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THE SOFT POWER OF SOUTH KOREA

Year 2020, Volume: 4 Issue: 13, 63 - 74, 30.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.615427

Abstract

The phenomenon of power in International Relations is among the concepts often discussed. The concept of ‘power’ with rising realism in 20th century was understood as military and economic power; power extends beyond this meaning today and incorporates different elements. In this context, ‘soft power’ has become one of the most important and referred concepts in International Relations. The concept of soft power, which can be defined as the ability of an actor to make another actor to do something it would not likely do itself, is shaped through elements such as culture, politics, economics, diplomacy. In particular, the complex structure of international relations today makes the international actors’ use of their ‘soft power’ potentials convenient. Today, the rapid leap in science and technology, especially the internet, has made it easier for states to produce, execute and disseminate soft power policies, making the use of soft power a kind of indispensable for a peaceful environment. In this study, the concept of power was first discussed within the framework of different approaches. Then the concept of hard power, which is one of the power types, is defined as the opposite of the concept of soft power. The main axis of the study, Joseph Nye's concept of soft power, was evaluated within the framework of International Relations and South Korea was examined as an example of soft power. Elements of soft power have been laid out in the context of the diplomatic, economic, cultural and political implications possessed by rising power South Korea. South Korea is particularly successful in presenting popular culture as the most basic source of its soft power.

References

  • Alagöz, E. A. (2013, March 14). ‘’Bir Kamu Diplomasisi Örneği Olarak Güney Kore’’, BİLGESAM, cited by http://www.bilgesam.org/incele/124/-bir-kamu-diplomasisi-ornegi-olarak-guney-kore/#.XBd1I2gzbIU, (16.06.2019)
  • Batı, U. (2015, August). ‘’Türkiye’de Markalaşma’’. cited by https://businessht.bloomberght.com/yorum/haber/1122670-turkiyede-markalasma, (15.06.2019)
  • CIA. cited by https://www.cia.gov/librarY/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ks.html, (10.07.2019)
  • Collins English Dictionary, cited by https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/soft-power, (15.08.2019)
  • Dahl, R. A. (1957). ‘’The Concept of Power’’. Behavioral Science, 2(3): 201-215.
  • Hwang, K.D. (2014). ‘’Korea’s Soft Power as an Alternative Approach to Africa in Development Cooperation Beyond’’. African and Asian Studies, 249-271.
  • International Monetary Fund. (2018, April). By https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/index.aspx, (21.08.2019)
  • Karabulut, Bilal (2016). Uluslararası İlişkiler Kavramlar-Teoriler-Kurumlar, Ankara: Barış Kitabevi.
  • KOCIS. cited by http://www.kocis.go.kr/eng/openVision.do, (17.08.2019)
  • Korea Herald. (2014, April 14). Cited by http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20140414001025, (31.08.2019)
  • Kozhakhmetova, D. (2012). Soft Power of Korean Popular Culture in Japan: K-Pop Avid Fandom in Tokyo. Lund University-Centre For East and South-East Asian Studies.
  • Lee, G. (2017). Shifting Soft Power Dynamics in Anti-Hallyu of China and Japan. Graduate School of International Relations Seoul National University.
  • Lee, S.J. (2012). South Korea as New Middle Power Seeking Complex Diplomacy. SungKyunKwan University. EAI Asia Security Initiative Working Paper.
  • Luguusharav, B. (2011). Soft Power, Master Thesis. Budapest: Central European University Department of International Relations and European Studies in.
  • Milanowitsch, B. (2018). Impact of Asian Soft Power in Latin America - China and South Korea as Emerging Powers in the Subcontinent, Master Thesis. Marburg: Philipps- Universität Marburg.
  • Monocle (2017). Soft Power Survey 2017/18. cited by https://monocle.com/film/affairs/soft-power-survey-2017-18/, (5.07.2019)
  • Nye, Joseph (2004). Soft Power. New York: Public Affairs.
  • Nye, J. (2009). ‘’South Korea's Growing Soft Power’’, Belfer Center. Cited by https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/south-koreas-growing-soft-power, (5.07.2019)
  • Özdemir, H. (2008). ‘’Uluslararası İlişkilerde Güç: Çok Boyutlu Bir Değerlendirme’’. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 63(3): 113-144.
  • Sancak, K. (2016). ‘’Yumuşak Güç Kaynağı Olarak Kültür ve Türkiye’nin Yumuşak Gücünde Kültür Faktörü’’. Balkan ve Yakın Doğu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(2): 16-26.

