Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

NATIONALIZATION PROCESS AND IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION OF PAKISTAN

Year 2021, Volume: 5 Issue: 16, 225 - 233, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.831928

Abstract

Pakistan faced important problems in the context of nation-state building after its independence; with a political structure under the influence of the military, it continued to build identity in the shadow of conflicts arising from ethnic, religious and sectarian differences. In Pakistan, where military governments have directed political life since its independence, the army has always played a dominant and decisive role in the construction of domestic and foreign policy, and the political powers have changed hands with the reactions of the opposition rather than democracy. This situation prevented the formation of institutionalized political traditions.
In the restructuring processes of the states that gained their freedom after the World War II, in parallel with the change in social and political practices, identity crises and new identity building efforts were inevitable. For this reason, the subject that should be focused on identity is the nationalization process. In this context, Pakistan draws the profile of a country experiencing serious problems in terms of national integration, where ethnic / regional identity, religion / sect, and urban / rural distinction are a separating factor. In the international system, which was restructured after decolonization, the social organization of the modern age has been shaped as a "nation-state". And the European nation-state system has been taken as the model of the nation-state. The newly emerging states have attempted to create citizens in accordance with their identity policies, and as a result, they have had negative consequences on some states, including Pakistan, and created legitimacy problems that are difficult to compensate between society and the government. In this context, in this study the nationalization and national identity building process of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan will be analyzed and the most important component will be identity.

