M., & Ntale, P. D. (2016). Psychological capital, career identity and graduate employability in Uganda: The mediating role of social capital. International Journal of Training and Development, 20(2), 124-139.
  • Nickels, W. G., McHugh, J. M., & McHugh, S. M. (2016). Understanding Business (11th edition ed.). Singapore: McGraw Hill .
  • Northouse, P. G. (2013). Leadership: Theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.
  • Park, S. G., Kang, H. J., Lee, H. R., & Kim, S. J. (2017). The effects of LMX on gender discirmination and subjective career success. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 55, 127-148.
  • Peng, J.-C., & Lin, J. (2016). Linking supervisor feedback environment to contextual performances: The mediating effect of leader-member exchange. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 37(6), 802-820.
  • Schermuly, C. C., & Meyer, B. (2016). Good relationships at work: The effects of Leader– Member Exchange and Team–Member Exchange on psychological empowerment, emotional exhaustion, and depression. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37, 673-691.
  • Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., Stage, F. K., Barlow, E. A., & King , J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of Education Research , 99(6), 323-338.
  • Stoffers, J. M., Vander Heijden, B. I., & Notelaers, G. L. (2014). Towards a moderated mediation model of innovative work behaviour enhancement. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 27(4), 642-659.
  • Tempest, S., & Coupland, C. (2017). Lost in time and space: temporal and spatial challenges facing older workers in a global economy from a career capital perspective. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(15), 2159-2183.
  • Truckenbrodt, Y. B. (2000). The relationship between leader-member exchange and commitment and organizational citizenship behavior. Acquisition Review Quarterly, Summer, 233-244.
  • Van Der Heijde, C. M., & Van Der Heijden, B. I. (2006). A competence-based and multidimensional operalization and measurement of employability. Human Resource Management, 45(3), pp. 449-476.
  • Van der Heijden, B. I., de Lange, A. H., Demerouti, E., & Van der Heijde, C. M. (2009). Age effects on the employability-career success relationship. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74, 156-164.
  • Wang, C.-J. (2016). Does leader-member exchange enhance performance in the hospitality industry? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28(5), 969-987.
  • Yang, F., & Chau, R. (2016). Proactive personality and career success. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(2), 467-482.
  • Yukl, G. (2010). Leadership in organizations (7th Edition ed.). New York: Pearson Education.

HOW RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEADERS AND THEIR FOLLOWERS AFFECT EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS?

