THE MEDIATING ROLE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SAFETY IN THE IMPACT OF WORKPLACE FRIENDSHIP ON CREATIVITY

Abstract

In today's demanding working conditions, it is of considerable importance for employees to feel safe and happy in their workplaces in terms of their performance. Since employees spend a significant portion of their time in the workplace, the encouragement and development of personal relationships among colleagues and the establishment of communication related to work contribute to the emergence of workplace friendships. These friendships also lead to employees receiving support, feeling relaxed, and experiencing a sense of security. Employees who freely express their ideas in the workplace are more comfortable in implementing their creative ideas. This sense of confidence they feel is also reflected in their psychology as "safety." Therefore, through the workplace friendships they establish, employees can feel psychologically secure. As a result, their performance, especially in terms of creativity, improves. The aim of this study is to determine the mediating role of psychological comfort in the impact of workplace friendships on employee creativity in organizations. To achieve this goal, data was collected through a survey technique from 500 full-time white-collar employees working in companies operating in the furniture sector in Kayseri. The surveys were conducted through face-to-face interviews, and incomplete responses were eliminated, resulting in a total of 428 valid survey responses. Firstly, Cronbach Alpha values were calculated and confirmatory factor analysis was applied to assess the validity and reliability of the collected data. Additionally, skewness and kurtosis values were examined to determine whether the data followed a normal distribution. IBM SPSS, IBM AMOS, and PROCESS 3.2 software programs were utilized for data analysis. NBased on the findings, it has been revealed that psychological comfort plays a partial mediating role in the impact of workplace friendships on creativity. In this context, it has been concluded that workplace friendships not only support creativity but also serve as a mediator in enhancing psychological comfort.

Keywords

• Workplace Friendship
• Creativity
• Psychological Comfort

İŞ YERİ ARKADAŞLIĞININ YARATICILIĞA ETKİSİNDE PSİKOLOJİK RAHATLIĞIN ARACI ROLÜ

Abstract

Günümüz yoğun çalışma koşullarında çalışanların işyerlerinde güvende ve mutlu hissetmeleri performansları açısından oldukça önemlidir. Çalışanların zamanlarının büyük bir kısmını çalıştıkları yerde geçirmeleri ve iş arkadaşları arasındaki kişisel ilişkilerin teşvik edilip geliştirilmesi ve işle ilgili kurulan iletişim arkadaşlıkların ortaya çıkmasını sağlamaktadır. Kurulan arkadaşlıklar da çalışanların destek görmelerine, rahatlamalarına, güvende hissetmelerine yol açar. Iş yerinde fikirlerini özgürce eden çalışanlar da yaratıcı fikirlerini hayata geçirmek konusunda daha konforludur. Duydukları bu güven psikolojilerine de “safety” olarak yansır. Dolayısıyla çalışanlar kurdukları iş yeri arkadaşlıkları sayesinde psikolojik olarak güvende hissedebilirler. Bunun sonucunda da yaratıcılık başta olmak üzere performansları da artar. Bu çalışmanın amacı örgütlerde iş yeri arkadaşlığının çalışanların yaratıcılığa etkisinde psikolojik rahatlıklarının aracı rolünü tespit etmektir. Bu amaçla Kayseri’de mobilya sektöründe faaliyet göstermekte olan işletmelerde çalışmakta olan 500 tam zamanlı beyaz yakalı çalışan üzerinde anket tekniğiyle veri toplanmıştır. Anketler yüz yüze görüşerek toplanmış ve eksik değerlendirilenler elenerek toplam 428 anket değerlendirmeye tabi tutulmuştur. Öncelikle elde edilen verilerin geçerli ve güvenilir olup olmadıklarını ortaya koyabilmek amacıyla Cronbach Alpha değerleri hesaplanmış ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi uygulanmıştır. Ayrıca verilerin normal dağılıp dağılmadıklarını belirleyebilmek için çarpıklık ve basıklık değerleri incelenmiştir. Analizlerin yapılmasında IBM SPSS, IBM AMOS ve PROCESS 3.2. programlarından faydalanılmıştır. Bulgulardan yola çıkarak iş yeri arkadaşlığının yaratıcılık üzerine etkisinde psikolojik rahatlığın kısmi aracı rol oynadığı ortaya koyulmuştur. Bu bağlamda iş yeri arkadaşlığının yaratıcılığı desteklerken psikolojik rahatlığın da aracı rolü olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Keywords