References

  • Abbasi, O. H. ve Abu Bakar, M. Z. (2015). Pakistan’s Foreign Policy Perception: Comparative Analysis of Pre and Post 9/11 Milieu. Science International, 27(3), 2933-2937.
  • Adler, E. (1997). Seizing the Middle Ground: Constructivism and World Politics. European Journal of International Relations, 3(3): 319-363.
  • Ahmad, M. (2016). Mapping Pakistan’s Political Superstructure. Mapping Pakistan’s Internal Dynamics; Implications for State Stability and Regional Security, NBR Special Report, 55(February), 11-32.
  • Ahmed, N. (2010). Military and the Foreign Policy of Pakistan. South Asian Survey, 17(2), 313-330.
  • Ahmed, A. S. (1997). Tribes, Regional Pressures and Nationhood. (Derleyen: Victoria Schofield). Old Roads and New Highways: Fifty Years of Pakistan İçinde (s. 139-155). Karachi.
  • Ahsan, A., (2003). Pakistan Since Independence: An Historical Analysis. The Muslim World, 93(3-4), 351-371.
  • Akbar, M. J. (2011). Tinderbox: The Past and Future of Pakistan. New Delhi: Harper Collins Press.
  • Aktaş, C. (1987). Pakistan Dosyası. İstanbul: Akabe Yayınları.
  • Alavi, H. (1989). Nationhood and the Nationalities in Pakistan. Economic and Political Weekly, 24(27), 1527-1534.
  • Almond, G. A. ve Sidney V. (1963). The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. New York: Princeton University Press.
  • Ashcroft, B.; Griffiths G. ve Tiffin H. (2007). Post-Colonial Studies, The Key Concepts. New York: Routledge.
  • Bhatnagar, A. ve Mohan, C. R. (2016) India-Pakistan Relations and Regional Stability. Mapping Pakistan’s Internal Dynamics; Implications for State Stability and Regional Security, NBR Special Report, 55(February), 79-98.
  • Bloom, W. (1990). Personal Identity, National Identity and International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Burki, S. J. (1986). Pakistan: A Nation in the Making. London: Oxford University Press.
  • Chopra, S. (1993). Islamic Fundamentalism and Pakistan’s Foreign Policy. India Quarterly, 49(1-2), 1-36.
  • Cohen, S. P. (2011). Pakistan: Arrival and Departure. (Derleyen: Stephen P. Cohen). The Future of Pakistan İçinde (s. 1-69). Washington: Brookings Institution Press.
  • Çevik, S. (2013). Pakistan Siyasetini Anlama Kılavuzu, İstanbul: SETA Yayınları.
  • Devasher, T. (2017). Missing Factors in India’s Policy Towards Pakistan. New Delhi: Vivekananda International Foundation.
  • Fair, C.C. (2016). Pakistan’s Internal Security Environment. Mapping Pakistan’s Internal Dynamics; Implications for State Stability and Regional Security, NBR Special Report, 55(February), 33-58.
  • Habermas, J. (2004). “Öteki” Olmak, “Öteki”yle Yaşamak, (Çevşren: Aka, İ.). İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Haqqani, H. (2005). Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military. Lahore: Vanguard Books.
  • Hopf, T., (1998) The Promise of Constructivism in International Relations Theory. International Security, 23(1), 171-200.
  • Katzenstein, P. J. (1996). The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Karim, M. (2016). Mapping Pakistan’s Internal Dynamics: Implications for State Stability and Regional Security. Mapping Pakistan’s Internal Dynamics; Implications for State Stability and Regional Security, NBR Special Report, 55(February), 1-10.
  • Karpat, K. H. (2011). Osmanlı’dan Günümüze Ortadoğu’da Millet, Milliyet, Milliyetçilik. İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları.
  • Khan, I. A. (2007). Understanding Pakistan's Pro-Taliban Afghan Policy. Pakistan Horizon, 60(2), 141-157.
  • Kostovicova, D. B. ve Dzeliloviç, V. (2009). Persistent State Weakness in the Global Age. UK: Ashgate Publishing Group.
  • Kumar, S. (2019). Pakistan’s Foreign Policy, Trends and Challenges. Institute for Defence Studies & Analyses (IDSA) Occasional Paper, 0(54), 1-54.
  • Kurubaş, E. (2006). Asimilasyondan Tanınmaya: Uluslararası Alanda Azınlıkların Korunması ve Avrupa Yaklaşımı. Ankara: Asil Yayıncılık.
  • Kurubaş, E. (2008). Etnik Sorunlar: Ulus-Devlet ve Etnik Gruplar Arasındaki Varoluşsal İlişki. Doğu Batı, 0(44), 11-31.
  • Michaels, A. (2014). India’s Spirituality, The Plurality of Hinduism and Religious Tolerance, India International Centre Quarterly, 41(2), 145-156. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24390756 adresinden 11.04.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • McSweeney, B. (1999). Security, Identity and Interest: Sociology of International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Mehrotra, O. N. (1981). Pakistan and the Islamic World. Strategic Analysis, 5(1-2), 32-39.
  • Mullick, R. ve Hraba, J. (2001) Ethnic Attitudes in Pakistan, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 25(2), 165-179.
  • Nelson, M. J. (2016). Informal Agencies of Influence in Pakistan: The Interdependence of Social, Religious, and Political Trends. Mapping Pakistan’s Internal Dynamics; Implications for State Stability and Regional Security, NBR Special Report, 55(February), 59-78.
  • Özhazar, İ. (2017). Modern Dönem İslam Ülkeleri, (2. Cilt), Balkanlar, Türkistan ve Güney Asya. İstanbul: Tire Kitap.
  • Pande, A. (2011). Explaining Pakistan’s Foreign Policy: Escaping India. New York: Routledge Press.
  • Rajagopalan, S. (1999). Internal Unit Demarcation and National Identity: India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 5(3), 191-211.
  • Rizvi, H. A. (1983). Pakistan: Ideology and Foreign Policy. Asian Affairs: An American Review,10(1), 48-59.
  • Sathasivam, K. (2017). Uneasy Neighbors: India, Pakistan and US Foreign Policy. London & New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Vorys, K. V. (2015). Political Development in Pakistan. Washington: Princeton University Press.
  • Wagner, C. (2010). Pakistan's Foreign Policy Between India and Afghanistan. Security and Peace, 28(4), 246-251.
  • Weldes, J. (1996). Constructing National Interests. European Journal of International Relations, 2(3), 275-318.
  • Yıldız, S. (2007). Kimlik ve Ulusal Kimlik Kavramlarının Toplumsal Niteliği. Millî Folklor Dergisi, 19(74), 9-16.
  • Yurdusev, A. N. (1997). Avrupa Kimliğinin Oluşumu ve Türk Kimliği. (Derleyen: Atila Eralp). Türkiye ve Avrupa: Batılılaşma, Kalkınma, Demokrasi İçinde (s. 17-85). Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
  • Yurdusev, A. N. (2012). Ulus-Devlet: İnsanlığın En Tehlikeli İcadı. (Derleyen: Tayyar Arı). Uluslararası İlişkilerde Post Modern Analizler-1, Kimlik, Kültür, Güvenlik ve Dış Politika İçinde (s. 56-74). Bursa: MKM Yayıncılık.
  • Yüksel, M. U. (2018). Ortadoğu’ya İnşacı Kuram Açısından Alternatif Bir Yaklaşım: Ortadoğu’da Kimlik Sorunu. Academia İnternet Sitesi, 3. https://www.academia.edu/4128738/Ortado%C4%9Fuya_%C4%B0n%C5%9Fac%C4%B1_Kuram_A%C3%A7%C4%B1s%C4%B1ndan_Alternatif_Bir_Yakla%C5%9F%C4%B1m_Ortado%C4%9Fuda_Kimlik_Sorunu adresinden 25.12.2019 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Pakistan Resmi İnternet Sitesi, “Jinnah Speeches and Messages”, (26 February 1948), http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid/messages_page3.html adresinden 23.06.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Pakistan Resmi İnternet Sitesi, https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/pakistan/constitution-politics adresinden 25.11.2019 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Pakistan İstatistik Bürosu (Pakistan Bureau of Statistics) resmi internet sitesi, http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//tables/POPULATION%20BY%20RELIGION.pdf adresinden 25.11.2019 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Pakistan Seçim Komisyonu (Election Commission of Pakistan) Resmi İnternet Sitesi, https://www.ecp.gov.pk/frmGenericPage.aspx?PageID=3089 adresinden 14.02.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Hinduizm, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi İnternet Sitesi, https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/hinduizm adresinden 11.04.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.