Year 2017, Volume: 4 Issue: 11, 267 - 284, 01.11.2017

Abstract

References

  • Armstrong, M., & Taylor, S. (2014). Armstrong's Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice (13th Edition ed.). London, United Kingdom: Kogan Page Limited.
  • Baruch, Y. (2001). Employability: A substitude for loyalty. Human Resource Development International, 4, 543-567.
  • Baruch, Y. (2004). Managing careers: Theory and practice. Malaysia: Prentice Hall.
  • Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (2nd Edition ed.). USA: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Cunningham, W. A., Preacher, K. J., & Banaji, M. R. (2001). Implicit attitude measures: Consistency, Stability and Convergent Validity. Psychological Science, 12(2), 163-170.
  • De Jong, J. P., & Den Hartog, D. N. (2007). How leaders influence employees' innovative behaviour. European Journal of Innovation Management, 10(1), 41-64.
  • De Vos, A., & Soens, N. (2008). Protean attitude and career success: The mediating role of self-management. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73, 449-456.
  • Denti, L., & Hemlin, S. (2016). Modelling the link between leader-member exchange and individual innovation in R&D. International Journal of Innovation Management, 20(3).
  • Dessler, G. (2011). Human resources management. UK: Pearson Education Limited.
  • Dienesch, R. M., & Liden, R. C. (1986). Leader-member exchange model of leadership: A critique and further development. The Academy of Management Review, 11(3), 618-634.
  • DiRenzo, M. S. (2010). An examination of the roles of protean career orientation and career capital on work and life outcomes. Thesis for the PhD Degree. Philadelphia: Drexel University.
  • DiRenzo, M. S., & Greenhaus, J. H. (2011). Job search and voluntary turnover in a boundaryless world: A control theory perspective. Academy of Management Review, 36, 567-589.
  • DiRenzo, M. S., Greenhaus, J. H., & Weer, C. H. (2015). Relationship between protean career orientation and work-life balance: A resource perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(4), 538-560.
  • Eby, L. T., Butts, M., & Lockwood, A. (2003). Predictors of success in the era of the boundaryless career. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 689-708.
  • Engel, K. S., & Moosbrugger, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
  • Forstenlechner, I., Selim, H., Baruch, Y., & Madi, M. (2014). Career exploration and perceived employability within an emerging economy context. Human Resource Management, 53(1), 45-66.
  • Fugate, M., Kinicki, A. J., & Ashforth, B. E. (2004). Employability: A psycho-social construct, its dimensions, and applications. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65, 14-38.
  • Graen, G. B., & Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a Multi-Level Multi-Domain Perspective. Leadership Quarterly, 6(2), 219-247.
  • Guilbert, L., & Gouvernet, B. (2016). Emplotability: Review and research prospects. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 16(1), 69-89.
  • Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., & Anderson, R. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th edition ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice Hall.
  • Hall, K. K., Baker, T. L., Andrews, M. C., Hunt, T. G., & Rapp, A. A. (2016). The importance of product/service quality for frontline marketing employee outcomes: The moderating effect of leader-member exchange (LMX). Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 24(1), 23-41.
  • Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validiry in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Acad. Mark. Sci., 43, 115-135.
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
  • Ingusci, E., Manuti, A., & Callea, A. (2016). Employability as mediator in the relationship between the meaning of working and job search behaviours during unemployment. Electronic Journal of Applied Statistical Analysis, 9(1), 1-16.
  • Joo, B.-K., & Ready, K. J. (2012). Career satisfaction: The influences of proactive personality, performance goal orientation, organizational learning culture, and leader-member exchange quality. Career Development International, 17(3), 276-295.
  • Jung, Y., & Takeuchi, N. (2016). Gender differences in career planning and success. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(2), 603-623.
  • Liden, R. C., & Graen, G. (1980). Generalizability of the vertical dyad linkage model of leadership. The Academy of Management Journal, 23(3), 451-465.
  • Liden, R. C., & Masyln, J. M. (1998). Multidimensionality of leader-member exchange: An empirical assessment through scale development. Journal of Management, 24(1), 43-72.
  • Luthans, F. (2011). Organizational behavior: An evidence-based approach (12th edition ed.). New York: Mc-Graw Hill Irwin.
  • Martin, R., Guillaume, Y., Thomas, G., Lee, A., & Epıtropaki, O. (2016). Leader member exchange (LMX) and performance: A meta analytic review. Personnel Psychology, 69, 67- 121.
  • Martini, M., & Cavenago, D. (2017). The role of perceived workplace development opportunities in enhancing individual employability. International Journal of Training and Development, 21(1), 18-34.
  • Mat Roni, S. (2014). Introduction to SPSS, Edith Cowan University. Australia: Soar Centre.
  • McArdle, S., Waters, L., Briscoe, J. P., & Hall, D. T. (2007). Employability during unemployment: Adaptability, career identity, and human and social capital. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 71, 247-264.
  • Ngoma, M., & Ntale, P. D. (2016). Psychological capital, career identity and graduate employability in Uganda: The mediating role of social capital. International Journal of Training and Development, 20(2), 124-139.
  • Nickels, W. G., McHugh, J. M., & McHugh, S. M. (2016). Understanding Business (11th edition ed.). Singapore: McGraw Hill .
  • Northouse, P. G. (2013). Leadership: Theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.
  • Park, S. G., Kang, H. J., Lee, H. R., & Kim, S. J. (2017). The effects of LMX on gender discirmination and subjective career success. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 55, 127-148.
  • Peng, J.-C., & Lin, J. (2016). Linking supervisor feedback environment to contextual performances: The mediating effect of leader-member exchange. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 37(6), 802-820.
  • Schermuly, C. C., & Meyer, B. (2016). Good relationships at work: The effects of Leader– Member Exchange and Team–Member Exchange on psychological empowerment, emotional exhaustion, and depression. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37, 673-691.
  • Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., Stage, F. K., Barlow, E. A., & King , J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of Education Research , 99(6), 323-338.
  • Stoffers, J. M., Vander Heijden, B. I., & Notelaers, G. L. (2014). Towards a moderated mediation model of innovative work behaviour enhancement. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 27(4), 642-659.
  • Tempest, S., & Coupland, C. (2017). Lost in time and space: temporal and spatial challenges facing older workers in a global economy from a career capital perspective. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(15), 2159-2183.
  • Truckenbrodt, Y. B. (2000). The relationship between leader-member exchange and commitment and organizational citizenship behavior. Acquisition Review Quarterly, Summer, 233-244.
  • Van Der Heijde, C. M., & Van Der Heijden, B. I. (2006). A competence-based and multidimensional operalization and measurement of employability. Human Resource Management, 45(3), pp. 449-476.
  • Van der Heijden, B. I., de Lange, A. H., Demerouti, E., & Van der Heijde, C. M. (2009). Age effects on the employability-career success relationship. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74, 156-164.
  • Wang, C.-J. (2016). Does leader-member exchange enhance performance in the hospitality industry? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28(5), 969-987.
  • Yang, F., & Chau, R. (2016). Proactive personality and career success. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(2), 467-482.
  • Yukl, G. (2010). Leadership in organizations (7th Edition ed.). New York: Pearson Education.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Didem Yıldız This is me

F. Tunç Bozbura This is me

Publication Date November 1, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 4 Issue: 11

Cite

APA Yıldız, D., & Bozbura, F. T. (2017). HOW RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEADERS AND THEIR FOLLOWERS AFFECT EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS?. Avrasya Sosyal Ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(11), 267-284.