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Literary Criticism Methods in National and Cultural Structure

Year 2024, , 138 - 152, 24.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.17067/asm.1439318

Abstract

Criticism stands as a much debated concept today. Although there is not a standard method that is used by everyone, there are different approaches to criticism. In this study, Turkish criticism was examined in two categories as the Ottoman and modern Republic of Turkey. It is seen that criticism methods are different in these periods. In the Ottoman period, criticism was made by the palace poets. In this period, there was a method of criticism different from the western critique and based entirely on Ottoman culture. Turkish literature, which met the Modern West in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, develops and progresses very differently than before. Turkish criticism changes in this process. The criticisms and new approaches applied in Turkish culture and art are listed in this study. Critical methods varying from culture to culture and its reflections in Turkish literature are examined in this article. In addition to these, criticism theories were examined and criticism theories valid in the world today were reviewed. In addition, the relation of criticism with the science of history is emphasized. Additionally, the discussions on criticism are listed in this study.

References

  • Alptekin, M. & Kaplan, T. (2018), “Metaforic perspectives on Turkish culture for foreign students learning Turkish language” TURUK International Language, Literature and Folklore Researches Journal Year 6, Issue 12
  • Alptekin, M. & Alptekin, T.(2023). “Findings related to the republic and Atatürk messages in Children's Novels”, MANAS Journal of Social Studies, Volume: 12
  • Alptekin, M. & Alptekin D. (2017) “Folkloric elements in İskender Pala’s Novel Şah ve Sultan” Injosos Al-Farabi International Journal On Social Sciences/ Al-Farabi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Issn - 2564-7946 2017 Vol. ½
  • Altıkulaç Demirdağ, R., (2015). ““Anlatıcı” ve “bakış açısı” bağlamında Halikarnas Balıkçısı’nın Deniz Gurbetçileri romanı / In The Context Of “Narrator” And “Perspectives” Halikarnas Balıkçısı’s Novel Sea Expatriates (Deniz Gurbetçileri)”, TURKISH STUDIES - International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic-, ISSN: 1308-2140, (Prof. Dr. H. Ömer Karpuz Armağanı), Volume 10/16 Fall 2015, ANKARA/TURKEY,
  • Altıkulaç Demirdağ, R, & Altıkulaç A. (2014). the bureaucracy critique of education in Çalıkuşu And moral education in the bureaucracy, Milli Eğitim, Bahar, yıl 43, sayı, 202
  • Andrew B. & Nicholas R. (2004). An introduction to literature, criticism and theory, Great Britain: Pearson Education Limited Third Edition
  • Aydın, N. Z. (2022a). “Victory day celebrations during the Ataturk period (1929-1938)”, Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Social Sciences / Volume: 24, No: The 100th Anniversary of Kocatepe-Great Offensive Special Issue, November 2022, 54-73
  • Aydın, N. Z. (2022b). “According to Aydın newspaper, national holiday celebrations in Aydın” (1937-1939) https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jhf Journal of History and Future, June 2022, Volume 8, Issue
  • Blair, R. & Lutterbie, J. (2011). “Cognitive studies, theatre, and performance”, Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism, Special Section, Spring
  • Chartier, R. (2017). “From texts to readers: Literary criticism, sociology of practice and cultural history”, Estudos Históricos Rio de Janeiro, Setembro-Dezembro, vol. 30, no 62, p. 741-756. accessed from (https://www.scielo.br/pdf/eh/v30n62/0103-2186-eh-30-62-0741.pdf) network address on 12.07.2020
  • Czaplewska, Z. B. (2018). New-historical analysis of Jack Kerouac's literary legacy, Unıversıty of Wroclaw Faculty of Letters, Institute of English Studies, Wrocław. Unpublished doctorate thesis accessed from https://www.academia.edu/37529769/New-historical_analysis_of_Jack_Kerouacs_Literary_Legacy network address on 12.07.2020
  • Dağı, F. & Alptekin, M. & Kaplan, T. (2018). “Values established in the fables of the Turkish world”, SUTAD, Bahar 2018; (43): 227-247
  • Doğan, A. (2005). “Cahit Uçuk’un macera romanları [The Adventure Novels of Cahit Uçuk]”, H. Ü. Türkiyat Araştırmaları, Issue: 3, Fall, pp: 21-49
  • Doğan, A. (2008). “Yahya Kemal’in İstanbul’u [Yahya Kemal’s Istanbul]” , H. Ü. Türkiyat Araştırmaları, Issue 9, Fall, pp: 165-182
  • Doğan, A. (2009). “Türk Tiyatrosunda Brecht etkisi [Impact of Brecht on Turkish Theatre]”, Turkish Studies - International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 4 /1-I Winter. pp. 409-422
  • Doğan, A. (2019). “Fikir hareketleri dergisinde edebi tenkit ve tercüme [Literary Criticism and Translations in Fikir Hareketleri Journal]”, Turkish Studies International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic - Social Sciences, Volume 14, Issue 2, p. 21-35