PAKİSTAN DEVLETİ’NİN ULUSLAŞMA SÜRECİ VE KİMLİK İNŞASI

Year 2021, Volume: 5 Issue: 16, 225 - 233, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.831928

Abstract

Pakistan, bağımsızlığı sonrasında ulus-devlet inşası bağlamında önemli sorunlarla karşılaşmış; ordunun etkisi altındaki bir siyasi yapı ile etnisite, din ve mezhep farklılığı kaynaklı çatışmaların gölgesinde kimlik inşasını sürdürmüştür. Bağımsızlığından itibaren askeri yönetimlerin siyasi yaşamı yönlendirdiği Pakistan’da ordu, her daim iç ve dış politika inşasında söz sahibi ve belirleyici bir rol üstlenmiş, siyasi iktidarlar ise demokrasiden ziyade muhalif kesimin tepkileri ile el değiştirmiştir. Bu durum ise kurumsallaşmış siyasal geleneklerin oluşmasına engel olmuştur.
II. Dünya Savaşı’nın ardından özgürlüklerini kazanan devletlerin yeni yapılanma süreçlerinde, sosyal ve siyasal pratiklerin değişimine paralel olarak kimlik bunalımları ve yeni kimlik inşa gayretleri kaçınılmaz olmuştur. Bu sebeple, kimlikle ilgili olarak yoğunlaşılması gereken konu, uluslaşma sürecidir. Bu bağlamda Pakistan, etnik/bölgesel kimlik, din/mezhep ve şehirli/kırsal ayrımının ayrıştırıcı bir faktör olduğu ve bu sebeple ulusal bütünleşme anlamında ciddi sorunlar yaşayan bir ülke profili çizmektedir. Dekolonizasyon sonrasında yeniden yapılanan uluslararası sistemde modern çağın toplumsal örgütlenişi, “ulus-devlet” olarak şekillenmiştir. Ve ulus-devlet modeli olarak Avrupa ulus-devlet sistemi örnek alınmıştır. Yeni ortaya çıkan devletler, kimlik politikalarına uygun vatandaş yaratma gayretlerine girişmiş ve sonuçta Pakistan’ın da içinde olduğu birtakım devletler üzerinde olumsuz sonuçlar doğurmuş, toplum ile yönetim arasında telafisi güç olan meşruiyet sorunları ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu bağlamda, çalışmada Pakistan İslam Cumhuriyeti’nin uluslaşma ve ulusal kimlik inşa süreci analiz edilecek olup çalışmanın en önemli bileşeni, kimlik olacaktır. 

