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AFGHAN EXTERNAL MIGRATION MOVEMENTS IN THE HISTORICAL PROCESS

Year 2022, , 301 - 314, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.1055791

Abstract

Afghan immigration, which has continued uninterruptedly for the last half century, has become an integral part of the country's historical identity. Political and economic instability which has been going on for nearly fifty years, foreign intervention and drought and famine caused by climate change, are the most important factors triggering Afghan migration. The unending war and instability in Afghanistan for more than forty years have seriously affected the living conditions of the Afghan people, forcing them to migrate internally and externally. Afghanistan is one of the countries that produce the most migration due to the internal conflicts, which it has been experiencing for the last forty years as a result of economic crisis and poverty. Especially during and after the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan and the civil war in the country, more than 6 million people of Afghanistan had to migrate to neighboring countries such as Iran, Pakistan, the US and the European countries. In this process, there has been a brain drain with the migration of the skilled and educated people that the country needs most. The foreign aid made to the newly established administration after 2001 could not implement useful projects to ensure the safety of the people and to improve the economy. On the other hand, despite the great foreign aid made to the newly established administration after 2001 could not implement useful projects to ensure the safety of the people and to improve the economy due to corruption and governance problems. For the above mentioned reasons, since the people’s trust in the state cannot be fully ensured, the safety of life and property constitutes the most basic reasons for out-migration. However, after the fall of the Kabul government in August 2021 and the Taliban’s return to power, there was an increase in emigration. In this study, the factors that have caused an increase in external-emigration of people from Afghanistan mainly after 1979, the reasons for the majority of the Afghan migrants preferring Iran, Pakistan and Turkey as their destinations, and the major policies of these countries towards Afghan immigration were examined.