  • Doğramacıoğlu, H. (2015). “Similar women characters in Turkish folk tales and novels”, Turkish Studies - International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 10/8 Spring 2015, p. 941-948, DOI Number: http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.8073, Ankara-Turkey
  • Ercilasun, B. (1995). İkinci Meşrutiyet devrinde tenkit, 1. Türkçü tenkit [Criticism in the Second Constitutional Era, 1. Turkic Criticism], Ankara: Türk Kültürünü Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları,
  • Ercilasun, B. (1998). Servet-i Fünun’da edebî tenkit [Literary Criticism in Servet-i Fünun,], İstanbul: Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayınları
  • Gökalp Alpaslan, G. (2014). “Cengiz Aytmatov’un elveda gülsarı, dişi kurdun rüyaları, ebedi gelin: dağlar yıkıldığı zaman romanlarında hayvan zihni [The Animal Mind in The Novels of Chingiz Aitmatov’s: Farewell Gulsari, The Dreams of Female Wolf, The Place Of The Skull And Forever His Bride: When The Mountaıns Fall]”, Türklük Bilimi Araştırmaları TÜBAR, Issue 36, pp. 11-26. DOI: 10.17133/Tba.65196, Fall
  • Herrmann, J. B. & Dalen-Oskam, K. & Schöch, C. (2015). “Revisiting style, a Key concept in literary studies”, Journal of Literary Theory (JLT) 2015; 9(1): 25–52 accessed from http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/jlt.2015.9.issue-1/issue-files/jlt.2015.9.issue-1.xml network address on 12.07.2020
  • Karabulut, M. (2015). “Language poetry in aesthetics of Turkish”, International Journal of Languages’ Education and Teaching ISSN: 2198 – 4999, Mannheim – Germany UDES, p. 1920-1927
  • Karabulut, M. (2019). “An examination of Edip Cansever's Poems in the context of psychoanalytic literature theory”, Journal of Literary Criticism, Eleştiri Kuramları Özel Sayısı, c. 3/3, s. 192-220
  • Karabulut, Mustafa & Özpolat, Hasan (2018), “An analysis essay on Latife Tekin’s Buzdan Kılıçlar novel”, Journal of Literary Criticism, vol. 2/2, 2018, 145-158
  • Karabulut, M. (2022). Anlatımcılık kuramı, EDEBİYAT KURAMI ve ELEŞTİRİ (Kuram-Kavram-Kapsam-Yöntem-Uygulama), (Kitap Bölümü), Editör: Veysel Şahin, Akçağ Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Odacı, S. (2009). “Ulysses ve Tutunamayanlar’da bilinç akışı tekniği [The Novels Ulysses and Tutunamayanlar in Point of Stream of Consciousness Technique]”, Turkish Studies - International Periodical For the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, Volume 4 /1-I Winter pp. 605-685.
  • Özlük, N. (2013b). “Reflection of Gayya (A Well in Hell) concept to poetry in terms of psychoanalytic literary criticism”, Turkish Studies International Periodical For The Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 8, Issue 9, p. 2093-2110,
  • Özlük, N. (2013a). “A Novel Küçük Paşa, which is emerged because of the conflict between the intention of the writer and the expectation of reader, of a kid who was neglected and abused”, Journal of History School (JOHS), Year 6, Issue XV, pp. 499-525
  • Pokrivčák, A. (2017). “Teaching with new critics”, Journal of Clear, 4(2), ISSN 2453-7128 accessed from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321407212_Teaching_with_New_Critics network address on 12.07.2020
  • Tassin, Anthony G. (1996). The Phoenix and the Urn: the literary theory and criticism of cleanth brooks. Louisiana State University and agricultural & mechanical college historical dissertations and theses. 1174, Louisiana State University, Louisiana, Baton Rouge USA, PhD Thesis. accessed from https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2173&context=gradschool_disstheses network address on 12.07.2020
  • Tyson, L. (2006). Critical theory today, a user-friendly guide, Second Edition, Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, New York.
  • Wellek, R. & Warren, A. (1949). Theory of literature, Harcourt, Brace And Company, New York
  • Yalçın Çelik, S. D. (2002). “Türk edebiyatında kısa hikâye hakkında yapılan çalışmalar [Studies on Short Story in Turkish Literature]”, Türkbilig, Sayı: 3, s: 106-129
  • Yalçın Çelik, S. D. (2010) “Şerif Aktaş, şiir tahlili (Teori-Uygulama) [Şerif Aktaş, Poetry Analysis (Theory-Practice)]” Yayın Değerlendirme [Review] Bilig, Sayı: 54 (Yaz), sf: 269-274.
  • Yılmaz, E. B. (2011). “Geceye söylenen masallar: Fantastik anlatılarda gerçeküstünün işlevi, [Tales Told To Night: Function Of The Surreal in Fantastic Narratives]”, Turkish Studies, International Periodical For The Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, Volume 6/3 Summer, p. 1315-1328, ISSN: 1308-2140, Ankara/Turkey
  • Yiğitbaş, M. (2015). “Tanzimat döneminde edebî tenkit [Tanzimat Period Literary Criticism]”, Turkish Studies -International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic-, ISSN: 1308-2140, (Prof. Dr. H. Ömer Karpuz Armağanı), Volume 10/16 Fall 2015, Ankara/Turkey
  • Zengin, M. (2016). “an introduction to intertextuality as a literary theory: Definitions, axioms and the originators”, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, [Pamukkale University Journal of Social Sciences Institute], Issue 25/1