• İş Yeri Arkadaşlığı
• Yaratıcılık
• Psikolojik Rahatlık

References

1. Acar, O. A., Tarakci, M. & Knippenberg, D. (2019). Creativity and Innovation Under Constraints: A Cross-Disciplinary Integrative Review. Journal of Management, 45(1), 96-121.
2. Alparslan, A. M., Çiçek, H. & Soydemir, S. (2015). Birey-Örgüt Uyumunu Güçlendiren Öncül: İşyeri Arkadaşlığı. Akdeniz İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 0(32), 175-194.
3. Amabile, T. M. & Khaite, M. (2008). Creativity and the Role of the Leader. Harward Business Review, October. https://hbr.org/2008/10/creativity-and-the-role-of-the-leader
4. Amabile, T. M. & Mueller, J. S. (2008). Studying Creativity, Its Processes, and Its Antecedents: An Exploration of the Componential Theory of Creativity. In J. Zhou & C. E. Shalley (Eds.), Handbook of Organizational Creativity, 33-64. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum.
5. Amabile, T. M. (1983). The Social Psychology of Creativity: A Componential Conceptualization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 0(45), 357–376.
6. Amabile, T. M. (1988). A Model of Creativity and Innovation in Organizations. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.). Research in Organizational Behavior, 0(10), 123-167. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
7. Amabile, T. M. (2012). Componential Theory of Creativity, Working Paper 12-096, To appear in Encyclopedia of Management Theory (Eric H. Kessler, Ed.), Sage Publications, 2013.
8. Amabile, T. M., Conti, R., Coon, H., Lazenby, J. & Herron, M. (1996). Assessing The Work Environment For Creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 0(39), 1154-1184.