References

  • Afghanistan Ministry of Refugees and Repatriations, 2020 Report. https://morr.gov.af (Date of Access: 05.10.2021).
  • Aman, F. (2021). The Afghan Refugee Crisis: What Does it Mean for Iran? https://www.mei.edu/publications/afghan-refugee-crisis-what-does-it-mean-iran (Date of Access: 02.10.2021).
  • Andishmand, M. İ. (2021). Kaçış ve Düşüş. https://8am.af/escape-and-fall/ (Date of Access: 03.10.2021).
  • Azadbeg, K. (2001). Afgan Türkistan’ı. İstanbul: Turan Kültür Vakfı Yayınları.
  • Azadiradio. (2021). European Union: Member states to shelter more Afghan asylum. Seekers. https://da.azadiradio.com/a/31500650.html?fbclid=IwAR3kw3TY9lkoZxS5yLFRAZYRJs_zyqOxxYSl9H1zZ2nNYN7dT8N0KpMavxU/ (Date of Access: 03.10.2021).
  • BBC Persian. (2021). Drought in Afghanistan; Wheat Production Will Be Reduced By One Million Tons. https://www.bbc.com/persian/afghanistan-57508480 (Date of Access: 06.12.2021).
  • BBC. (2021). Afghanistan: How Many Refugees are There and Where Will They Go? https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58283177 (Date of Access: 27.09.2021).
  • BBC. (2021). Iran Alone Cannot Take Responsibility for 300,000 New Afghan Refugees. https://www.bbc.com/persian/afghanistan-59232689 (Date of Access: 28.12.2021).
  • Colville, R. (1997). Afghanistan: The unending crisis-The biggest caseload in the World. https://www.unhcr.org (Date of Access: 29.09.2021).
  • Dailysabah (2021). Turkey Has no Plan for Afghan Migrant Camps: AK Party's Bostancı. https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/diplomacy/turkey-has-no-plan-for-afghan-migrant-camps-ak-partys-bostanci/ (Date of Access: 03.10.2021).
  • Dashti, Z. (2021). 2001 Sonrası Dönemde Afganistan-Azerbaycan İlişkileri. In 8.Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Sempozyumu- 2 Bildiriler Kitabı, (2-5 Haziran 2021) (s. 579-590). Niğde: Kesit Yayınları.
  • Dashti, Z. (2021). Afganistan’da Taliban’ın İktidara Gelmesi ile Yaşanan İç ve Dış Göç Krizi. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(4), 381-403.
  • Dashti, Z. (2021). Afganistan-Türkiye İlişkileri (1919-2019). In 8. Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Sempozyumu- 2 Bildiriler Kitabı, (2-5 Haziran 2021) (s. 557-571). Niğde: Kesit Yayınları.
  • Dashti, Z. (2021d). Zahir Şah Dönemi Afganistan-Türkiye İlişkileri (1933-1973). Anasay Dergisi, 0(17), 125-152.
  • DW Turkish. (2021). Erdoğan: Türkiye Avrupa'nın Mülteci Ambarı Değil. https://p.dw.com/p/3zC5y (Date of Access: 19.08.2021).
  • Embassy Of İslamic Republic Of Afghanistan In Canberra, Australia (2021). Afghanistan In Avustralia. https://www.canberra.mfa.af (Date of Access: 10.12.2021).
  • Government of Canada (2021). Canada Expands Resettlement Program to Bring More Afghans to Safety. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/news/2021/08/canada-expands-resettlement-program-to-bring-more-afghans-to-safety.html/ (Date of Access: 03.10.2021).
  • Grare, F. and Maley, W. (2011). The Afghan Refugees in Pakistan. Middle East Enstitute.
  • Hamsici, M. (2021). Türkiye'deki Afganlarla İlgili Neler Biliniyor? https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-58342885 (Date of Access: 18.10.2021).
  • Houte, M. V. (2016). Diasporas and Citizenship. Switzerland: Springer Nature.
  • IOM. (2021). A Third of Afghans Have Migrated or Been Displaced Since 2012. https://www.iom.int/news/third-afghans-have-migrated-or-been-displaced-2012-iom (Date of Access: 03.10.2021).
  • IOM. (2021). Afghanistan Situation Report. https://afghanistan.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1071/files/documents/afghanistan-situation-report-no14-22-28-november-2021.pdf (Date of Access: 05.11.2021).
  • IOM. (2021). Weekly Situation Report, 03-09 September 2021. https://afghanistan.iom.int/sites/afghanistan/files/Reports/iom_afghanistan-return_of_undocumented_afghans_situation_report_03-09_sep_2021_psu_1.pdf (Date of Access: 04.10.2021).
  • İrfani, M. (2018). Afgan Göçü; Faktörler, Fırsatlar ve Zararlar. http://dailyafghanistan.com/opinion_detail.php?post_id=146208 (Date of Access: 18.10.2021).
  • Jackson, A. (2009). The Cost of War. Afghan Experiences of Conflict, 1978-2009. London: Oxfam. https://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/afghanistan-the-cost-of-war.pdf (Date of Access: 22.10.2021).
