Abstract

In the last four decades, countries under the influence of neo-liberalism have undergone serious changes in meeting the need for financing public goods and services. The publicprivate partnership (P3) method has created an opportunity for short-term investments in various scales for countries that are exploring different alternative financing methods for large-scale investments that can not be met with public budgets. P3, used in many sectors such as transportation, energy, education, health, defense and various infrastructural investments, has been an alternative method of financing, first using the countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States. The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of the country experiences that provide public service financing, usually using the P3 method; in particular, to provide a general assessment of health sector practices in Turkey

Keywords

• public private partnership, p3, health services, countries, health, turkey

Küresel Kamu Özel Ortaklığı Uygulamaları ve Türkiye Sağlık Sektörü Açısından Bir Değerlendirme

Abstract

Son kırk yılda neo-liberalizmin etkisi altında kalan ülkelerin kamu mal ve hizmet sunumunda finansman ihtiyacını karşılamada ciddi değişimler yaşanmıştır. Kamu bütçeleri ile karşılanması mümkün olmayan büyük ölçekli yatırımlar için farklı alternatif finansman yöntemlerini araştıran ülkeler için, kamu-özel sektör ortaklığı (KÖO) yöntemi, çeşitli ölçeklerde yatırımları kısa sürede gerçekleştirebilme fırsatı yaratmıştır. Ulaşım, enerji, eğitim, sağlık, savunma ve çeşitli altyapı yatırımları gibi birçok sektörde kullanılan KÖO, ilk olarak İngiltere ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri gibi ülkelerce kullanılan alternatif bir finansman yöntemi olmuştur. Bu yazının amacı, genelde KÖO yöntemini kullanarak kamu hizmet finansmanını sağlayan ülke deneyimlerine bir bakış; özelde ise, Türkiye sağlık sektör uygulamalarına ilişkin genel bir değerlendirme sunmaktır

Keywords

• Kamu özel ortaklığı, Köo, Sağlık hizmetleri, Ülkeler, Sağlık, Türkiye

References

1. ALLARD, G. VE TRABANT, A. (2007). Public-private partnerships in Spain: lessons and opportunities. IE Business School Working Paper, WP10-07.
2. BARLOW, J. (Eylül 2007). Redefining healthcare infrastructure: integrating services and the built environment. Revaluing Construction 2007-Crossing Boundaries, Health and Care Infrastructure
3. Research and Innovation Centre-HaCIRIC, Copenhagen. BARLOW, J. VE KÖBERLE-GAISER, M. (2008) The private finance initiative, project form and design innovation the UK’s hospitals programme. Research Policy, 37, 1392-1402.
4. BESLEY, T. VE GHATAK, M. (1999). Public-private partnerships for the provision of public goods: theory and an application to NGOs. The Development Economics Discussion Paper Series,
5. BETTIGNIES, J-E. VE ROSS, T. W. (2004). The economics of public-private partnerships.
6. Canadian Public Policy, 30, 2. BHAT, R. (1999). Public- private partnerships in health sector: issues and prospects. IIMA
7. Working Papers, Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, Research and Publication Department, Erişim:12.5.2008, http://econpapers.repec.org
8. BROADBENT, J. VE LAUGHLIN, R. (Şubat 2005). The role of PFI in the UK governments modernisation agenda. Financial Accountability and Management, 21, 1.

