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TÜRKİYE’DE KADIN İSTİHDAMININ BAZI BELİRLEYİCİLERİ: FMOLS YÖNTEMİ İLE BİR ANALİZ

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 4, 1131 - 1144, 18.10.2023

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Türkiye için belirlenen bazı sosyoekonomik değişkenlerin kadın istihdamının farklı boyutlarını ne ölçüde etkilediğinin tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu bağlamda bu etkinin tespiti için Fully Modified Least Square (FMOLS) Method kullanılmıştır. Üst düzey eğitimin göstergesi olarak yükseköğretim mezunu kadın oranı, cinsiyete dayalı ayrımcılığın göstergesi olarak cinsiyete göre ücret farkı, çocuk bakım maliyetinin göstergesi olarak okul öncesi ve ilkokul eğitim fiyat endeksi ve kırdan kente göçün bir göstergesi olarak kent/kır kadın nüfus oranı değişkenleri ele alınmıştır. Çocuk bakım maliyetindeki artış, 15-24 yaş kadın istihdamı ve 25+ yaş kadın istihdamını azaltmaktadır. Fakat çocuk bakım maliyetindeki artış, 15-24 yaş kadın istihdamının azalışında üç kattan daha büyük bir etkiye sahiptir. İşgücü piyasasındaki cinsiyet ayrımcılığındaki artış, 15-24 yaş kadın istihdamı ile 25+ yaş kadın istihdamının her ikisini de hemen hemen aynı düzeyde arttırmaktadır. Kırdan kente göçteki artış, 15-24 yaş arası kadın istihdamını arttırırken, 25+ yaş kadın istihdamını azaltmaktadır. Kadın yüksek eğitim seviyesindeki artış 15-24 yaş kadın istihdamı ve 25+ yaş kadın istihdamını arttırmaktadır.

References

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  • Bello-Bravo, J. (2015). Rural-urban migration: A path for empowering women through entrepreneurial activities in West Africa. J Glob Entrepr Res 5,9(2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40497-015-0027-6.
  • Bogdanova, S. (2020). Modern trends in women’s employment. Journal of Social Science, 1,33-39.
  • Brewer, M., S. Cattan, C. Crawford and B. Rabe (2016). Does free childcare help parents work? IFS Briefing Note BN189.
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  • ILO (2017). The gender gap in employment: What’s holding women back? InfoStories. 16.09.2023 tarihinde https://www.ilo.org/infostories/en-GB/Stories/Employment/barriers-women#intro web sitesinden ulaşıldı.
  • ILO (2023). Measuring the Gender Wage Gap. 16.9.2023 tarihinde https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---europe/---ro-geneva/---ilo- ankara/documents/publication/wcms_756660.pdf web sitesinden ulaşıldı.
  • Kılıç D., Öztürk S. (2014). Türkiye’de kadınların işgücüne katılımı önündeki engeller ve çözüm yolları: bir ampirik uygulama. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 47(1), 107-130.
  • Millar, M., L. Coen, C. Bradley, H. Rau (2012). Doing the Job as a parent: parenting alone, work, and family policy in Ireland. Journal of Family Issues, 33(1), 29-51.
  • Mitra, A. (2019). Rural-to-urban migration and the urban labour market ın: cities of dragons and elephants: urbanization and urban development in China and India. Edited by: Guanghua Wan and Ming Lu, Oxford University Press DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198829225.003.0007
  • Monfared, M. (2012). Cultural and social barriers to iranian women’s employment. GSTF Internationaal Journal of Law and Social Science, 1(1),67-72.
  • Nezhad, L. H. (2020). Female employment and childcare. Discussion Paper Series, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), DP No.13839.
  • OECD (2023). Gender equality and work. 17.09.2023 tarihinde https://www.oecd.org/stories/gender/gender-equality-and-work web sitesinden ulaşıldı.
  • Penner ve diğerleri (2022) Within-job gender pay inequality in 15 countries. Nature Human Behaviour, 7,184-189.
  • Phillips, P., Hansen, B. (1990). Statistical Inference İn Instrumental Variables Regression With I(1) Processes. Review of Economic Studies, 57, 99-125. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/22975
  • Pickbourn, L. (2018). Rethinking rural–urban migration and women’s empowerment in the era of the SDGs: lessons from Ghana. Sustainability, 10(4), 1075. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10041075.
  • Rashid, M. M. (2013). Rural-urban female migration in Bangladesh: Need for information support and institutional responses. Global Journal of Human Social Science. 13(5), 1-10.
  • Russell, H., Mcginnity, F., Fahey, E. ve Kenny, O. (2018). Maternal employment and the cost of childcare in Ireland. The Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI), No.73, DOI https://doi.org/10.26504/RS73
  • Sangar, S. (2014). Women’s declining employment with access to higher education: issues and challenges. Higher Education for the Future, 1(2), 155-171. https://doi.org/10.1177/2347631114539887
  • Savic, M., Zubovic, J., Drakulic, D. (2014). Dynamics of female participation in higher education and employment-the absorption index. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2432853 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2432853.
  • Shapiro, D. (1997). Women's education, employment, and fertility in Kinshasa, Congo, 1955-1990: a descriptive overview. Working Paper 10-97-1.
  • Viitanen, T. (2005). Cost of childcare and female employment in the UK. LABOUR, CEIS, 19(1), 149-170. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9914.2005.00325.x.
  • World Bank 2018. The Economic Times Women’s Forum, Mumbai, India. https://www.oecd.org/stories/gender/gender-equality-and-workorldbank.org 16.09.2023 tarihinde erişildi.
  • Yousefy, A., Baratali, M. (2011). Women, employment and higher education schoolings. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15,3861-3869.
Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 4, 1131 - 1144, 18.10.2023