  • Kayhan, Z. (2021). Drought and Instability. https://andma.gov.af/dr (Date of Access: 08.12.2021).
  • Kılınç, D. (2021). Taliban'ın Etkisi Arttıkça Afganlar Ülkeyi Terk Ediyor. https://www.dunya.com/dunya/talibanin-etkisi-arttikca-afganlar-ulkeyi-terk-ediyor-haberi-628936 (Date of Access: 06.10.2021).
  • Kucuk, B. (2021). Hangi Ülkede Kaç Afgan Mülteci Var? Türkiye'de Kaç Afgan Göçmen Yakalandı? https://tr.euronews.com/2021/08/21/hangi-ulkede-kac-afgan-multeci-var-turkiye-de-yakalanan-duzensiz-gocmenlerin-say-s-ne (Date of Access: 04.10.2021).
  • Kucukgocmen, A. (2021). Turkey Reinforces Border to Block Any Afghan Migrant Wave. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkey-reinforces-border-block-any-afghan-migrant-wave-2021-08-22/ (Date of Access: 11.10.2021).
  • Kuschminder, K. and Dora, M. (October 2009). Migration in Afghanistan: History, Current Trends and Future Prospects. http://mgsog.merit.unu.edu/publication/external_policy_ reports/ 2009_ Afghanistan_Country_ Paper.pdf (Date of Access: 15.10.2021).
  • Lucia, L. E. (2015). Migration and conflict in Afghanistan (GSDRC Helpdesk Research Report 1243). Birmingham, UK: GSDRC, University of Birmingham.
  • Ministry of Disaster Management (2021). Drought. https://andma.gov.af/dr/%D8%AE%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C. (Date of Access: 06.12.2021).
  • Misbahzada, S. M. B. (2008). Tarih-i Siyasi Muhtasar-i Afghanistan. Tahran: Aftab Araştırma Merkezi Yayınları. Monsutti, A. (2006). Afhgan Transnational Networks: Looking Beyond Repatriation, Afghan Research and Evaluation Unit. Kabul/Afghanistan.
  • Mujda, W. (2003). Afghanistan ve Panj Sal Seleteyi Taliban. Tahran: Nay Yayınları.
  • Oğuz. A. (1999). Afganistan. İstanbul: Cep Kitapları.
  • Potocky, M.; Stuart. P. H. and Pezeshk, S. (2021). Repatriation of Afghan Refugees from Iran: A Shelter Profile Study. https://jhumanitarianaction.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41018-018-0041-8 (Date of Access: 25.09.2021).
  • Rahman, K. (2021). Which Countries Are Taking in Afghan Refugees and Which Aren't? https://www.newsweek.com/which-countries-taking-afghan-refugees-which-arent-1623182 (Date of Access: 09.10.2021).
  • Ruiz, H. A. (2004). Afghanistan: Conflict and Displacement 1978 to 2001. https://www.fmreview.org (Date of Access: 27.09.2021).
  • Runion, M. L. (2007). The history of Afghanistan. London: Greenwood Press.
  • Sajjadi, A. (2018). Siyaseti Harici Afganistan (Afganistan Dış Politikası). Kabil: Vaje Yayınları.
  • Sanchez, D. G. (2017). International Labor Mobility of Nationals: Experience and Evidence for Afghanistan at Macro Level. Washington: World Bank.
  • Shavazi, M. J. A.; Diana G.; Gholamreza J.; Hossein M., & Rasoul, S. (2005). Return To Afghanistan? A Study of Afghans Living in Tehran. https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/47c3f3ca0.pdf (Date of Access: 19.10.2021).
  • Stigter E. (2006). Afghan Migratory Strategies-An Assesment of Prepartrioation and Sustainable Return İn Response to The Covention Plus. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 25(2), 113.
  • Şimşek, A. R. (2021). Tarihten Günümüze Afganistan Göçleri ve Türk Asıllı Göçmenler. https://www.ankasam.org/tarihten-gunumuze-afganistan-gocleri-ve-turk-asilli-gocmenler/ (Date of Access: 19.10.2021).
  • The UK Parliament (2021). Afghanistan: FCDO Responses to Members. https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2021-09-09/debates/017F6A64-8D5D-469F-8187-DDFD1832BC9A/AfghanistanFCDOResponsesToMembers/ (Date of Access: 03.12.2021).
  • UNHCR. (2020). Global Trends in 2020. https://www.unhcr.org/60b638e37/unhcr-global-trends-2020 (Date of Access: 19.10.2021).
  • UNHCR. (2021). Şiddet Artarken Afgan Mülteciler İran’a Ulaşıyor. https://www.unhcr.org/tr/30095-afghan-refugees-reach-iran-as-violence-escalates.html (Date of Access: 08.10.2021).
  • Verduijn, S. (2020). Destination Unknown Afghans on the Move in Turkey. Bilinmeyen Yön Türkiye’de İlerleyen Afganlar. MMC Orta Doğu Araştırma Özeti.
  • WFP. (2021). Afganistan. https://www.wfp.org/countries/afghanistan (Date of Access: 19.10.2021).