GÜNEY KORE’NİN YUMUŞAK GÜCÜ

Year 2020, Volume: 4 Issue: 13, 63 - 74, 30.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.615427

Abstract

Uluslararası ilişkilerde güç olgusu sıklıkla tartışılan kavramlar arasındadır. 20. yüzyılda yükselen realizm akımı ile askeri ve ekonomik güç olarak anlaşılan ‘’güç’’ kavramı, günümüzde bu anlamının ötesine uzanarak farklı unsurları da bünyesinde ihtiva etmektedir. Bu bağlamda uluslararası ilişkilerde önem kazanan ve en çok kullanılan kavramlardan biri de ‘’yumuşak güç’’ olmuştur. Bir aktörün bir başka aktöre normal şartlarda yapmaktan hoşnut olmayacağı bir şeyi yaptırma kabiliyeti olarak tanımlanabilecek yumuşak güç kavramı kültür, siyaset, ekonomi, diplomasi gibi unsurlar aracılığıyla şekillenmiştir. Bilhassa uluslararası ilişkilerin günümüzdeki karmaşık yapısı, uluslararası aktörlerin ‘yumuşak güç’ potansiyellerini kullanmalarını elverişli kılmaktadır. Günümüzde internet başta olmak üzere bilim ve teknolojideki hızlı sıçrama, aktörlerin yumuşak güç politikaları üretmesini, yürütmesini ve yaygınlaştırmasını kolaylaştırmış; yumuşak güç kullanımını barışçıl bir ortam için bir nevi zaruri hale getirmiştir. Bu çalışmada öncelikle güç kavramı farklı yaklaşımlar çerçevesinde ele alınmıştır. Ardından güç türlerinden biri olan sert güç kavramı, yumuşak güç kavramının karşıtı olmak suretiyle tanımlanmıştır. Çalışmanın ana ekseni olan Joseph Nye’ın yumuşak güç kavramı uluslararası ilişkiler çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiş ve bir yumuşak güç örneği olarak Güney Kore incelenmiştir. Yumuşak güç unsurları, yükselen güç Güney Kore’nin sahip olduğu diplomatik, ekonomik, kültürel ve siyasi etkileri bağlamında ortaya konulmuştur. Güney Kore, bilhassa popüler kültürünü yumuşak gücünün en temel kaynağı olarak sunmak hususunda başarılıdır.

References

  • Alagöz, E. A. (2013, March 14). ‘’Bir Kamu Diplomasisi Örneği Olarak Güney Kore’’, BİLGESAM, cited by http://www.bilgesam.org/incele/124/-bir-kamu-diplomasisi-ornegi-olarak-guney-kore/#.XBd1I2gzbIU, (16.06.2019)
  • Batı, U. (2015, August). ‘’Türkiye’de Markalaşma’’. cited by https://businessht.bloomberght.com/yorum/haber/1122670-turkiyede-markalasma, (15.06.2019)
  • CIA. cited by https://www.cia.gov/librarY/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ks.html, (10.07.2019)
  • Collins English Dictionary, cited by https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/soft-power, (15.08.2019)
  • Dahl, R. A. (1957). ‘’The Concept of Power’’. Behavioral Science, 2(3): 201-215.
  • Hwang, K.D. (2014). ‘’Korea’s Soft Power as an Alternative Approach to Africa in Development Cooperation Beyond’’. African and Asian Studies, 249-271.
  • International Monetary Fund. (2018, April). By https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/index.aspx, (21.08.2019)
  • Karabulut, Bilal (2016). Uluslararası İlişkiler Kavramlar-Teoriler-Kurumlar, Ankara: Barış Kitabevi.
  • KOCIS. cited by http://www.kocis.go.kr/eng/openVision.do, (17.08.2019)
  • Korea Herald. (2014, April 14). Cited by http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20140414001025, (31.08.2019)
  • Kozhakhmetova, D. (2012). Soft Power of Korean Popular Culture in Japan: K-Pop Avid Fandom in Tokyo. Lund University-Centre For East and South-East Asian Studies.
  • Lee, G. (2017). Shifting Soft Power Dynamics in Anti-Hallyu of China and Japan. Graduate School of International Relations Seoul National University.
  • Lee, S.J. (2012). South Korea as New Middle Power Seeking Complex Diplomacy. SungKyunKwan University. EAI Asia Security Initiative Working Paper.
  • Luguusharav, B. (2011). Soft Power, Master Thesis. Budapest: Central European University Department of International Relations and European Studies in.
  • Milanowitsch, B. (2018). Impact of Asian Soft Power in Latin America - China and South Korea as Emerging Powers in the Subcontinent, Master Thesis. Marburg: Philipps- Universität Marburg.
  • Monocle (2017). Soft Power Survey 2017/18. cited by https://monocle.com/film/affairs/soft-power-survey-2017-18/, (5.07.2019)
  • Nye, Joseph (2004). Soft Power. New York: Public Affairs.
  • Nye, J. (2009). ‘’South Korea's Growing Soft Power’’, Belfer Center. Cited by https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/south-koreas-growing-soft-power, (5.07.2019)
  • Özdemir, H. (2008). ‘’Uluslararası İlişkilerde Güç: Çok Boyutlu Bir Değerlendirme’’. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 63(3): 113-144.
  • Sancak, K. (2016). ‘’Yumuşak Güç Kaynağı Olarak Kültür ve Türkiye’nin Yumuşak Gücünde Kültür Faktörü’’. Balkan ve Yakın Doğu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(2): 16-26.
There are 20 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Aybala Lale 0000-0003-3289-5403

Publication Date September 30, 2020
Submission Date September 4, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 4 Issue: 13

Cite

APA Lale, A. (2020). THE SOFT POWER OF SOUTH KOREA. Asya Studies, 4(13), 63-74. https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.615427