9. Atkinson, S., (2004), Senior Management Relationships and Trust: An Exploratory Study, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 19(6), 571-587.
10. Baer, M. & Frese, M. (2003). Innovation is Not Enough: Climates for Initiative and Psychological Safety, Process Innovations, and Firm Performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 0(24), 45–68.
11. Baer, M., & Frese, M., (2003). Innovation is Not Enough: Climates for Initiative and Psychological Safety, Process Innovations, and Firm Performance, Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior 24(1), 45–68.
12. Banburry, M. K. & Mitchell, W. (1995). The Effect of Introducing Important Incremental Innovations on Market Share and Business Survival, Strategic Management Journal, 0(16), 161-82.
13. Baron, R. M. & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The Moderator–Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
14. Bartlett, F. C. (1958). Thinking: An Experimental and Social Study. Basic Books. NewYork
15. Bateman, T. S. & Crant, J. M. (1993). The Proactive Component of Organizational Behavior: A Measure and Correlates. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 0(14), 103-118.
16. Batey, M., & Furnham, A. (2006). Creativity, Intelligence, and Personality: A Critical Review of the Scattered Literature. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 132(4), 355-429.
17. Bayram, A., Şeker, M., Büyüksivaslıoğlu, N. M., Reyhancan, M., Vyacheslav, T. & Botakarayev, B. (2019). The Mediating Role of Stress on the Relationship Between Organizational Culture and Dysfunctional Attitudes: A Field Study, Elementary Education Online, 19(1), 147-156.
18. Berman, E. M., West, J. P. & Richter Jr., M. N. (2002). Workplace Relations: Friendship Patterns Band Consequences (According to Managers). Public Administration Review, 62(2), 217-230.
19. Blatterer, H. (2021). Friendship and Solidarity. European Journal of Social Theory, 25(2), 217-234.
20. Boso, N., Donbesuur, F., Bendega, T., Annan, J. & Adeola, O. (2017). Does Organizational Creativity Always Drive Market Performance? Psychology and Marketing, 34(11), 1004-1015.
21. Cao, F. & Zhang, H. (2020). Workplace Friendship, Psychological Safety and Innovative. Behavior in China, Chinese Management Studies, 14(3), 661-676.
22. Capozza D., Falvo, R. & Di Bernardo G. A. (2020). Does the Out-Group Recognize Our Mental Skills? Cross- Group Friendships, Extended Contact and the Expectation of Humanizing Perceptions From The Out-Group. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 50(9), 524–537.
23. Cohn, J., Katzenbach, J. & Vlak, G. (2008). Finding and Grooming Breakthrough Innovators. Harvard Business Review, 0(86), 62–69.
24. Crabtree, S. (2004). Getting Personal in The Workplace: Are Negative Relationships Squelching Productivity in Your Company? Gallup Management Journal, 1(4).
25. Craig, L. & Kuykendall, L. (2019). Examining The Role of Friendship For Employee Well-Being. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 0(115), 103313.
26. Danneels, E.(2002). The Dynamics of Product Innovation and Firm Competences. Strategic Management Journal, 0(23), 1095-1121.
27. Dickie, C. (2009). Exploring Workplace Friendships in Business: Cultural Variations of Employee Behaviour, Research and Practice in Human Resource Management, 17(1), 128-137.
28. Dollard, M., Opie, T., Lenthall, S., Wakerman, J., Knight, S., Dunn, S., Rickard, G. & Macleod, M. L. P. (2012). Psychosocial Safety Climate as an Antecedent of Work Characteristics and Psychological Strain: A Multilevel Model. Work & Stress, 26(4), 385-404.
29. Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological Safety and Learning Behavior in Work Teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350-383.
30. Edmondson, A. C. (2003). Psychological Safety and Learning Behavior In Work Teams, Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350-384.
31. Eggers, J. T. (2011). Psychological Safety Influences Relational Behavior, (Report). Corrections Today, 73(1), 60-61.
32. Ehrhart, M. G. (2004). Leadership and Procedural Justice Climate as Antecedents of Unit-Level Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Personnel Psychology, 0(57), 61–94.
33. Eva, N., Meacham, H., Newman, A., Schwarz, G. & Tham, T.L. (2019). Is Coworker Feedback More Important Than Supervisor Feedback for Increasing Innovative Behavior? Human Resource Management, 58(4), 383-396.