TARİHSEL SÜREÇTE AFGAN DIŞ GÖÇ HAREKETLERİ

Year 2022, , 301 - 314, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.1055791

Abstract

Son yarım asırdır aralıksız devam eden Afgan göçü, ülkenin tarihî kimliğinin ayrılmaz bir parçası hâline gelmiştir. Yaklaşık elli yıldır devam eden siyasi ve ekonomik istikrarsızlık, dış müdahale ve iklim değişikliğinin neden olduğu kuraklık ve kıtlık Afgan göçünü tetikleyen en önemli faktörlerdir. Afganistan'da kırk yılı aşkın süredir bitmeyen savaş ve istikrarsızlık, Afgan halkının yaşam koşullarını ciddi derecede olumsuz etkilemiş, onları iç ve dış göçe zorlamıştır. Afganistan, ekonomik kriz ve yoksulluğun yanı sıra son kırk yıldır devam eden iç çatışmalar nedeniyle en fazla göç veren ülkelerden biri olmuştur. Özellikle Sovyetler Birliğinin Afganistan’ı İşgalı ve akabinde ülkede yaşanan iç savaş esnasında ve sonrasında 6 milyondan fazla insan başta komşu ülkeler, Pakistan ve İran olmak üzere diğer bölge ülkelerine göç etmek zorunda kalmıştır. Bu süreçte ülkenin en çok ihtiyaç duyduğu vasıflı ve eğitimli insanların yurt dışına göç etmesi ile beyin göçü yaşanmıştır. 2001 yılından sonra yeni kurulan yönetime yapılan büyük dış yardımlar, yolsuzluklar ve yönetişim sorunları nedeniyle halkın güvenliğini sağlamaya ve ekonomiyi iyileştirmeye yönelik faydalı projeler hayata geçirilememiştir. Yukarıda belirtilen nedenlerle halkın devlete olan güveni tam olarak sağlanamadığından, ekonomik sebeplerin yanı sıra can ve mal güvenliği dış göçün en temel nedenlerini oluşturmuştur. Fakat Ağustos 2021 yılında Kabul Hükümetinin düşmesi ile Taliban'ın yeniden iktidara gelmesinin ardından dış göçte artış yaşanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, ağırlıklı olarak 1979 sonrası Afganistan'da dış göçün artmasına neden olan faktörler, Afgan göçmenlerin çoğunluğunun İran, Pakistan ve Türkiye’yi hedef ülke olarak seçme sebepleri ve bu ülkelerin Afgan göçüne yönelik politikaları incelenmiştir.

