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ORTA GELİR GRUBU ÜLKELERDE GELİR YAKINSAMASI: PHILLIPS SUL KULÜP YAKINSAMA ANALİZİ

Yıl 2022, , 179 - 188, 29.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.1023118

Öz

Ülkeler arasındaki gelişmişlik sorunu uzun zamandır araştırılan bir konudur. Küresel olarak ele alınması gereken bu sorun, ülkeler arasında yakın zamanda ve gelecekte yaşanacak eşitsizliğin azalıp azalmayacağı hakkında soruları gündeme getirmektedir. Gelir farklılıkları iktisadi kalkınma sürecinde önemli bir sorun olmaktadır. Ülkeler arasında kişi başına GSYİH karşılaştırmalarında ülkeler arasında kişi başına GSYİH’de bir yakınsama olup olmadığı sorusuna da cevap aramaktadır. Ekonomik yakınsama, fakir ekonomilerin kişi başına gelirlerinin zengin ekonomilere göre daha hızlı büyüme eğiliminde olacağı, tüm ekonomilerin zamanla kişi başına çıktı açısından birbirine yakınlaşacağı hipotezini ifade eder. Yakınsama kavramında üç farklı hipotez ileri sürülmektedir. Mutlak yakınsama hipotezi, başlangıçtaki yapısal özellikleri veya kişi başına düşen GSYİH seviyeleri ne olursa olsun, kişi başına GSYİH’nin uzun vadede ortak bir sabit durum dengesine yakınsadığını öne sürer. Koşullu yakınsama hipotezi aynı zamanda ortak bir durağan duruma yakınsamanın başlangıç düzeylerinden bağımsız olarak yalnızca ortak yapısal özellikleri (demografi, politika, coğrafya vb.) paylaşan ülkeler arasında gerçekleştiğini varsayar. Son olarak, kulüp yakınsama hipotezi, benzer başlangıç koşullarına sahip ve yapısal özellikler açısından özdeş ülke gruplarının ortak bir durağan durum dengesine yakınsadığı bir durumu tanımlar. Kulüp yakınsamada, çoklu dengeler mevcuttur ve ülkelerin başlangıç seviyeleri aynı durağan durumda ise bu dengelerden birine ulaşabilirler.
Çalışmada, yakınsama analizi 92 orta gelir grubu ülke için 1990-2020 dönemini kapsayan yıllık kişi başına gelir verisi kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Phillips Sul yöntemiyle yapılan analiz sonucunda 92 ülkenin tamamı arasında yakınsama tespit edilmemiş, kulüp mantığıyla 92 ülkenin toplam 2 alt kulüp oluşturduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Abramovitz, M. (1986). Catching Up, Forging Ahead and Falling Behind. Journal of Economic History, 46(2), 385-406.
  • Abramovitz, M. (1990). The Catch-Up Factor in Postwar Economic Growth. Economic Inquiry, 0(28), 1-18.
  • Acemoglu, D.; Naidu, S.; Restrepo, P. ve Robinson, J. A. (2019). Democracy Does Cause Growth. Journal of political economy, 127(1), 47-100.
  • Armstrong, H. W. (1995). Convergence Among Regions of the European Union 1950–1990. Pap Reg Sci, 0(74), 143–152.
  • Barrios, C.; Flores, E. ve Martínez, M. Á. (2019). Convergence Clubs in Latin America. Applied Economics Letters, 26(1), 16-20.
  • Barro, R. ve Sala-i-Martin, X. (1992). Convergence. Journal of Political Economy, 100(2), 223–251.
  • Baumol, W. J. (1986). Productivity Growth, Convergence and Welfare: What the Long-Run Data Show. American Economic Review, 0(76), 1072–1085.
  • Baumol, W. J. (1994). Contagion and Common Forces as Possible Sources of Convergence. Convergence of Productivity: Cross-National Studies and Historical Evidence, 62.
  • Charles, A.; Darne, O. ve Hoarau, J. F. (2012). Convergence of Real Per Capita GDP within COMESA Countries: A Panel Unit Root Evidence. The Annals of Regional Science, 49(1), 53-71.
  • Chowdhury, K. (2004). Convergence of Per Capita GDP Across SAARC Countries. WORKING PAPER SERIES, WP 04-07. University of Wollongong Economics, 0(0), 1–25.
  • Deaton, A. (2014). The Great Escape: Health, Wealth, and the Origins of Inequality. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Dowrick, S. ve Nguyen, D. T. (1989). OECD Comparative Economic Growth 1950-1985: Catch-Up and Convergence. American Economic Review, 79(5), 1010-1030.
  • Durlauf, S. N. ve Johnson, P. A. (1995). Multiple Regimes and Cross-Country Growth Behaviour. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 10(4), 365-384.
  • Fritsche, U. ve Kuzin, V. (2011). Analysing Convergence in Europe Using the Non-Linear Single Factor Model. Empirical Economics, 41(2), 343-369.
  • Galor, O. (1996). Convergence? Inferences from Theoretical Models. Economic Journal, 106(437), 1056-1069.
  • González, M. C. B.; Varo, E. F. ve Navarro, M. Á. M. (2017). Patrones de Convergencia en Las Regiones Españolas: Una Aplicación de la Metodología de Phillips-Sul. Revista de Estudios Regionales, 0(109), 165-190.
  • Islam, N. (2003). What have We Learnt From the Convergence Debate? Journal of Economic Surveys, 17(3), 309–362.
  • Maddison, A. (1987). Growth and Slowdown in Advanced Capitalist Economies: Techniques of Quantitative Assessment. Journal of Economic Literature, 0(25), 649-698.
  • Maddison, A. (1991). Dynamic Forces in Capitalist Development: A Long Run Comparative View. Oxford University Press: New York.
  • Mankiw, N.G.; Romer, D. ve Weil, D. N. (1992). A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 0(107), 407-437.
  • McCoskey, S. K. (2002) Convergence in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Nonstationary Panel Data Approach. Appl Econ, 0(34), 819–829.
  • Monfort, P. (2008). Convergence of EU Regions—Measures and Evolution. Working paper 01/2008, Regional Policy, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium. http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docgener/work/200801_convergence.pdf adresinden 25.09.2021 tarihinde erişildi.
  • Paap, R.; Franses, P. H. ve Van Dijk, D. (2005) Does Africa Grow Slower than Asia, Latin America and the Middle East? Evidence from a New Data-Based Classification Method. J Dev Econ 0(77), 553–570.
  • Phillips, P. C. ve Sul, D. (2007). Transition Modeling and Econometric Convergence Tests. Econometrica, 75(6), 1771-1855.
  • Piketty, T. (2014). Capital in the Twenty-Frst Century. Cambridge, MS: Harvard University Press.
  • Quah, D. (1993) Galton’s Fallacy and Tests of the Convergence Hypothesis. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 0(95), 427- 43.
  • Sala-i-Martin X. (1996). Regional Cohesion: Evidence and Theories of Regional Growth and Convergence. Eur Econ Rev, 0(40), 1325–1352.
  • Simionescu, M. (2017). The GDP per Capita Convergence in the European Union. Academic Journal of Economic Studies, 3(1), 81-87.
  • Siriopoulos, C. ve Asteriou, D. (1998) Testing for Convergence Across the Greek Regions. Regional Studies, 32(6), 537-546.
  • Solow, R. M. (1956). A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 0(70), 65–94.
  • Tian, X.; Zhang, X.; Zhou, Y. ve Yu, X. (2016). Regional Income Inequality in China Revisited: A Perspective from Club Convergence. Economic Modelling, 0(569, 50-58.