9. BROADBENT, J. VE RICHARD, L. (2003). Public private partnerships: an introduction.
10. Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, 16, 3, 332-341. BROWN, C. (2005). Policy forum: financing public infrastructure financing transport infrastructure: for whom the road tolls. The Australian Economic Review, 38, 4, 431-439.
11. BULT-SPIERING, M. VE DEWULF, G. (2006). Strategic Issues in Public-Private Partnerships in International Perspective. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK.
12. Canadian Union of Public Employees (CUPE). (8 Mart 2006). Britain having second thoughts about PFI hospitals. Erişim: 5.Aralık.2008, http://cupe.ca
13. CHONG, E., HUET, F., SAUSSIER, S. VE STEINER F. (2006). Public-private partnerships and prices: evidence from water distribution in France. Review of Industrial Organization, 29, 149
14. ÇIÇEK, A.K. (2002). Finansman Modeli Olarak Yap-İşlet-Devret Modeli ve Atatürk Hava Limanı
15. Yeni Dış Hatlar Terminal Binası ve Katlı Otoparkı Projesinde Uygulanması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İşletme Anabilim Dalı, Eskişehir. DAVIS, K. (2005). Policy forum: finansing public infrastructure PPPs and infrastructure investment. The Australian Economic Review, 38, 4, 439-44.
16. DUTZ, M. (2003). PPP Systems for good governance of public service provision: A menu of support options for contract design, bidding and monitoring. Draft Discussion Document, The World http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/86466/ses2.1_pppsystemsgoodgov.pdf Bank Group. Erişim:12.5.2010,
17. EKER, A.Y. (2007). Kamu Özel Sektör Ortaklıkları. Bütçe Dünyası, 2, 25.
18. ELLIS, O. (2008a). Difference between quantitative and qualitative VfM criteria. Partnerships
19. UK.Erişim:21.02.2009, www.partnershipsuk.org.uk
20. ELLIS, O. (2008b). VfM in PPP projects: introduction to the concept. Partnerships UK.
21. Erişim:21.02.2009, www.partnershipsuk.org.uk
22. ENGLISH, L.M. (2007). Performance audit of Australian public private partnerships: legitimising government policies or providing independent oversight? Financial Accountability and Management, 23,3, 0267-4424, 313-336
23. EREN. F. (2006). Kentsel Dönüşümlerde Kamu-Özel Ortaklıkları ve Özel Girişimin
24. Dönüşümdeki Varlığı: Konya Örneği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Anabilim Dalı, Konya. FLINDERS, M. (2005). The politics of public-private partnerships. BJPIR, 7, 215-239.
25. Gider, Ö. ve Top, M. (2007). Kamu Hastane Sektöründe Liberalleşme ve Türkiye’de Yansımaları. Erişim: turkiyede-yansimalari/ http://www.ekonomist.net/ kamu-hastane-sektorunde-liberallesme-ve
26. GOLDMAN, H. VE MOKUVOS, S. (1991). Dividing the Pie Between public and Private. R.L.
27. Kemp (Ed.). Privatization: The Provision of Public Services by the Private Sector. McFarland and Company, Inc., Publishers, USA. GÜLEN F. (t.y.). Özelleştirme, Yap-İşlet-Devret, Kamu Özel Sektör İşbirliği. İnceleme, Yerel Yönetimler Araştırma Yardım ve Eğitim Derneği (YAYED). Erişim: 25.6.2009, http://www.yayed.org.tr/genel/bizden_detay.php?kod=719&tipi...
28. GÜMÜŞTEKİN, A. (1992). Build-Operate-Transfer Model For Investment Projects: A
29. Comparison with Social Benefit-Cost Analysis. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ortadoğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Endüstri Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, Ankara. HALL, P. A. (1998). Governing The Economy: The Politics of State Intervention in Britain and France. Oxford University Press, New York.
30. HEMMING, R. (2006). Public-Private Partnerships, Government Guarantees, and Fiscal Risk.
31. International Monetary Fund, Washington D.C. HODGE, G. (2007). Public-private partnerships: The Australiasian experience with physical infrastructureç. G. Hodge ve C. Greve (Ed.). The challenge of public-private partnerships: learning from international experience. Edward Elgar Publishing.
32. HOLDEN, C. (2009). Exporting public-private partnerships in healthcare: export strategy and policy transfer. Policy Studies, 30, 3, 313-332.
33. International Financial Services London (IFSL). (2003). Kamu-Özel Sektör Ortaklıkları:
34. Uluslararası Pazarlar için İngiltere Uzmanlığı. Trade Partners UK, KPMG, Norton Rose, PriceWaterhouseCoopers, Partnerships UK. KLIJN, E.H. VE TEISMAN, G.R. (2003). Institutional and strategic barriers to public-private partnership: an analysis of dutch cases. Public Money and Management.
35. KORRES, L. (2008). Novelty and opportunities in the Grek PPP market. Special Secretary for
36. Public Private Partnerships Ministry of Economy and Finance, Greece. LINDER, S.H. (1999). Coming to terms with the public-private partnership, a grammar of multiple meanings. American Behavioral Scientist, 43, 35–51.
37. LIVESEY, P. (2008). PPP and PFI. HM Treasury.
38. MCKEE, M., EDWARDS, N. VE ATUN, R. (2006). Public-private partnerships for hospitals.