References

  • Afghanistan Ministry of Refugees and Repatriations, 2020 Report. https://morr.gov.af (Date of Access: 05.10.2021).
  • Aman, F. (2021). The Afghan Refugee Crisis: What Does it Mean for Iran? https://www.mei.edu/publications/afghan-refugee-crisis-what-does-it-mean-iran (Date of Access: 02.10.2021).
  • Andishmand, M. İ. (2021). Kaçış ve Düşüş. https://8am.af/escape-and-fall/ (Date of Access: 03.10.2021).
  • Azadbeg, K. (2001). Afgan Türkistan’ı. İstanbul: Turan Kültür Vakfı Yayınları.
  • Azadiradio. (2021). European Union: Member states to shelter more Afghan asylum. Seekers. https://da.azadiradio.com/a/31500650.html?fbclid=IwAR3kw3TY9lkoZxS5yLFRAZYRJs_zyqOxxYSl9H1zZ2nNYN7dT8N0KpMavxU/ (Date of Access: 03.10.2021).
  • BBC Persian. (2021). Drought in Afghanistan; Wheat Production Will Be Reduced By One Million Tons. https://www.bbc.com/persian/afghanistan-57508480 (Date of Access: 06.12.2021).
  • BBC. (2021). Afghanistan: How Many Refugees are There and Where Will They Go? https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58283177 (Date of Access: 27.09.2021).
  • BBC. (2021). Iran Alone Cannot Take Responsibility for 300,000 New Afghan Refugees. https://www.bbc.com/persian/afghanistan-59232689 (Date of Access: 28.12.2021).
  • Colville, R. (1997). Afghanistan: The unending crisis-The biggest caseload in the World. https://www.unhcr.org (Date of Access: 29.09.2021).
  • Dailysabah (2021). Turkey Has no Plan for Afghan Migrant Camps: AK Party's Bostancı. https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/diplomacy/turkey-has-no-plan-for-afghan-migrant-camps-ak-partys-bostanci/ (Date of Access: 03.10.2021).
  • Dashti, Z. (2021). 2001 Sonrası Dönemde Afganistan-Azerbaycan İlişkileri. In 8.Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Sempozyumu- 2 Bildiriler Kitabı, (2-5 Haziran 2021) (s. 579-590). Niğde: Kesit Yayınları.
  • Dashti, Z. (2021). Afganistan’da Taliban’ın İktidara Gelmesi ile Yaşanan İç ve Dış Göç Krizi. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(4), 381-403.
  • Dashti, Z. (2021). Afganistan-Türkiye İlişkileri (1919-2019). In 8. Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Sempozyumu- 2 Bildiriler Kitabı, (2-5 Haziran 2021) (s. 557-571). Niğde: Kesit Yayınları.
  • Dashti, Z. (2021d). Zahir Şah Dönemi Afganistan-Türkiye İlişkileri (1933-1973). Anasay Dergisi, 0(17), 125-152.
  • DW Turkish. (2021). Erdoğan: Türkiye Avrupa'nın Mülteci Ambarı Değil. https://p.dw.com/p/3zC5y (Date of Access: 19.08.2021).
  • Embassy Of İslamic Republic Of Afghanistan In Canberra, Australia (2021). Afghanistan In Avustralia. https://www.canberra.mfa.af (Date of Access: 10.12.2021).
  • Government of Canada (2021). Canada Expands Resettlement Program to Bring More Afghans to Safety. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/news/2021/08/canada-expands-resettlement-program-to-bring-more-afghans-to-safety.html/ (Date of Access: 03.10.2021).
  • Grare, F. and Maley, W. (2011). The Afghan Refugees in Pakistan. Middle East Enstitute.
  • Hamsici, M. (2021). Türkiye'deki Afganlarla İlgili Neler Biliniyor? https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-58342885 (Date of Access: 18.10.2021).
  • Houte, M. V. (2016). Diasporas and Citizenship. Switzerland: Springer Nature.
  • IOM. (2021). A Third of Afghans Have Migrated or Been Displaced Since 2012. https://www.iom.int/news/third-afghans-have-migrated-or-been-displaced-2012-iom (Date of Access: 03.10.2021).
  • IOM. (2021). Afghanistan Situation Report. https://afghanistan.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1071/files/documents/afghanistan-situation-report-no14-22-28-november-2021.pdf (Date of Access: 05.11.2021).
  • IOM. (2021). Weekly Situation Report, 03-09 September 2021. https://afghanistan.iom.int/sites/afghanistan/files/Reports/iom_afghanistan-return_of_undocumented_afghans_situation_report_03-09_sep_2021_psu_1.pdf (Date of Access: 04.10.2021).
  • İrfani, M. (2018). Afgan Göçü; Faktörler, Fırsatlar ve Zararlar. http://dailyafghanistan.com/opinion_detail.php?post_id=146208 (Date of Access: 18.10.2021).
  • Jackson, A. (2009). The Cost of War. Afghan Experiences of Conflict, 1978-2009. London: Oxfam. https://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/afghanistan-the-cost-of-war.pdf (Date of Access: 22.10.2021).
  • Kayhan, Z. (2021). Drought and Instability. https://andma.gov.af/dr (Date of Access: 08.12.2021).
