Studies of Men and Masculinities: From the Problematic to the Theoretical

Year 2018, Volume: 2 Issue: 4, 75 - 101, 21.12.2018

Şafak Horzum

Abstract

The studies of men and
masculinities which have accumulatively developed since the second half of the
twentieth century and become an independent interdisciplinary research area
since the 1990s have benefited from a variety of pioneer thinkers and brought
forth the new scholars of the field. Thus, this area is enabled to focus on
many socio-cultural and political issues related to men today. With the
realisation of the difficulty of finding a comprehensive text about the
problematization process of masculinity, this paper attempts to discuss this
process with regard to Freud, Jung, Adler and de Beauvoir and then to explain
the scope of the studies of men and masculinities with the concepts of
masculine domination and hegemonic masculinity. In this context, it is argued
that gendered binary thinking based on man-woman and/or male-female relations
has already expired. Due to the lack of a theoretical discussion about the
studies of men and masculinities in Turkish, this paper provides an informative
platform to guide researchers interested in this area. 

Keywords

Studies of Men and Masculinities, Problematization of Masculinity, Masculine Domination, Hegemonic Masculinity

Erkek ve Erkeklik Çalışmaları: Sorunsaldan Kuramsala

Abstract

Yirminci
yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren hızla ilerleyen ve 1990’lardan itibaren
kendi başına disiplinlerarası bir alan olan erkek ve erkeklik çalışmaları,
kuramsal açıdan pek çok öncü düşünürden faydalanmış olup kendine ait bilim
insanlarının ortaya çıkmasını sağlamıştır. Böylece bu alan günümüzde erkeklerle
ilgili pek çok sosyokültürel ve siyasal meseleyi mercek altına almayı
başarmaktadır. Bu yazı, erkeklik sorunsalını kapsamlı olarak tek bir metinde
bulmanın zorluğundan dolayı erkeklik kavramının sorunsallaşma sürecini Freud,
Jung, Adler ve de Beauvoir’ın tartışmalarıyla ele almakta ve ardından günümüz
erkek erkeklik çalışmalarının kapsamını eril tahakküm ve hegemonyacı erkeklik
kavramları ile açıklamaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, erkek-kadın ve/ya
erillik-dişillik gibi ilişkilendirmelere dayalı ikici düşünce yapısının
zamanının sona erdiği alanın kuramcılarının savları ile açıklanmaktadır.
Günümüzde Türkçe olarak erkek ve erkeklik çalışmaları ile ilgili detaylı bir
kuramsal çalışma henüz bulunmadığından, bu yazı alanla ilgilenen araştırmacılar
için bilgilendirici ve yönlendirici bir platform sunar.

Keywords

Erkek ve Erkeklik Çalışmaları, Erkeklik Sorunsalı, Eril Tahakküm, Hegemonyacı Erkeklik

