Year 2012,
Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 25 - 31, 01.05.2012
Bahar Anaforoğlu
Fatih Erbahçeci
References
- Kooijman CM, Dijkstra PU, Geertzen JH. Phantom pain and ohantom sensations in upper limb amputees: an epidemiological study, Pain. 2000; 87: 33-41.
- Sherman RA. Stump and phantom limb pain, Neurologic Clinics. 1989; 7: 249–264.
- Mitchell SW. Injuries of nerves and their consequences. Philadelphia: Lippincott. 1872.
- Keil G. So-called initial description of phantom pain by Ambroise Pare. “Chose digne d'admiration et quasi incredible”: the “douleur es parties mortes et amputees”, Fortschritte der Medizin. 1990; 108: 62– 66.
- Hill A. Phantom limb pain: review of the literature on attributes and potential mechanisms, Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 1999; 2: 125-142.
- Ziegler-Graham K, MacKenzie EJ, Ephraim PL. Estimating the prevalence of limb loss in the United States: 2005 to 2050, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2008; 89: 422-429.
- Melillo E, Nuti M, Bongiorni L. Tassi di amputazione maggiore e minore ed ischemia critica delgi arti inferiori: dati apidemiologici dalla Toscana occidentale, Italian Heart Journal. 2004; 5: 794-805.
- Sherman RA, Sherman CJ, Parker L. Chronic phantom and stump pain among American veterans: results of a survey, Pain. 1984; 18: 83–95.
- Nikolajsen L, Jensen TS. Phantom limb pain, British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2001; 87: 107-116.
- Ketz AK. The experience of phantom limb pain in patients with combat-related traumatic amputations, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2008; 89: 1127-1132.
- Sherman RA, Sherman CJ, Gall NG. A survey of current phantom limb pain treatment in the United States, Pain. 1980; 8: 85–99.
- Parkes CM. Factors determining the persistence of phantom painin the amputee, Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1973; 17: 97-108.
- Erbahçeci F, Şener G, Yiğiter K. Amputelerde fantom hissi ve ağrısının değerlendirilmesi, Fizyoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon. 1995; 8(1): 73-83.
- Alsancak S, Altınkaynak H. Fantom hissi, fantom ağrısı ve ağrılı güdük, Ankara Üniversitesi Dikimevi Sağlık Hizmatleri Meslek Yüksekokulu Yıllığı. 2003; 4(1): 21-24.
- Brodsky JW. Amputations of the foot and ankle. In: RA Mann. Ed. Surgery of the foot and ankle. St Louis: Mosby Company. 1993; 959-990
- Montoya P, Larbig W, Grulke N. The relationship of phantom pain to other phantom limb phenomena in upper extremity amputees, Pain. 1997; 72: 87–93.
- Traballesi M, Parcacchia P, Averna T. Prognostic factors in prosthetic rehabilitation of bilateral dysvascular above-knee amputee: is teh stump conditionan influencing factor?, Europa Medicophysica. 2007; 43: 1-6.
- Sherman RA. Phantom pain. New York, NY: Plenum Pres. 1997.
- Jensen TS, Krebs B, Nielsen J. Immediate and long-term phantom limb pain in amputees: incidence, clinical characteristics and relationship to pre-amputation pain, Pain. 1985; 21: 267–278.
- Krane EJ, Heler LB. The prevalence of phantom sensation and pain in pediatric amputees, Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 1995; 10: 21-29.
- Wilkins KL, McGrath PJ, Finley GA. Phantom limb sensations and phantom limb pain in child and adolescent amputees, Pain. 1998; 78: 7–12.
- Melzack RA, Israel R, Lacroix R. Phantom limbs in people with congenital limb deficiency or amputation in early childhood, Brain. 1997; 120: 1603–1620.
- Flor H, Elbert T, Mühlnickel W. Cortical reorganization and phantom phenomena in congenital and traumatic upper-extremity amputees, Experimental Brain Research. 1998; 119: 205–212.
- Katz J, Melzack R. Pain ‘memories’ in phantom limbs: review and clinical observations, Pain. 1990; 43: 319–336.
- Ehde DM, Czerniecki JM, Smith DG. Chronic phantom sensations, phantom pain, residual limb pain, and other regional pain after lower limb amputation, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2000; 81: 1039-1044.
- Haber WB. Effects of loss of limb on sensory funtions, The Journal of Psychology. 1995; 40: 115-123.
- Cronholm B. Phantom limbs in amputees: a study of changes in the integration of centripetal impulses with special reference to referred sensations, Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica Scandinavica, Supplementum. 1951; 72: 1–310.
- Katz J. Psychophysiological contributions to phantom limbs, Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 1992; 37: 282–298.