34. Fasbender, U., Burmeister, A. & Wang, M. (2023). Managing the Risks and Side Effects of Workplace Friendships: The Moderating Role of Workplace Friendship Self-Efficacy, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 0(143), 103875.
35. Ferreira, J., Coelho, A. & Moutinho, L. (2020). Technovation Dynamic capabilities, Creativity and Innovation Capability and Their Impact on Competitive Advantage and Firm Performance: The Moderating Role of Entrepreneurial Orientation. Technovation, 92–93, 102061.
36. Frazier, M. L., Fainshmidt, S., Klinger, R. L., Pezeshkan, A. & Vracheva, V. (2017). Psychological Safety: A Meta‐Analytic Review and Extension. Personnel Psychology, 70(1), 113-165.
37. Gençel, B., Akçakanat, T. & Dinç, M. (2020). Psikolojik Rahatlığın Bilgi Paylaşımı, Çalışmaya Tutkunluk ve Çalışan Performansı Üzerine Etkisi. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(3), 2011-2038.
38. Guchait, P., Paşamehmetoğlu, A. & Dawson, M. (2014). Perceived Supervisor and Co-Worker Support for Error Management: Impact on Perceived Psychological Safety and Service Recovery Performance. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 41(41), 28-37.
39. Guy, M. E. (1992). Managing People. In M. Holzer, & S. Lee (Eds.), Public Productivity Handbook (307-320). New York: Marcel Dekker Inc.
40. Hargadon, A., & Sutton, R. I. (2000). Building an Innovation Factory. Harvard Business Review, 0(78), 157–166.
41. Hirak, R., Peng, A.C., Carmeli, A. & Schaubroeck, J. M. (2012). Linking Leader Inclusiveness to Work Unit Performance: The Importance of Psychological Safety and Learning From Failures. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(1), 107-117.
42. Ingram, P. & Zou, X. (2008). Business Friendships. Research in Organizational Behaviour, 28(7), 167-184.
43. Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological Conditions of Personal Engagement and Disengagement at Work. Academic Management, 0(33), 692–724
44. Kark, R. & Carmeli, A. (2009). Alive and Creating: The Mediating Role of Vitality and Aliveness in the Relationship Between Psychological Safety and Creative Work Involvement. Journal of Organizational Behavior 30(6), 785–804.
45. Kesici, M. & Önçel, S. (2015). Aşçıların Mesleki Özerklikleri ile Yaratıcılık Süreci İlişkisi. İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(1), 23-45.
46. Kim, K. H. (2005). Can Only Intelligent People Be Creative? A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Secondary Gifted Education, 16(2-3), 57-66.
47. Korber, S., Hibbert, P., Callagher, L., Siedlok, F. & Elsahn, Z. (2023). We-Experiences and The Maintenance of Workplace Friendships: Being Workplace Friends Together. Management Learning, Special Issue: Experiencing Communality and Togetherness at Work, 1-26.
48. Kram, K. E.& Isabella, L. A. (1985). Mentoring Alternatives: The Role of Peerrelationships in Career Development, Academy of Management Journal, 0(28), 110-132.
49. Kramer, M. W. (1996). A Longitudinal Study of Peer Communication During Job Transfers. The Impact Of Frequency, Quality, And Network Multiplexity on Adjustment. Human Communication Research, 23(1), 59-86.
50. Lee M. Y., Mazmanian, M. & Perlow L (2020). Fostering Positive Relational Dynamics: The Power of Spaces And Interaction Scripts. Academy of Management Journal, 63(1), 96-123.
51. Lee, H. E. (2005). Exploration of The Relationship Between Friendship at Work and Job Satisfaction: An Application of Balance Theory. Master Thesis. Michigan State University.
52. Lee, Y. S., Chang, J. Y. & Choi, J. N. (2017). Why Reject Creative ıdeas? Fear as a Driver of Implicit Bias Against Creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 29(3), 225–235.
53. Li, N. & Yan, J. (2009). The Effects of Trust Climate on Individual Performance, Frontiers of Business Research in China, 3(1), 27-49.
54. Lincoln, J. R. & Miller, J. (1979). Work and Friendship Ties in Organizations-Comparative Analysis of Relational Networks, Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(2), 181–199.
55. Liu, D., Zhang, Z., & Wang, M. (2012). Mono-Level and Multilevel Mediated Moderation and Moderated Mediation. In X. Chen, A. Tsui & I. Farh (Eds.), Empirical Methods in Organization and Management Research (2nd ed.)). Beijing: Peking University Press.