39. Bulletin of The World Health Organization, 84, 890-896. MENENDEZ, L.S. (Aralık 2002). Public-Private Partnerships and Innovation Policy: The Spanish
40. Experience [Bildiri]. Joint Mexico-OECD Conference on International Public/Private Partnerships for Innovation, Puerto Vallarta, Mexico. MONTEIRO, R.S. (2005). Public private partnerships: some lessons from Portugal. EIB Papers, , 2, 72, European Investment Bank, Luxemburg.
41. MORLEDGE, R., SMITH, A. VE KASHIWAGI, D.T. (2006). Building Procurement, Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK.
42. MOULTON, L. VE ANHEIER, H. K. (2001). Public-private partnerships in the United States: historical patterns and current trends. Civil Society Working Paper, 16, 14.
43. National Treasury PPP Unit. (2007). Introducing Public Private Partnerships in South Africa,
44. National Treasury PPP Unit. NIKOLIC, I. A. VE MAIKISCH, H. (2006). Public-Private Partnerships and Collaboration in the Health Sector: An Overview with Case Studies from Recent European Experience. HNP Discussion http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/240103/PUBLIC~2.PDF Paper, Erişim:14.4.2010,
45. RENDA, A. VE SCHREFLER, L. (2006). Public Private Partnerships National Experiences In
46. The European Union. European Parliament DG International Policies of The Union, Directorate A, Economic and Scientific Policy, Briefing note No. IP/A/IMCO/SC/2005-160.
47. RISSBACHER, C., GÜNTERT, J.B. VE MAIKISCY, H. ( t.y.). Public Private Partnership in The Austrian Healthcare System. UMIT. Sağlık Hizmetlerinin, Kiralama Karşılığı Yaptırılması İle Tesislerdeki Tıbbi Hizmet Alanları Dışındaki Hizmet ve Alanların İşletilmesi Karşılığında Yenilenmesine Dair Yönetmelik, 2006
48. SCHMIDT, R.H. VE MOISA N. (2003). Public private partnerships (PPP) in financial development paris10.fr/pdf/sem_economix/2006-03-16_schmidtmoise South-East Europe. Erişim:7.05.2007, http://economix.u
49. SCHNEIDER, A.L. (1999). Public-pirvate partnerships in the U.S. prison system. American
50. Behavioral Scientist, 43,1, 192-208. SHAOUL, J., STAFFORD, A. VE STAPLETON, P. (2008). The cost of using private finance to build, finance and operate hospitals. Public Money ve Management, April, 101-108.
51. South African Public Private Partnerships. (t.y.). Erişim:5.12.2008, http://www.ppp.gov.za
52. SPACKMAN, M. (2002). Public-private partnerships: lessons from the British approach. Economic Systems, 26, 283-301.
53. STEPHENSON, M.O. (1991). Whither the public-private partnership: a critical Overview. Urban Affairs Quarterly, 1,27, 109-136.
54. STONE, D. (2004). Transfer agents and global networks in the “transnationalization” of policy.
55. Journal of European Public Policy, 11, 3, 545-566. ŞEKER, S. (1994). Serbest Bölgelerde Yap İşlet Devret Modeli Uygulaması ve İmtiyazlı Şirketler. Yaklaşım, 4.
56. TATAR, F. (1993), Privatization and Turkish Health Policy. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi,
57. University of Nottingham, Nottingham. TEKİN, A.G. (2004a). Özelleştirmede Yeni Yaklaşım: Özel Sektör Kamu İşbirlikleri (Public Private Partnerships veya PPP Modelleri). Ekonomistler Bülteni, Mayıs.
58. TEKİN, A.G. (2004b). Özelleştirmede İkinci Dalga: Kamu-Özel Sektör İşbirlikleri (PPP Modeli).
59. Ekonomistler Bülteni, Haziran. TEKİN, A.G. (2007). Kamu-Özel Sektör İşbirlikleri- Kamu-Özel Ortaklıkları/Public Private
60. Partnerships veya PPP Modelleri. İdarecinin Sesi Dergisi, 21, 122. TEKİN, P.Ş. VE ÇELİK, Y. (Nisan 2010). Analysing public-private partnership policy as a financing method in Turkey health sector with political mapping. [Bildiri], 7th Biennial
61. Conference in Organisational Behaviour in Health Care, Mind the Gap: Policy and Practice in the Reform of Health Care, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. TENGİLİMOĞLU, D., ÇELİK, Ö.F. VE TEKİN, P.Ş. (2010). Kamu Özel Ortaklığı. M. Bulun
62. (Ed.). Sağlık Hizmetlerinde Güncel Kavramlar. Sage Yayınları, 21, Ankara. TORRES, L. VE PINA, V. (2001). Pubic-private partnership and private finance initiatives in the EU and spanish local governments. The European Accounting Review, 10, 3, 601-619.
63. UN. (1993). Public/Private Partnerships in Enabling Shelter Strategies. United Nations Centre for
64. Human Settlements (Habitat), Nairobi. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development-UNRISD, (2006). Public Sector
65. Reform In Developing Countries: Capacity Challenges To Improve Services. Y. Bangura ve G.A. Larbi (Ed.)., Palgrave Mac Millian, Newyork. YAVAŞ, A. M. (2003). Yap İşlet Devret Modeli Çerçevesinde Kamu Hizmeti İmtiyaz
66. Sözleşmeleri ve Tahkim. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kamu Hukuku Anabilim Dalı, Kocaeli. YESCOMBE, E.R. (2007). Public-Private Partnerships: Principles of Policy and Finance, Elsevier, UK.
67. YÜZER, M. (2007). Enerji Sektöründe Yap İşlet Devret Modelinin Diğer Finans Modelleri ile Karşılaştırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İşletme ABD,
68. Muhasebe-Finansman BD, Ankara.