References

• Adler, Alfred (2003). Psychological Hermaphroditism in Life and the Neurosis [1910]. Journal Articles: 1910-1913: Elaborating on the Basic Principles of Individual Psychology. (Ed. Henry T. Stein. Çev. Gerald L. Liebenau). C. 3. Bellingham, WA: Alfred Adler Institute. s. 1-8.
• Adler, Alfred (1964). The Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler: A Systematic Presentation in Selections from His Writings. (Ed. Heinz L. Ansbacher & Rowena R. Ansbacher). New York: Basic Books.
• Archetti, Eduardo P. (1999). Masculinities: Football, Polo and the Tango in Argentina. Oxford: Berg.
• Brittan, Arthur (1989). Masculinity and Power. New York: Blackwell.
• Bourdieu, Pierre (2014). Eril Tahakküm. (Çev. Bediz Yılmaz). İstanbul: Bağlam.
• Butler, Judith (2005). Cinsiyet Belası: Feminizm ve Kimliğin Altüst Edilmesi. (Çev. Başak Ertür). İstanbul: Metis.
• Butler, Judith (2004). Undoing Gender. New York: Routledge.
• Carrigan, Tim, Bob [Raewyn/R. W.] Connell & Lee, John (1985). Towards a New Sociology of Masculinity. Theory and Society, C. 14, S.5, s. 551-604.
• Changfoot, Nadine (2009). “Transcendence in Simone de Beauvoir’s The Second Sex: Revisiting Masculinist Ontology”. Philosophy & Social Criticism, C. 35, S.4 s. 391-410.
• Chodorow, Nancy J. (1991). Freud on Women. The Cambridge Companion to Freud. (Ed. Jerome Neu). New York: Cambridge University Press. s. 224-248.
• Connell, [Raewyn] R. W. (1990). “An Iron Man: the Body and Some Contradictions of Hegemonic Masculinity”. Sport, Men and the Gender Order (Ed. Michael A. Messner & Donald F. Sabo). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. s. 83-95.
• Connell, [Raewyn] R. W. (1987). Gender and Power: Society, the Person and Sexual Politics. Cambridge: Polity.
• Connell, [Raewyn] R. W. (2005). Masculinities. 2. Cilt. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
• Connell, [Raewyn] R. W. (1994). Psychoanalysis on Masculinity. Theorizing Masculinities. (Ed. Harry Brod & Michael Kaufman). Thousand Oaks. CA: Sage. s. 11-38.
• Culbertson, Philip (1993). “Men Dreaming of Men: Using Mitch Walter’s ‘Double Animus’ in Pastoral Care”. The Harvard Theological Review. C .86, S.2, s. 219-232.
• De Beauvoir, Simone (1953). The Second Sex. (Ed. & Çev. H. M. Parshley). Londra: Random.
• Donaldson, Mike (1993). “What is Hegemonic Masculinity?”. Theory and Society. C. 22, S.5, s. 643-657.
• Douglas, Claire (2008). The Historical Context of Analytical Psychology. The Cambridge Companion to Jung. (Ed. Polly Young-Eisendrath & Terence Dawson). New York: Cambridge University Press. s. 19-38.
• Freud, Sigmund (1933). New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis. New York: Carlton House.
• Freud, Sigmund (1995). Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality. 1905. The Freud Reader (Ed. Peter Gay). New York: Norton. s. 239-292.
• Gramsci, Antonio (2000). The Gramsci Reader: Selected Writings, 1916-1935 (Ed. David Forgacs). New York: New York University Press.
• Hale, C. Jacob (2003). Leatherdyke Boys and Their Daddies: How to Have Sex without Women or Men. Queer Studies: An Interdisciplinary Reader (Ed. Robert J. Corber & Stephen Valocchi). Malden, MA: Blackwell. s. 61-72.
• Hart, David L. (2008). The Classical Jungian School. The Cambridge Companion to Jung (Ed. Polly Young-Eisendrath & Terence Dawson). New York: Cambridge University Press. s. 95-106.
• Haywood, Chris & Mac an Ghaill, Máirtín (2003). Men and Masculinities: Theory, Research, and Social Practice. Buckingham: Open University Press.
• Horzum, Şafak (2017). “Emperyalist Erkekliğin Çöküşü: Joseph Conrad’ın Lord Jim Romanında Erkeklik Çıkmazı”. İngiliz Edebiyatında Toplumsal Cinsiyet. (Ed. Huriye Reis & Aytül Özüm). Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Yayınları. s. 149-168.
• Jung, Carl Gustav (1970a). Civilization in Transition. (Ed. & Çev. Gerhard Adler & R. F. C. Hull). 2. Cilt. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
• Jung, Carl Gustav (1970b). Mysterium Coniunctionis. (Ed. & Çev. Gerhard Adler & R. F. C. Hull). 2. Cilt. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
• Jung, Carl Gustav (1968). Part 1: The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious. (Ed. & Çev. Gerhard Adler & R. F. C. Hull). 2. Cilt. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
• Jung, Carl Gustav (1966). Practice of Psychotherapy. (Ed. & Çev. Gerhard Adler & R. F. C. Hull). 2. Cilt. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
• Jung, Carl Gustav (1972). Two Essays in Analytical Psychology. (Ed. & Çev. Gerhard Adler & R. F. C. Hull). 2. Cilt. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
• Kimmel, Michael & Aronson, Amy (2004). Preface. Men and Masculinities: A Social, Cultural, and Historical Encyclopedia (Ed. Kimmel & Aronson). C. 1. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio. s. xiii-xiv.
• Post-truth (2007). Oxford English Dictionary. Erişim Tarihi: 23.03.2018.
• Reeser, Todd W. (2010). Masculinities in Theory: An Introduction. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.
• Rowland, Susan (1999). C. G. Jung and Literary Theory: The Challenge from Fiction. Londra: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Rupprecht, Carol Schreier (1990). Enlightening Shadows: Between Feminism and Archetypalism, Literature and Analysis. C. G. Jung and the Humanities: Towards a Hermeneutics of Culture (Ed. Karin Barnaby & Pelligrino D’Acierno). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. s. 279-293.
• Salih, Sara (2007). On Judith Butler and Performativity. Sexualities and Communication in Everyday Life: A Reader (Ed. Karen E. Lovaas & Mercilee M. Jenkins). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. s. 55-67.
• Sandfort, Theo G. M. (2005). “Sexual Orientation and Gender: Stereotypes and Beyond”. Archives of Sexual Behaviour. C. 34, S.6, s. 595-611.
• Seidman, Steven (2009). “Critique of Compulsory Heterosexuality”. Sexuality Research and Social Policy. C. 6, S.1, s. 18-28.
• Shimanoff, Susan B. (2009). “Gender Role Theory”. Encyclopedia of Communication Theory. (Ed. Stephen W. Littlejohn & Karen A. Foss). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. s. 433-436.
• Third World Gay Revolution (Chicago), ve Gay Liberation Front (Chicago) (1992). “Gay Revolution and Sex Roles”. Out of the Closets: Voices of Gay Liberation (Ed. Karla Jay & Allen Young). 2. Cilt. New York: New York University Press. s. 252-259.
• Tiger, Lionel (2005). Men in Groups. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
• Thurschwell, Pamela (2000). Sigmund Freud. Londra: Routledge.