Millî ve Kültürel Yapı Bağlamında Edebî Eleştiri Yöntemleri

Year 2024, , 138 - 152, 24.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.17067/asm.1439318

Abstract

Eleştiri bugün çok tartışılan bir kavram olarak durmaktadır. Herkes tarafından kullanılan standart bir yöntem olmamasına rağmen, eleştiri kavramına farklı yaklaşımlar mevcuttur. Bu çalışmada Türk eleştirisi, Osmanlı ve modern Türkiye Cumhuriyeti devirleri olmak üzere temelde iki dönemde incelenmiştir. Bu dönemlerde eleştiri yöntemlerinin farklı olduğu görülmektedir. Osmanlı döneminde eleştiri genellikle saray şairleri tarafından yapılmıştır. Bu dönemde, batı eleştirisinden farklı ve tamamen Osmanlı kültür ve medeniyetine dayanan bir eleştiri yöntemi vardır. 19. yüzyılın sonlarında ve 20. yüzyılın başlarında Modern Batı ile tanışan Türk edebiyatı, eskisinden çok farklı bir şekilde gelişir ve ilerler. Türk eleştirisi de bu süreçte değişir. Bu çalışmada Türk kültür ve edebiyatında uygulanan eleştiriler ve yeni yaklaşımlar sıralanmıştır. Kültürden kültüre değişen eleştiri yöntemleri ve bunların Türk edebiyatına yansımaları bu makalede ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca eleştirinin tarih bilimiyle ilişkisi üzerinde durulmuştur. Bununla birlikte çalışmada eleştiriye ilişkin tartışmalara da yer verilmiştir