Abstract

References

  • Akgündüz, Y. E., Plantenga, J. (2016). Childcare prices and maternal employment: A meta-analysis. Working Paper No. 16/26, Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey.
  • Aktaş, A., Uysal, G. (2016). The gender wage gap in Turkey. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 38 (2), 1-19. Doi: 10.14780/muiibd.280227.
  • Alaluusua, S. (2017). Rural to urban migration and youhng female domestic workers in the 21st century Lima, Peru. Conference Paper, London, March 28-29.
  • Aragao, C. (2023). Gender pay gap in U.S. hasn’t changed much in two decades. Pew Researc Center, 16.09.2023 tarihinde https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/03/01/gender-pay-gap-facts/ web sitesinden ulaşıldı.
  • Bello-Bravo, J. (2015). Rural-urban migration: A path for empowering women through entrepreneurial activities in West Africa. J Glob Entrepr Res 5,9(2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40497-015-0027-6.
  • Bogdanova, S. (2020). Modern trends in women’s employment. Journal of Social Science, 1,33-39.
  • Brewer, M., S. Cattan, C. Crawford and B. Rabe (2016). Does free childcare help parents work? IFS Briefing Note BN189.
  • Dickey, D. ve Fuller, W. (1979), Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time serieswith a unit root. Journal of The American Statistical Association, 74, 427-431.
  • England, P., Gornick, J., Shafer, E. F. (2012). Women’s employment, education and the gender gap in 17 countries. Monthly Labor Review, April.
  • Eryar, D., Tekgüç, H., Toktaş, Ş. (2019). Does migration contribute to women’s empowerment? portrait of urban Turkey and Istanbul. Turkish Studies, 20(2),200-221, DOI: 10.1080/14683849.2018.1495566
  • European Commission (2023). The gender pay gap situation in the EU. 16.09.2023 tarihinde https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/gender-equality/equal-pay/gender-pay-gap-situation-eu_ensitesinden web sitesinden ulaşıldı.
  • Granger, C.W. J., Newbold, P. (1974). Spurious Regressions in Econometrics. Journal of Econometrics 2, 111-120.
  • Han, S. R., Chowdhury, B. M. ve Bhuiya, A. B. (1996). Women's education and employment: Matlab experience. Asia Pacific Population Journal, 11(1),45-58.
  • Han,W., Waldfogel, J. (2001). Child cre costs and women’s employment: a comparison of single and married mothers with pre-school-aged children. Social Science Quartely,82(3),552-568.
  • ILO (2017). The gender gap in employment: What’s holding women back? InfoStories. 16.09.2023 tarihinde https://www.ilo.org/infostories/en-GB/Stories/Employment/barriers-women#intro web sitesinden ulaşıldı.
  • ILO (2023). Measuring the Gender Wage Gap. 16.9.2023 tarihinde https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---europe/---ro-geneva/---ilo- ankara/documents/publication/wcms_756660.pdf web sitesinden ulaşıldı.
  • Kılıç D., Öztürk S. (2014). Türkiye’de kadınların işgücüne katılımı önündeki engeller ve çözüm yolları: bir ampirik uygulama. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 47(1), 107-130.
  • Millar, M., L. Coen, C. Bradley, H. Rau (2012). Doing the Job as a parent: parenting alone, work, and family policy in Ireland. Journal of Family Issues, 33(1), 29-51.