  • Kılınç, D. (2021). Taliban'ın Etkisi Arttıkça Afganlar Ülkeyi Terk Ediyor. https://www.dunya.com/dunya/talibanin-etkisi-arttikca-afganlar-ulkeyi-terk-ediyor-haberi-628936 (Date of Access: 06.10.2021).
  • Kucuk, B. (2021). Hangi Ülkede Kaç Afgan Mülteci Var? Türkiye'de Kaç Afgan Göçmen Yakalandı? https://tr.euronews.com/2021/08/21/hangi-ulkede-kac-afgan-multeci-var-turkiye-de-yakalanan-duzensiz-gocmenlerin-say-s-ne (Date of Access: 04.10.2021).
  • Kucukgocmen, A. (2021). Turkey Reinforces Border to Block Any Afghan Migrant Wave. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkey-reinforces-border-block-any-afghan-migrant-wave-2021-08-22/ (Date of Access: 11.10.2021).
  • Kuschminder, K. and Dora, M. (October 2009). Migration in Afghanistan: History, Current Trends and Future Prospects. http://mgsog.merit.unu.edu/publication/external_policy_ reports/ 2009_ Afghanistan_Country_ Paper.pdf (Date of Access: 15.10.2021).
  • Lucia, L. E. (2015). Migration and conflict in Afghanistan (GSDRC Helpdesk Research Report 1243). Birmingham, UK: GSDRC, University of Birmingham.
  • Ministry of Disaster Management (2021). Drought. https://andma.gov.af/dr/%D8%AE%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C. (Date of Access: 06.12.2021).
  • Misbahzada, S. M. B. (2008). Tarih-i Siyasi Muhtasar-i Afghanistan. Tahran: Aftab Araştırma Merkezi Yayınları. Monsutti, A. (2006). Afhgan Transnational Networks: Looking Beyond Repatriation, Afghan Research and Evaluation Unit. Kabul/Afghanistan.
  • Mujda, W. (2003). Afghanistan ve Panj Sal Seleteyi Taliban. Tahran: Nay Yayınları.
  • Oğuz. A. (1999). Afganistan. İstanbul: Cep Kitapları.
  • Potocky, M.; Stuart. P. H. and Pezeshk, S. (2021). Repatriation of Afghan Refugees from Iran: A Shelter Profile Study. https://jhumanitarianaction.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41018-018-0041-8 (Date of Access: 25.09.2021).
  • Rahman, K. (2021). Which Countries Are Taking in Afghan Refugees and Which Aren't? https://www.newsweek.com/which-countries-taking-afghan-refugees-which-arent-1623182 (Date of Access: 09.10.2021).
  • Ruiz, H. A. (2004). Afghanistan: Conflict and Displacement 1978 to 2001. https://www.fmreview.org (Date of Access: 27.09.2021).
  • Runion, M. L. (2007). The history of Afghanistan. London: Greenwood Press.
  • Sajjadi, A. (2018). Siyaseti Harici Afganistan (Afganistan Dış Politikası). Kabil: Vaje Yayınları.
  • Sanchez, D. G. (2017). International Labor Mobility of Nationals: Experience and Evidence for Afghanistan at Macro Level. Washington: World Bank.
  • Shavazi, M. J. A.; Diana G.; Gholamreza J.; Hossein M., & Rasoul, S. (2005). Return To Afghanistan? A Study of Afghans Living in Tehran. https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/47c3f3ca0.pdf (Date of Access: 19.10.2021).
  • Stigter E. (2006). Afghan Migratory Strategies-An Assesment of Prepartrioation and Sustainable Return İn Response to The Covention Plus. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 25(2), 113.
  • Şimşek, A. R. (2021). Tarihten Günümüze Afganistan Göçleri ve Türk Asıllı Göçmenler. https://www.ankasam.org/tarihten-gunumuze-afganistan-gocleri-ve-turk-asilli-gocmenler/ (Date of Access: 19.10.2021).
  • The UK Parliament (2021). Afghanistan: FCDO Responses to Members. https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2021-09-09/debates/017F6A64-8D5D-469F-8187-DDFD1832BC9A/AfghanistanFCDOResponsesToMembers/ (Date of Access: 03.12.2021).
  • UNHCR. (2020). Global Trends in 2020. https://www.unhcr.org/60b638e37/unhcr-global-trends-2020 (Date of Access: 19.10.2021).
  • UNHCR. (2021). Şiddet Artarken Afgan Mülteciler İran’a Ulaşıyor. https://www.unhcr.org/tr/30095-afghan-refugees-reach-iran-as-violence-escalates.html (Date of Access: 08.10.2021).
  • Verduijn, S. (2020). Destination Unknown Afghans on the Move in Turkey. Bilinmeyen Yön Türkiye’de İlerleyen Afganlar. MMC Orta Doğu Araştırma Özeti.
  • WFP. (2021). Afganistan. https://www.wfp.org/countries/afghanistan (Date of Access: 19.10.2021).
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Zabihullah Dashti 0000-0002-3193-7790

Publication Date June 30, 2022
Submission Date January 10, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

APA Dashti, Z. (2022). AFGHAN EXTERNAL MIGRATION MOVEMENTS IN THE HISTORICAL PROCESS. Asya Studies, 6(20), 301-314. https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.1055791

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