References

  • Alptekin, M. & Kaplan, T. (2018), “Metaforic perspectives on Turkish culture for foreign students learning Turkish language” TURUK International Language, Literature and Folklore Researches Journal Year 6, Issue 12
  • Alptekin, M. & Alptekin, T.(2023). “Findings related to the republic and Atatürk messages in Children's Novels”, MANAS Journal of Social Studies, Volume: 12
  • Alptekin, M. & Alptekin D. (2017) “Folkloric elements in İskender Pala’s Novel Şah ve Sultan” Injosos Al-Farabi International Journal On Social Sciences/ Al-Farabi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Issn - 2564-7946 2017 Vol. ½
  • Altıkulaç Demirdağ, R., (2015). ““Anlatıcı” ve “bakış açısı” bağlamında Halikarnas Balıkçısı’nın Deniz Gurbetçileri romanı / In The Context Of “Narrator” And “Perspectives” Halikarnas Balıkçısı’s Novel Sea Expatriates (Deniz Gurbetçileri)”, TURKISH STUDIES - International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic-, ISSN: 1308-2140, (Prof. Dr. H. Ömer Karpuz Armağanı), Volume 10/16 Fall 2015, ANKARA/TURKEY,
  • Altıkulaç Demirdağ, R, & Altıkulaç A. (2014). the bureaucracy critique of education in Çalıkuşu And moral education in the bureaucracy, Milli Eğitim, Bahar, yıl 43, sayı, 202
  • Andrew B. & Nicholas R. (2004). An introduction to literature, criticism and theory, Great Britain: Pearson Education Limited Third Edition
  • Aydın, N. Z. (2022a). “Victory day celebrations during the Ataturk period (1929-1938)”, Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Social Sciences / Volume: 24, No: The 100th Anniversary of Kocatepe-Great Offensive Special Issue, November 2022, 54-73
  • Aydın, N. Z. (2022b). “According to Aydın newspaper, national holiday celebrations in Aydın” (1937-1939) https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jhf Journal of History and Future, June 2022, Volume 8, Issue
  • Blair, R. & Lutterbie, J. (2011). “Cognitive studies, theatre, and performance”, Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism, Special Section, Spring
  • Chartier, R. (2017). “From texts to readers: Literary criticism, sociology of practice and cultural history”, Estudos Históricos Rio de Janeiro, Setembro-Dezembro, vol. 30, no 62, p. 741-756. accessed from (https://www.scielo.br/pdf/eh/v30n62/0103-2186-eh-30-62-0741.pdf) network address on 12.07.2020
  • Czaplewska, Z. B. (2018). New-historical analysis of Jack Kerouac's literary legacy, Unıversıty of Wroclaw Faculty of Letters, Institute of English Studies, Wrocław. Unpublished doctorate thesis accessed from https://www.academia.edu/37529769/New-historical_analysis_of_Jack_Kerouacs_Literary_Legacy network address on 12.07.2020
  • Dağı, F. & Alptekin, M. & Kaplan, T. (2018). “Values established in the fables of the Turkish world”, SUTAD, Bahar 2018; (43): 227-247
  • Doğan, A. (2005). “Cahit Uçuk’un macera romanları [The Adventure Novels of Cahit Uçuk]”, H. Ü. Türkiyat Araştırmaları, Issue: 3, Fall, pp: 21-49
  • Doğan, A. (2008). “Yahya Kemal’in İstanbul’u [Yahya Kemal’s Istanbul]” , H. Ü. Türkiyat Araştırmaları, Issue 9, Fall, pp: 165-182
  • Doğan, A. (2009). “Türk Tiyatrosunda Brecht etkisi [Impact of Brecht on Turkish Theatre]”, Turkish Studies - International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 4 /1-I Winter. pp. 409-422
  • Doğan, A. (2019). “Fikir hareketleri dergisinde edebi tenkit ve tercüme [Literary Criticism and Translations in Fikir Hareketleri Journal]”, Turkish Studies International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic - Social Sciences, Volume 14, Issue 2, p. 21-35
  • Doğramacıoğlu, H. (2015). “Similar women characters in Turkish folk tales and novels”, Turkish Studies - International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 10/8 Spring 2015, p. 941-948, DOI Number: http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.8073, Ankara-Turkey
  • Ercilasun, B. (1995). İkinci Meşrutiyet devrinde tenkit, 1. Türkçü tenkit [Criticism in the Second Constitutional Era, 1. Turkic Criticism], Ankara: Türk Kültürünü Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları,
  • Ercilasun, B. (1998). Servet-i Fünun’da edebî tenkit [Literary Criticism in Servet-i Fünun,], İstanbul: Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayınları
  • Gökalp Alpaslan, G. (2014). “Cengiz Aytmatov’un elveda gülsarı, dişi kurdun rüyaları, ebedi gelin: dağlar yıkıldığı zaman romanlarında hayvan zihni [The Animal Mind in The Novels of Chingiz Aitmatov’s: Farewell Gulsari, The Dreams of Female Wolf, The Place Of The Skull And Forever His Bride: When The Mountaıns Fall]”, Türklük Bilimi Araştırmaları TÜBAR, Issue 36, pp. 11-26. DOI: 10.17133/Tba.65196, Fall