INCOME CONVERGENCE IN MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES: PHILLIPS SUL CLUB CONVERGENCE ANALYSIS

Yıl 2022, , 179 - 188, 29.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.1023118

Öz

The problem of development between countries is a subject that has been researched for a long time. This problem, which should be handled globally, raises questions about whether the inequality between countries will decrease in the near future and in the future. Income disparities are an important problem in the economic development process. It also seeks to answer the question of whether there is a convergence in GDP per capita between countries in comparisons of GDP per capita. Economic convergence expresses the hypothesis that per capita incomes of poor economies will tend to grow faster than rich economies, and that all economies will converge to each other in terms of per capita output over time. Three different hypotheses are put forward in the concept of convergence. The absolute convergence hypothesis proposes that GDP per capita converges to a common steady-state equilibrium in the long run, regardless of its initial structural characteristics or per capita GDP levels. The conditional convergence hypothesis also assumes that convergence to a common steady state occurs only between countries that share common structural features (demography, politics, geography, etc.), regardless of their initial level. Finally, the club convergence hypothesis describes a situation where groups of countries with similar initial conditions and structurally identical converge to a common steady-state equilibrium. In club convergence, there are multiple equilibria and countries can reach one of these equilibria if their starting levels are at the same steady-state.
In the study, convergence analysis was carried out for 92 middle-income countries using annual per capita income data covering the period 1990-2020. As a result of the analysis made with the Phillips Sul method, no convergence was detected between all 92 countries, and it was determined that 92 countries formed a total of 2 sub-clubs with the club logic.