- Grüsser SM, Winter C, Mühlnickel W. The relationship of perceptual phenomena and cortical reorganization in upper extremity amputees, Neuroscience. 2001; 102: 263–272.
- Sherman RA, Sherman CJ, Bruno GM. Psychological factors influencing chronic phantom limb pain: an analysis of the literature, Pain. 1987; 28: 285–295.
- Doubell TP, Mannion RJ, Woolf CJ. The dorsal horn: State dependant sensory processing, plasticity and the generation of pain. In: Wall PD, Melzack R. eds. Textbook of pain. 4th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. 1999: 165-181
- Sandkühler J. Learning and memory in pain pathways, Pain. 2000; 88: 113–18.
- Woolf CJ, Shortland P, Coggeshall RE. Peripheral nerve injury triggers central sprouting of myelinated afferents, Nature. 1992; 355: 75–78.
- Woolf CJ, Mannion RJ. Neuropathic pain: aetiology, symptoms, and treatment, Lancet. 1999; 353: 1959– 1964.
- Cook AJ, Woolf CJ, Wall PD. Dynamic receptive field plasticity in rat spinal cord following C-primary afferent input, Nature. 1987; 325: 151–153.
- Florence SL, Kaas JH. Large scale reorganization at multiple levels of the somatosensory pathway following therapeutic amputation of the hand in monkey, The Journal Neuroscience. 1995; 15: 8083- 8095.
- Melzack RA. Phantom limbs and the concept of a neuromatrix, Trends in Neurosciences. 1990; 13: 88– 92.
- Pons TP, Garrahty PE, Ommaya AK. Massive cortical reorganisation after sensory deafferention in adult macaques, Science. 1991; 252: 1857–50.
- Ramachandran VS, Rogers-Ramachandran DC, Stewart M. Perceptual correlates of massive cortical reorganization, Science. 1992; 258: 1159–1160.
- Flor H, Elbert T, Knecht S. Phantom limb pain as a perceptual correlate of cortical reorganization following arm amputation, Nature. 1995; 357: 482–84.
- Birbaumer N, Lutzenberger W, Montoya P. Effects of regional anesthesia on phantom limb pain are mirrored in changes in cortical reorganization, Journal of Neurosciences. 1997; 17: 5503–5508.
- Jones EG, Pons TP. Thalamic and brainstem contributions to large-scale plasticity of primate somatosensory cortex, Science. 1998; 282: 1121–1125.
- Wu CWH, Kaas JH. Reorganization in primary motor cortex of primates with long-standing therapeutic amputations, Journal of Neurosciences. 1999; 19: 7679–7697.
- Lotze M, Flor H, Grodd W. Phantom movements and pain: an fMRI study in upper limb amputees, Brain. 2001; 124: 2268–2277.
- Devor M, Govrin-Lippman R, Angelides K. Na+ channels immunolocalization in peripheral mammalian axons and changes following nevre injury and neuroma formation, Journal of Neurosciences. 1993; 13: 1976–1992.
- Spitzer M, Bohler P, Weisbrod M. A neural network model of phantom limbs, Biological Cybernetics. 1995; 72: 197–206.
- Inbal R, Devor M, Tuchendler O. Autotomy following nevre injury: genetic factors in the development of chronic pain, Pain. 1980; 3: 327–37.
- Schott GD. Pain and its absence in an unfortunate family of amputees, Pain. 1986; 25: 229–31.
- Torebjörk E, Wahren L, Wallin G. Noradrenaline-evoked pain in neuralgia, Pain. 1995; 63: 11–20.
- Sherman RA, Bruno GM. Concurrent variation of burning phantom limb and stump pain with near surface blood flow in the stump, Orthopedics. 1987; 10: 1395–1402.
- Arena JG, Sherman RA, Bruno GM. The relationship between situational stress and phantom limb pain: cross-lagged correlational data from sixmonth pain logs, Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine. 1990; 34: 71–77.
- Hill A, Niven CA, Knussen C. The role of coping in adjustment to phantom limb pain, Pain. 1995; 62: 79–86.
- Gallagher, P., Allen, D. ve MacLachlan, M. (2001) Phantom limb pain and residual limb pain following lower limb amputation: a descriptive analysis. Disability and Rehabilitation, 23, 522-530.