  • Herrmann, J. B. & Dalen-Oskam, K. & Schöch, C. (2015). “Revisiting style, a Key concept in literary studies”, Journal of Literary Theory (JLT) 2015; 9(1): 25–52 accessed from http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/jlt.2015.9.issue-1/issue-files/jlt.2015.9.issue-1.xml network address on 12.07.2020
  • Karabulut, M. (2015). “Language poetry in aesthetics of Turkish”, International Journal of Languages’ Education and Teaching ISSN: 2198 – 4999, Mannheim – Germany UDES, p. 1920-1927
  • Karabulut, M. (2019). “An examination of Edip Cansever's Poems in the context of psychoanalytic literature theory”, Journal of Literary Criticism, Eleştiri Kuramları Özel Sayısı, c. 3/3, s. 192-220
  • Karabulut, Mustafa & Özpolat, Hasan (2018), “An analysis essay on Latife Tekin’s Buzdan Kılıçlar novel”, Journal of Literary Criticism, vol. 2/2, 2018, 145-158
  • Karabulut, M. (2022). Anlatımcılık kuramı, EDEBİYAT KURAMI ve ELEŞTİRİ (Kuram-Kavram-Kapsam-Yöntem-Uygulama), (Kitap Bölümü), Editör: Veysel Şahin, Akçağ Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Odacı, S. (2009). “Ulysses ve Tutunamayanlar’da bilinç akışı tekniği [The Novels Ulysses and Tutunamayanlar in Point of Stream of Consciousness Technique]”, Turkish Studies - International Periodical For the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, Volume 4 /1-I Winter pp. 605-685.
  • Özlük, N. (2013b). “Reflection of Gayya (A Well in Hell) concept to poetry in terms of psychoanalytic literary criticism”, Turkish Studies International Periodical For The Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 8, Issue 9, p. 2093-2110,
  • Özlük, N. (2013a). “A Novel Küçük Paşa, which is emerged because of the conflict between the intention of the writer and the expectation of reader, of a kid who was neglected and abused”, Journal of History School (JOHS), Year 6, Issue XV, pp. 499-525
  • Pokrivčák, A. (2017). “Teaching with new critics”, Journal of Clear, 4(2), ISSN 2453-7128 accessed from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321407212_Teaching_with_New_Critics network address on 12.07.2020
  • Tassin, Anthony G. (1996). The Phoenix and the Urn: the literary theory and criticism of cleanth brooks. Louisiana State University and agricultural & mechanical college historical dissertations and theses. 1174, Louisiana State University, Louisiana, Baton Rouge USA, PhD Thesis. accessed from https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2173&context=gradschool_disstheses network address on 12.07.2020
  • Tyson, L. (2006). Critical theory today, a user-friendly guide, Second Edition, Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, New York.
  • Wellek, R. & Warren, A. (1949). Theory of literature, Harcourt, Brace And Company, New York
  • Yalçın Çelik, S. D. (2002). “Türk edebiyatında kısa hikâye hakkında yapılan çalışmalar [Studies on Short Story in Turkish Literature]”, Türkbilig, Sayı: 3, s: 106-129
  • Yalçın Çelik, S. D. (2010) “Şerif Aktaş, şiir tahlili (Teori-Uygulama) [Şerif Aktaş, Poetry Analysis (Theory-Practice)]” Yayın Değerlendirme [Review] Bilig, Sayı: 54 (Yaz), sf: 269-274.
  • Yılmaz, E. B. (2011). “Geceye söylenen masallar: Fantastik anlatılarda gerçeküstünün işlevi, [Tales Told To Night: Function Of The Surreal in Fantastic Narratives]”, Turkish Studies, International Periodical For The Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, Volume 6/3 Summer, p. 1315-1328, ISSN: 1308-2140, Ankara/Turkey
  • Yiğitbaş, M. (2015). “Tanzimat döneminde edebî tenkit [Tanzimat Period Literary Criticism]”, Turkish Studies -International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic-, ISSN: 1308-2140, (Prof. Dr. H. Ömer Karpuz Armağanı), Volume 10/16 Fall 2015, Ankara/Turkey
  • Zengin, M. (2016). “an introduction to intertextuality as a literary theory: Definitions, axioms and the originators”, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, [Pamukkale University Journal of Social Sciences Institute], Issue 25/1
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Literary Theory
Journal Section Literature
Authors

Hüseyin Doğramacıoğlu 0000-0002-2521-8562

Publication Date July 24, 2024
Submission Date February 18, 2024
Acceptance Date March 14, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

APA Doğramacıoğlu, H. (2024). Literary Criticism Methods in National and Cultural Structure. Asia Minor Studies, 12(2), 138-152. https://doi.org/10.17067/asm.1439318