56. Lloyd-Cox, J., Pickering, A. & Bhattacharya, (2022). Evaluating Creativity: How Idea Context and Rater Personality Affect Considerations of Novelty and Usefulness. Creativity Reseach Journal, 34(4), 373-390.
57. Madjar, N., Greenberg, E. & Chen, Z. (2011). Factors for Radical Creativity, Incremental Creativity, and Routine, Non-Creative Performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 0(96), 730- 743.
58. Mao, H. Y. (2006). The Relationship Between Organizational Level And Workplace Friendship. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17(10), 1819-1833.
59. Mastria, S., Agnoli, S., Corazza, G. E. & Eisenbarth, H. (2019). How Does Emotion Influence the Creativity Evaluation of Exogenous Alternative Ideas? Plos One, 14(7).
60. Mc Grath, R. G.; Tsai, M.; Venkataraman, S. & Macmillan, I. C. (1996). Innovation, Competitive Advantage and Rent: A Model and Test. Management Science, 42(3), 389-403.
61. Methot, J. R., LePine, J. A., Podsakoff, N. P. & Christian, J. S. (2016). Are Workplace Friendships a Mixed Blessing? Exploring Tradeoffs of Multiplex Relationships and Their Associations With Job Performance. Personnel Psychology, 69(2), 311–355.
62. Morrison, R. L. (2004). Informal Relationships in The Workplace: Associations With Job Satisfaction, Organisational Commitment and Turnover Decisions. New Zealand Psychological Society, 33(3), 114-128.
63. Mukerjee, J. & Metiu, A. (2022). Play and Psychological Safety: An Ethnography Of Innovative Work. Journal of Product and Innovation Management, 0(39), 394-418.
64. Nielsen, I. K., Jex, S. M. & Adams, G. A. (2000). Development and Validation of Scores on a Two-Dimensional Workplace Friendship Scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60(4), 628-643.
65. Öncü, T. (1989). Torrance Yaratıcı Düşünme Testleri ve Wartegg-Biedma Kişilik Testi Aracılığıyla 7 -11 Yaş Çocuklarının Yaratıcılığa ve Kişilik Yapıları Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi, (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
66. Pacheco, D. C., Caldeira, S. & Moniz, A. I. D (2015), Silence in Organizations and Psychological Safety: A Literature Review. European Scientific Journal, 0(Special Edition), 293-308.
67. Pillemer J. & Rothbard N.P., (2018). Friends Without Benefits: Understanding The Dark Sides of Workplace Friendship. Academy of Management Review 43(4), 635-660.
68. Preacher, K. J. & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS Procedures for Estimating Indirect Effects in Simple Mediation Models. Behavior Research Methods. Instruments, & Computers, 36(4), 717-731.
69. Rawlins, W. K. (1992). Friendship Matters: Communication, Dialectics and The Life Course. New York: Aldine De Gruyter.
70. Riaz, H. & Hassan, A. (2019). Mediating Role Of Organizational Creativity Between Employees’ Intention in Knowledge Management Process and Organizational Performance: Empirical Study on Pharmaceutical Employees. Journal of Commercial Social Sciences, 13(3), 635–655.
71. Richards, R. L. (1976). A Comparison of Selected Guilford and Wallach-Kogan Creative Thinking Tests in Conjunction With Measures of Intelligence. Journal of Creative Behavior, 10(3), 151-164.
72. Riordan, C. M. & Griffeth, R. W. (1995). The Opportunity for Friendship in The Workplace: An Underexplored Construct. Journal of Business and Psychology, 10(2), 141-154.
73. Robinson, S. E., Roth, S. L.& Brown, L. L. (1993). Morale and Job Satisfaction Among Nurses: What Can Hospitals Do? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2(3), 244-251.
74. Ross, J. A. (1997). Does Friendship Improve Job Satisfaction? Harvard Business Review, 75(2), 8-9.
75. Runco, M. (2014). Creativity: Theories and Themes Research Development and Practice. The Netherlands: Elsevier.
76. Scott, S. G. & Bruce, R. A. (1994). Determinants of Innovative Behavior: A Path Model of Individual Innovation in the workplace. Academy of Management Journal, 37(3), 580-607.
77. Shellenbarger, S. (2000). An Overlooked Toll of Job Upheavals: Valuable friendships. Wall Street Journal (Eastern Edition), January 12th, New York, B1.
78. Siantonas, G. (2019). Virtual Working: Implications for Learning and Knowledge Creation in Communities of Practice, (Unpublishing PhD Thesis), Brighton: University of Sussex.
79. Sias, P. M. & Cahill, D. (1998). From Co-workers to Friends: The Development to Peer Friendships in the Workplace. Western Journal of Communication, 0(62), 273–299.