Amputelerde fantom ağrısı
Year 2012,
Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 25 - 31, 01.05.2012
Bahar Anaforoğlu
Fatih Erbahçeci
Abstract
İnsidansı hızla artan amputasyonla beraber amputelerin yaşamını olumsuz etkileyen amputasyona sekonder en sık karşılaşılan problemlerden biri fantom ağrısıdır. Fantom ağrısı, amputelerin ekstremitelerinin kaybettikleri kısmında hissettikleri şiddetli ağrıdır. Amputelerin %80 kadarında fantom ağrısının görüldüğü bildirilmiştir. Genellikle şiddeti zamanla azalan bu ağrı tipi çeşitli mekanizmalardan kaynaklandığı gibi, ağrının şiddeti bazı faktörlerden etkilenmektedir. Çoğunlukla merkezi ve periferal sinir sistemine ait mekanizmlar ağrının kaynağı olarak bildirilse de ağrı fizyolojik faktörlerden de etkilenmektedir. Günümüzde halen tartışılmakta olan fantom ağrısının etkili bir şekilde tedavi edilebilmesi için ağrının oluşumuna neden olan mekanizmaların daha iyi anlaşılması gerekmektedir
References
- Kooijman CM, Dijkstra PU, Geertzen JH. Phantom pain and ohantom sensations in upper limb amputees: an epidemiological study, Pain. 2000; 87: 33-41.
- Sherman RA. Stump and phantom limb pain, Neurologic Clinics. 1989; 7: 249–264.
- Mitchell SW. Injuries of nerves and their consequences. Philadelphia: Lippincott. 1872.
- Keil G. So-called initial description of phantom pain by Ambroise Pare. “Chose digne d'admiration et quasi incredible”: the “douleur es parties mortes et amputees”, Fortschritte der Medizin. 1990; 108: 62– 66.
- Hill A. Phantom limb pain: review of the literature on attributes and potential mechanisms, Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 1999; 2: 125-142.
- Ziegler-Graham K, MacKenzie EJ, Ephraim PL. Estimating the prevalence of limb loss in the United States: 2005 to 2050, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2008; 89: 422-429.
- Melillo E, Nuti M, Bongiorni L. Tassi di amputazione maggiore e minore ed ischemia critica delgi arti inferiori: dati apidemiologici dalla Toscana occidentale, Italian Heart Journal. 2004; 5: 794-805.
- Sherman RA, Sherman CJ, Parker L. Chronic phantom and stump pain among American veterans: results of a survey, Pain. 1984; 18: 83–95.
- Nikolajsen L, Jensen TS. Phantom limb pain, British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2001; 87: 107-116.
- Ketz AK. The experience of phantom limb pain in patients with combat-related traumatic amputations, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2008; 89: 1127-1132.
- Sherman RA, Sherman CJ, Gall NG. A survey of current phantom limb pain treatment in the United States, Pain. 1980; 8: 85–99.
- Parkes CM. Factors determining the persistence of phantom painin the amputee, Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1973; 17: 97-108.
- Erbahçeci F, Şener G, Yiğiter K. Amputelerde fantom hissi ve ağrısının değerlendirilmesi, Fizyoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon. 1995; 8(1): 73-83.
- Alsancak S, Altınkaynak H. Fantom hissi, fantom ağrısı ve ağrılı güdük, Ankara Üniversitesi Dikimevi Sağlık Hizmatleri Meslek Yüksekokulu Yıllığı. 2003; 4(1): 21-24.
- Brodsky JW. Amputations of the foot and ankle. In: RA Mann. Ed. Surgery of the foot and ankle. St Louis: Mosby Company. 1993; 959-990
- Montoya P, Larbig W, Grulke N. The relationship of phantom pain to other phantom limb phenomena in upper extremity amputees, Pain. 1997; 72: 87–93.
- Traballesi M, Parcacchia P, Averna T. Prognostic factors in prosthetic rehabilitation of bilateral dysvascular above-knee amputee: is teh stump conditionan influencing factor?, Europa Medicophysica. 2007; 43: 1-6.
- Sherman RA. Phantom pain. New York, NY: Plenum Pres. 1997.
- Jensen TS, Krebs B, Nielsen J. Immediate and long-term phantom limb pain in amputees: incidence, clinical characteristics and relationship to pre-amputation pain, Pain. 1985; 21: 267–278.
- Krane EJ, Heler LB. The prevalence of phantom sensation and pain in pediatric amputees, Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 1995; 10: 21-29.
- Wilkins KL, McGrath PJ, Finley GA. Phantom limb sensations and phantom limb pain in child and adolescent amputees, Pain. 1998; 78: 7–12.
- Melzack RA, Israel R, Lacroix R. Phantom limbs in people with congenital limb deficiency or amputation in early childhood, Brain. 1997; 120: 1603–1620.
- Flor H, Elbert T, Mühlnickel W. Cortical reorganization and phantom phenomena in congenital and traumatic upper-extremity amputees, Experimental Brain Research. 1998; 119: 205–212.
- Katz J, Melzack R. Pain ‘memories’ in phantom limbs: review and clinical observations, Pain. 1990; 43: 319–336.
- Ehde DM, Czerniecki JM, Smith DG. Chronic phantom sensations, phantom pain, residual limb pain, and other regional pain after lower limb amputation, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2000; 81: 1039-1044.