Kaynakça

  • Abramovitz, M. (1986). Catching Up, Forging Ahead and Falling Behind. Journal of Economic History, 46(2), 385-406.
  • Abramovitz, M. (1990). The Catch-Up Factor in Postwar Economic Growth. Economic Inquiry, 0(28), 1-18.
  • Acemoglu, D.; Naidu, S.; Restrepo, P. ve Robinson, J. A. (2019). Democracy Does Cause Growth. Journal of political economy, 127(1), 47-100.
  • Armstrong, H. W. (1995). Convergence Among Regions of the European Union 1950–1990. Pap Reg Sci, 0(74), 143–152.
  • Barrios, C.; Flores, E. ve Martínez, M. Á. (2019). Convergence Clubs in Latin America. Applied Economics Letters, 26(1), 16-20.
  • Barro, R. ve Sala-i-Martin, X. (1992). Convergence. Journal of Political Economy, 100(2), 223–251.
  • Baumol, W. J. (1986). Productivity Growth, Convergence and Welfare: What the Long-Run Data Show. American Economic Review, 0(76), 1072–1085.
  • Baumol, W. J. (1994). Contagion and Common Forces as Possible Sources of Convergence. Convergence of Productivity: Cross-National Studies and Historical Evidence, 62.
  • Charles, A.; Darne, O. ve Hoarau, J. F. (2012). Convergence of Real Per Capita GDP within COMESA Countries: A Panel Unit Root Evidence. The Annals of Regional Science, 49(1), 53-71.
  • Chowdhury, K. (2004). Convergence of Per Capita GDP Across SAARC Countries. WORKING PAPER SERIES, WP 04-07. University of Wollongong Economics, 0(0), 1–25.
  • Deaton, A. (2014). The Great Escape: Health, Wealth, and the Origins of Inequality. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Dowrick, S. ve Nguyen, D. T. (1989). OECD Comparative Economic Growth 1950-1985: Catch-Up and Convergence. American Economic Review, 79(5), 1010-1030.
  • Durlauf, S. N. ve Johnson, P. A. (1995). Multiple Regimes and Cross-Country Growth Behaviour. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 10(4), 365-384.
  • Fritsche, U. ve Kuzin, V. (2011). Analysing Convergence in Europe Using the Non-Linear Single Factor Model. Empirical Economics, 41(2), 343-369.
  • Galor, O. (1996). Convergence? Inferences from Theoretical Models. Economic Journal, 106(437), 1056-1069.
  • González, M. C. B.; Varo, E. F. ve Navarro, M. Á. M. (2017). Patrones de Convergencia en Las Regiones Españolas: Una Aplicación de la Metodología de Phillips-Sul. Revista de Estudios Regionales, 0(109), 165-190.
  • Islam, N. (2003). What have We Learnt From the Convergence Debate? Journal of Economic Surveys, 17(3), 309–362.
  • Maddison, A. (1987). Growth and Slowdown in Advanced Capitalist Economies: Techniques of Quantitative Assessment. Journal of Economic Literature, 0(25), 649-698.
  • Maddison, A. (1991). Dynamic Forces in Capitalist Development: A Long Run Comparative View. Oxford University Press: New York.
  • Mankiw, N.G.; Romer, D. ve Weil, D. N. (1992). A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 0(107), 407-437.
  • McCoskey, S. K. (2002) Convergence in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Nonstationary Panel Data Approach. Appl Econ, 0(34), 819–829.
  • Monfort, P. (2008). Convergence of EU Regions—Measures and Evolution. Working paper 01/2008, Regional Policy, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium. http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docgener/work/200801_convergence.pdf adresinden 25.09.2021 tarihinde erişildi.
  • Paap, R.; Franses, P. H. ve Van Dijk, D. (2005) Does Africa Grow Slower than Asia, Latin America and the Middle East? Evidence from a New Data-Based Classification Method. J Dev Econ 0(77), 553–570.
  • Phillips, P. C. ve Sul, D. (2007). Transition Modeling and Econometric Convergence Tests. Econometrica, 75(6), 1771-1855.
  • Piketty, T. (2014). Capital in the Twenty-Frst Century. Cambridge, MS: Harvard University Press.
  • Quah, D. (1993) Galton’s Fallacy and Tests of the Convergence Hypothesis. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 0(95), 427- 43.
  • Sala-i-Martin X. (1996). Regional Cohesion: Evidence and Theories of Regional Growth and Convergence. Eur Econ Rev, 0(40), 1325–1352.
  • Simionescu, M. (2017). The GDP per Capita Convergence in the European Union. Academic Journal of Economic Studies, 3(1), 81-87.
  • Siriopoulos, C. ve Asteriou, D. (1998) Testing for Convergence Across the Greek Regions. Regional Studies, 32(6), 537-546.
  • Solow, R. M. (1956). A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 0(70), 65–94.
  • Tian, X.; Zhang, X.; Zhou, Y. ve Yu, X. (2016). Regional Income Inequality in China Revisited: A Perspective from Club Convergence. Economic Modelling, 0(569, 50-58.
Toplam 31 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Burcu Yılmaz Şahin

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Mart 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Kasım 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

APA Yılmaz Şahin, B. (2022). ORTA GELİR GRUBU ÜLKELERDE GELİR YAKINSAMASI: PHILLIPS SUL KULÜP YAKINSAMA ANALİZİ. Asya Studies, 6(19), 179-188. https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.1023118

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