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Genetik Hastalıklar ve Testlere Etik İlkeler Açısından Bakış

Year 2022, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 27 - 33, 25.10.2022

Abstract

Genetik, genlerin yapı ve işlevleriyle genetik özelliklerin kalıtımını inceleyen bilim dalıdır. Genetik bilimi Mendel’in 19. yüzyılın ortalarındaki çalışmalarından köken almaktadır. Ancak Mendel’den önce de kalıtım hakkında birçok görüş ileri sürülmüştür. Modern anlamda genetik ise moleküler bazda yapılan çalışmalarla ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Günümüzde teknolojik imkanların da gelişimiyle yapılmakta olan genetik testler de bir hayli ilerlemiştir. Bu çalışmada, genetik bilimine ve yapılan testlere genel bir bakıştan sonra etik ilkeler açısından değerlendirme yapılmıştır. Genetik hastalıklar ve onların tanısında uygulanan testler ve sonuçları, temel insan hakları ve etik ilkeler açısından bazı durumlarda etik sorunsallar oluşturabilmektedir. Bu durumlarda klinik etik devreye girmektedir. Bireyin ve toplumun haklarını gözeten bir yaklaşım ancak evrensel etik ilkeler ve temel etik rehberler ışığında mümkündür.

Supporting Institution

Yok

Project Number

Yok

References

  • Uysal G. Genetik Hastalık Ön Tanısı /Tanısı İle İzlenen Çocukların Ebeveynlerinin Stres Düzeyi Ve Stresle Baş Etme Tarzlarının Belirlenmesi Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara: Başkent Üniversitesi; 2009.
  • Erdemir A. Etik Açıdan İnsan Genom Projesi. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 2013;12(23):317-27.
  • Karaoğuz MY. İnsandaki Genetik Hastalıklar. Meslek İçi Sürekli Eğitim Dergisi. 2007;19.
  • Akpınar A. Genetik Bilginin Kullanılmasında Etik: Tarafların Tutum ve Görüşleri Doktora Tezi. Kocaeli: Kocaeli Üniversitesi 2010.
  • Aydın E, Ersoy N. Tıp Etiği İlkeleri. T Klin Tıbbi Etik. 1995;2(3):48-52.
  • Civaner M. İlkecilik'e Yöneltilen Eleştiriler ve Tıp Etiğine Yeni Yaklaşımlar. Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Ethics. 2005;13:58-63.
  • Beauchamp TL, Childress JF. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. Oxford Uni Press. 2001;5 th Ed.
  • Veatch RM. The Basic of Bioethics. 2 ed2003. 170-2.
  • Tong R. Etical concerns about genetic testing and screening. N C Med J. 2013;74(6):522-5.
  • Phadke S, Gowda M. Genetic testing in children. Indian Pediatrics. 2013;50.
  • Katsanis SH, Katsanis N. Molecular genetic testing and the future of clinical genomics. Nature reviews Genetics. 2013;14(6):415-26.
  • Roberts JS, Uhlmann WR. Genetic susceptibility testing for neurodegenerative diseases: ethical and practice issues. Progress in neurobiology. 2013;110:89-101.
  • Gershon ES, Alliey-Rodriguez N. New ethical issues for genetic counseling in common mental disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170(9).
  • Martyn M, Anderson V, Archibald A, et al. Offering fragile X syndrome carrier screening: a prospective mixed-methods observational study comparing carrier screening of pregnant and non-pregnant women in the general population. BMJ open. 2013;3.
  • Vernooij-van Langen AM, Reijntjens S, van der Pal SM, Loeber JG, Dompeling E, Dankert-Roelse JE. To know or not to know, disclosure of a newborn carrier screening test result for cystic fibrosis. European journal of medical genetics. 2013;56(4):192-6.
  • Marsh V, Kombe F, Fitzpatrick R, Wiliams NT, Parker M, Molyneux S. Consulting communities on feedback of genetic findings in international health research: sharing sickle cell disease and carrier information in coastal Kenya. BMC Medical Ethics. 2013;14(41):2-13.
  • Frank A, Laurence B. Ethical Dimensions of First-trimester Fetal Aneuploidy Screening. Clinical Obstetrics And Gynecology. 2014;57(1):226-31.
  • Harper JC, Geraedts J, Borry P, et al. Current issues in medically assisted reproduction and genetics in Europe: research, clinical practice, ethics, legal issues and policy. European Society of Human Genetics and European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. European journal of human genetics : EJHG. 2013;21 Suppl 2:S1-21.
  • McCullough LB. Critically appraising prenatal genetic diagnosis to prevent disorders of sexual development: an opportunity missed. The American journal of bioethics : AJOB. 2013;13(10):1-3.
  • Sparrow R. Gender eugenics? The ethics of PGD for intersex conditions. The American journal of bioethics : AJOB. 2013;13(10):29-38.
  • Kaiser J. Researchers to explore promise, risks of sequencing newborns DNA. Scıence. 2013;341:1163.
  • Burn J. Should we sequence everyone's genome? Yes. BMJ. 2013;346.
  • Charo RA. Physicians and the (woman's) body politic. The New England journal of medicine. 2014;370(3):193-5.
  • Çoban A. Biyoteknoloji, Habermas ve Kendimiz Olmak. Mülkiye. 2004;242:237-53.