80. Sias, P. M. & Perry, T. (2004). Disengaging From Workplace Relationships-A research Note. Human Communication Research, 30(4), 589–602.
81. Sias, P. M. (2009). Organizing Relationships: Traditional and Emerging Perspectives on Workplace Relationships. SAGE Publications Inc.
82. Sias, P. M., Heath, R. G., Perry, T., Silva, D. & Fix, B. (2004). Narratives of Workplace Friendship Deterioration. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 21(3), 321-340.
83. Siemsen, E., Roth, A. V., Balasubramanian, S. & Anand, G. (2009). The Infuence of Psychological Safety And Confdence in Knowledge on Employee Knowledge Sharing. Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, 0(11), 429–447.
84. Şahinbaş, F. (2018). Pozitif Örgütsel Davranış Yaklaşımıyla İşyeri Arkadaşlığı ve İşe Adanma İlişkisi: Sağlık Çalışanları Üzerinde Bir Araştırma, (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
85. Takahashi, K. (2005). Toward a Life Span Theory of Close Relationships: The Affective Relationships Model. Human Development, 48(1/2), 48-66.
86. Taşpınar, Y., & Eryeşil, K. (2021). Örgütsel Güvenin Psikolojik İyi Oluş ve İşyeri Yalnızlığı Üzerindeki Etkisine İlişkin Bir Alan Araştırması: Konya İlinde Bir Yerel Yönetim Örneği. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, 13(24), 250-265.
87. Terman, L. M. (1917). The Intelligence Quotient of Francis Galton in Childhood. American Journal of Psychology, 28(2), 209-215.
88. Thurstone, L. L. (1952). Creative Talent. Applications of Psychology, (Ed: In Thurstone, L.L.). New York: Harper and Row.
89. Torrance, E. Paul (1972). Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking: Directions Manual and Scoring Guide. Figüral Test, Booklet: A Princeton. NJ: Personnel Press, Inc.
90. Türkoğlu, N. & Misican Özyılmaz, D. (2019). Çalışanların Psikolojik Rahatlık Algısı, Pozitif Ses Çıkarma Davranışı ve İşten Ayrılma Niyeti İlişkisi Üzerine Ampirik Bir Çalışma. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(1), 998-1010.
91. Ventura, K. & Soyuer, H. (2016). İşletmelerde Yenilik Yönetimi ve Araştırma Geliştirme Pazarlama-Üretim Entegrasyonunda Bilgiye Dayalı Yenilik Yaklaşımı. Ege Akademik Bakış, 0(16), 41-50.
92. West, M. A. & Neil R. A. (1996). Innovation in Top Management Teams, Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(6), 680.
93. Wild, J. J., Wild, K. L., Han, J. C. Y. & Rammal, H. G. (2007). International Business: The Challenges of Globalisation. Frenchs Forest. NSW: Pearson Education Australia.
94. Winstead, B. A., Derlega, V. J. & Pilkington, C. (1995). The Quality of Friendship at Work and Job Satisfaction, Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 0(12), 199-215.
95. Wolff, K. H. (1950). The Sociology of Georg Simmel. New York: Free Press.
96. Wong S., Boh, W. F. & Wu, A. (2021). When Three’s (Good) Company: Third-Party Friendships on Cooperation Across Departments. Journal of Management Studies, 58(2), 389-420.
97. Yener, S. (2015), Psikolojik Rahatlık Ölçeğinin Türkçe Formunun Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(13), 280-305.
98. Yin, K., Sun, J., Liu, Y. & Song, H. (2015). Effects of Workplace Friendship on Knowledge Sharing Intention: Test of a Moderated Mediator Model. Management Review, 30(4), 132–141.
99. Zhang, X. & Bartol, K. M. (2010). The Influence of Creative Process Engagement on Employee Creative Performance ond Overall Job Performance: A Curvilinear Assessment. Journal Applied Psycholy, 0(95), 862–873.
100. Zhang, X. & Bartol, K. M. (2010). Linking Empowering Leadership And Employee Creativity: The Influence of Psychological Empowerment, Intrinsic Motivation and Creatıve Process Engagement, The Academy of Management Journal, 0(53) 1, 107-128.
101. Zhang, X. & Kathryn, M. B. (2010). The Influence of Creative Process Engagement on Employee Creative Performance and Overall Job Performance: A Curvilinear Assessment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(5), 862.
102. Zhao, H. D., Xia, Q., He, P. X., Sheard, G. & Wan, P. (2016). Work Place Ostracism and Knowledge Hiding in Service Organizations. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 0(59), 84–94.
103. Zhou, J. & George, J. M. (2001). When Job Dissatisfaction Leads to Creativity: Encouraging The Expression of Voice. Academy of Management Journal, 44(4), 682-696.