  • Mitra, A. (2019). Rural-to-urban migration and the urban labour market ın: cities of dragons and elephants: urbanization and urban development in China and India. Edited by: Guanghua Wan and Ming Lu, Oxford University Press DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198829225.003.0007
  • Monfared, M. (2012). Cultural and social barriers to iranian women’s employment. GSTF Internationaal Journal of Law and Social Science, 1(1),67-72.
  • Nezhad, L. H. (2020). Female employment and childcare. Discussion Paper Series, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), DP No.13839.
  • OECD (2023). Gender equality and work. 17.09.2023 tarihinde https://www.oecd.org/stories/gender/gender-equality-and-work web sitesinden ulaşıldı.
  • Penner ve diğerleri (2022) Within-job gender pay inequality in 15 countries. Nature Human Behaviour, 7,184-189.
  • Phillips, P., Hansen, B. (1990). Statistical Inference İn Instrumental Variables Regression With I(1) Processes. Review of Economic Studies, 57, 99-125. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/22975
  • Pickbourn, L. (2018). Rethinking rural–urban migration and women’s empowerment in the era of the SDGs: lessons from Ghana. Sustainability, 10(4), 1075. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10041075.
  • Rashid, M. M. (2013). Rural-urban female migration in Bangladesh: Need for information support and institutional responses. Global Journal of Human Social Science. 13(5), 1-10.
  • Russell, H., Mcginnity, F., Fahey, E. ve Kenny, O. (2018). Maternal employment and the cost of childcare in Ireland. The Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI), No.73, DOI https://doi.org/10.26504/RS73
  • Sangar, S. (2014). Women’s declining employment with access to higher education: issues and challenges. Higher Education for the Future, 1(2), 155-171. https://doi.org/10.1177/2347631114539887
  • Savic, M., Zubovic, J., Drakulic, D. (2014). Dynamics of female participation in higher education and employment-the absorption index. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2432853 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2432853.
  • Shapiro, D. (1997). Women's education, employment, and fertility in Kinshasa, Congo, 1955-1990: a descriptive overview. Working Paper 10-97-1.
  • Viitanen, T. (2005). Cost of childcare and female employment in the UK. LABOUR, CEIS, 19(1), 149-170. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9914.2005.00325.x.
  • World Bank 2018. The Economic Times Women’s Forum, Mumbai, India. https://www.oecd.org/stories/gender/gender-equality-and-workorldbank.org 16.09.2023 tarihinde erişildi.
  • Yousefy, A., Baratali, M. (2011). Women, employment and higher education schoolings. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15,3861-3869.
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Applied Economics (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Demet Özocaklı 0000-0003-3766-7012

Bahman Khanalizadeh 0000-0002-6291-978X

Publication Date October 18, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 10 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Özocaklı, D., & Khanalizadeh, B. (2023). TÜRKİYE’DE KADIN İSTİHDAMININ BAZI BELİRLEYİCİLERİ: FMOLS YÖNTEMİ İLE BİR ANALİZ. Avrasya Sosyal Ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(4), 1131-1144.