Ethical Perspective on Genetic Diseases and Tests

Year 2022, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 27 - 33, 25.10.2022

Abstract

Genetics is the science that studies the structure and functions of genes and the inheritance of genetic characteristics. The science of genetics originates from the work of Mendel in the mid-19th century. However, many opinions about heredity have been put forward before Mendel. In the modern sense, genetics has been revealed by molecular studies. Today, with the development of technological opportunities, genetic tests have also advanced a lot. In this study, after an overview of genetics and the tests performed, an evaluation was made in terms of ethical principles. Genetic diseases and the tests applied in their diagnosis and their results can create ethical problems in some cases in terms of basic human rights and ethical principles. In these cases, clinical ethics comes into play. An approach that respects the rights of the individual and society is possible only in the light of universal ethical principles and basic ethical guidelines.

Project Number

Yok

References

  • Uysal G. Genetik Hastalık Ön Tanısı /Tanısı İle İzlenen Çocukların Ebeveynlerinin Stres Düzeyi Ve Stresle Baş Etme Tarzlarının Belirlenmesi Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara: Başkent Üniversitesi; 2009.
  • Erdemir A. Etik Açıdan İnsan Genom Projesi. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 2013;12(23):317-27.
  • Karaoğuz MY. İnsandaki Genetik Hastalıklar. Meslek İçi Sürekli Eğitim Dergisi. 2007;19.
  • Akpınar A. Genetik Bilginin Kullanılmasında Etik: Tarafların Tutum ve Görüşleri Doktora Tezi. Kocaeli: Kocaeli Üniversitesi 2010.
  • Aydın E, Ersoy N. Tıp Etiği İlkeleri. T Klin Tıbbi Etik. 1995;2(3):48-52.
  • Civaner M. İlkecilik'e Yöneltilen Eleştiriler ve Tıp Etiğine Yeni Yaklaşımlar. Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Ethics. 2005;13:58-63.
  • Beauchamp TL, Childress JF. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. Oxford Uni Press. 2001;5 th Ed.
  • Veatch RM. The Basic of Bioethics. 2 ed2003. 170-2.
  • Tong R. Etical concerns about genetic testing and screening. N C Med J. 2013;74(6):522-5.
  • Phadke S, Gowda M. Genetic testing in children. Indian Pediatrics. 2013;50.
  • Katsanis SH, Katsanis N. Molecular genetic testing and the future of clinical genomics. Nature reviews Genetics. 2013;14(6):415-26.
  • Roberts JS, Uhlmann WR. Genetic susceptibility testing for neurodegenerative diseases: ethical and practice issues. Progress in neurobiology. 2013;110:89-101.
  • Gershon ES, Alliey-Rodriguez N. New ethical issues for genetic counseling in common mental disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170(9).
  • Martyn M, Anderson V, Archibald A, et al. Offering fragile X syndrome carrier screening: a prospective mixed-methods observational study comparing carrier screening of pregnant and non-pregnant women in the general population. BMJ open. 2013;3.
  • Vernooij-van Langen AM, Reijntjens S, van der Pal SM, Loeber JG, Dompeling E, Dankert-Roelse JE. To know or not to know, disclosure of a newborn carrier screening test result for cystic fibrosis. European journal of medical genetics. 2013;56(4):192-6.
  • Marsh V, Kombe F, Fitzpatrick R, Wiliams NT, Parker M, Molyneux S. Consulting communities on feedback of genetic findings in international health research: sharing sickle cell disease and carrier information in coastal Kenya. BMC Medical Ethics. 2013;14(41):2-13.
  • Frank A, Laurence B. Ethical Dimensions of First-trimester Fetal Aneuploidy Screening. Clinical Obstetrics And Gynecology. 2014;57(1):226-31.
  • Harper JC, Geraedts J, Borry P, et al. Current issues in medically assisted reproduction and genetics in Europe: research, clinical practice, ethics, legal issues and policy. European Society of Human Genetics and European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. European journal of human genetics : EJHG. 2013;21 Suppl 2:S1-21.
  • McCullough LB. Critically appraising prenatal genetic diagnosis to prevent disorders of sexual development: an opportunity missed. The American journal of bioethics : AJOB. 2013;13(10):1-3.
  • Sparrow R. Gender eugenics? The ethics of PGD for intersex conditions. The American journal of bioethics : AJOB. 2013;13(10):29-38.
  • Kaiser J. Researchers to explore promise, risks of sequencing newborns DNA. Scıence. 2013;341:1163.
  • Burn J. Should we sequence everyone's genome? Yes. BMJ. 2013;346.
  • Charo RA. Physicians and the (woman's) body politic. The New England journal of medicine. 2014;370(3):193-5.
  • Çoban A. Biyoteknoloji, Habermas ve Kendimiz Olmak. Mülkiye. 2004;242:237-53.
There are 24 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Clinical Sciences
Journal Section Olgu Sunumu
Authors

Mustafa Hayırlıdağ 0000-0002-4686-5101

Project Number Yok
Publication Date October 25, 2022
Submission Date February 15, 2022
Acceptance Date August 5, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 3 Issue: 2

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