- Haber WB. Effects of loss of limb on sensory funtions, The Journal of Psychology. 1995; 40: 115-123.
- Cronholm B. Phantom limbs in amputees: a study of changes in the integration of centripetal impulses with special reference to referred sensations, Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica Scandinavica, Supplementum. 1951; 72: 1–310.
- Katz J. Psychophysiological contributions to phantom limbs, Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 1992; 37: 282–298.
- Grüsser SM, Winter C, Mühlnickel W. The relationship of perceptual phenomena and cortical reorganization in upper extremity amputees, Neuroscience. 2001; 102: 263–272.
- Sherman RA, Sherman CJ, Bruno GM. Psychological factors influencing chronic phantom limb pain: an analysis of the literature, Pain. 1987; 28: 285–295.
- Doubell TP, Mannion RJ, Woolf CJ. The dorsal horn: State dependant sensory processing, plasticity and the generation of pain. In: Wall PD, Melzack R. eds. Textbook of pain. 4th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. 1999: 165-181
- Sandkühler J. Learning and memory in pain pathways, Pain. 2000; 88: 113–18.
- Woolf CJ, Shortland P, Coggeshall RE. Peripheral nerve injury triggers central sprouting of myelinated afferents, Nature. 1992; 355: 75–78.
- Woolf CJ, Mannion RJ. Neuropathic pain: aetiology, symptoms, and treatment, Lancet. 1999; 353: 1959– 1964.
- Cook AJ, Woolf CJ, Wall PD. Dynamic receptive field plasticity in rat spinal cord following C-primary afferent input, Nature. 1987; 325: 151–153.
- Florence SL, Kaas JH. Large scale reorganization at multiple levels of the somatosensory pathway following therapeutic amputation of the hand in monkey, The Journal Neuroscience. 1995; 15: 8083- 8095.
- Melzack RA. Phantom limbs and the concept of a neuromatrix, Trends in Neurosciences. 1990; 13: 88– 92.
- Pons TP, Garrahty PE, Ommaya AK. Massive cortical reorganisation after sensory deafferention in adult macaques, Science. 1991; 252: 1857–50.
- Ramachandran VS, Rogers-Ramachandran DC, Stewart M. Perceptual correlates of massive cortical reorganization, Science. 1992; 258: 1159–1160.
- Flor H, Elbert T, Knecht S. Phantom limb pain as a perceptual correlate of cortical reorganization following arm amputation, Nature. 1995; 357: 482–84.
- Birbaumer N, Lutzenberger W, Montoya P. Effects of regional anesthesia on phantom limb pain are mirrored in changes in cortical reorganization, Journal of Neurosciences. 1997; 17: 5503–5508.
- Jones EG, Pons TP. Thalamic and brainstem contributions to large-scale plasticity of primate somatosensory cortex, Science. 1998; 282: 1121–1125.
- Wu CWH, Kaas JH. Reorganization in primary motor cortex of primates with long-standing therapeutic amputations, Journal of Neurosciences. 1999; 19: 7679–7697.
- Lotze M, Flor H, Grodd W. Phantom movements and pain: an fMRI study in upper limb amputees, Brain. 2001; 124: 2268–2277.
- Devor M, Govrin-Lippman R, Angelides K. Na+ channels immunolocalization in peripheral mammalian axons and changes following nevre injury and neuroma formation, Journal of Neurosciences. 1993; 13: 1976–1992.
- Spitzer M, Bohler P, Weisbrod M. A neural network model of phantom limbs, Biological Cybernetics. 1995; 72: 197–206.
- Inbal R, Devor M, Tuchendler O. Autotomy following nevre injury: genetic factors in the development of chronic pain, Pain. 1980; 3: 327–37.
- Schott GD. Pain and its absence in an unfortunate family of amputees, Pain. 1986; 25: 229–31.
- Torebjörk E, Wahren L, Wallin G. Noradrenaline-evoked pain in neuralgia, Pain. 1995; 63: 11–20.
- Sherman RA, Bruno GM. Concurrent variation of burning phantom limb and stump pain with near surface blood flow in the stump, Orthopedics. 1987; 10: 1395–1402.
- Arena JG, Sherman RA, Bruno GM. The relationship between situational stress and phantom limb pain: cross-lagged correlational data from sixmonth pain logs, Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine. 1990; 34: 71–77.
- Hill A, Niven CA, Knussen C. The role of coping in adjustment to phantom limb pain, Pain. 1995; 62: 79–86.
- Gallagher, P., Allen, D. ve MacLachlan, M. (2001) Phantom limb pain and residual limb pain following lower limb amputation: a descriptive analysis. Disability and Rehabilitation, 23, 522-530.