References

  • Abbasi, O. H. ve Abu Bakar, M. Z. (2015). Pakistan’s Foreign Policy Perception: Comparative Analysis of Pre and Post 9/11 Milieu. Science International, 27(3), 2933-2937.
  • Adler, E. (1997). Seizing the Middle Ground: Constructivism and World Politics. European Journal of International Relations, 3(3): 319-363.
  • Ahmad, M. (2016). Mapping Pakistan’s Political Superstructure. Mapping Pakistan’s Internal Dynamics; Implications for State Stability and Regional Security, NBR Special Report, 55(February), 11-32.
  • Ahmed, N. (2010). Military and the Foreign Policy of Pakistan. South Asian Survey, 17(2), 313-330.
  • Ahmed, A. S. (1997). Tribes, Regional Pressures and Nationhood. (Derleyen: Victoria Schofield). Old Roads and New Highways: Fifty Years of Pakistan İçinde (s. 139-155). Karachi.
  • Ahsan, A., (2003). Pakistan Since Independence: An Historical Analysis. The Muslim World, 93(3-4), 351-371.
  • Akbar, M. J. (2011). Tinderbox: The Past and Future of Pakistan. New Delhi: Harper Collins Press.
  • Aktaş, C. (1987). Pakistan Dosyası. İstanbul: Akabe Yayınları.
  • Alavi, H. (1989). Nationhood and the Nationalities in Pakistan. Economic and Political Weekly, 24(27), 1527-1534.
  • Almond, G. A. ve Sidney V. (1963). The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. New York: Princeton University Press.
  • Ashcroft, B.; Griffiths G. ve Tiffin H. (2007). Post-Colonial Studies, The Key Concepts. New York: Routledge.
  • Bhatnagar, A. ve Mohan, C. R. (2016) India-Pakistan Relations and Regional Stability. Mapping Pakistan’s Internal Dynamics; Implications for State Stability and Regional Security, NBR Special Report, 55(February), 79-98.
  • Bloom, W. (1990). Personal Identity, National Identity and International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Burki, S. J. (1986). Pakistan: A Nation in the Making. London: Oxford University Press.
  • Chopra, S. (1993). Islamic Fundamentalism and Pakistan’s Foreign Policy. India Quarterly, 49(1-2), 1-36.
  • Cohen, S. P. (2011). Pakistan: Arrival and Departure. (Derleyen: Stephen P. Cohen). The Future of Pakistan İçinde (s. 1-69). Washington: Brookings Institution Press.
  • Çevik, S. (2013). Pakistan Siyasetini Anlama Kılavuzu, İstanbul: SETA Yayınları.
  • Devasher, T. (2017). Missing Factors in India’s Policy Towards Pakistan. New Delhi: Vivekananda International Foundation.
  • Fair, C.C. (2016). Pakistan’s Internal Security Environment. Mapping Pakistan’s Internal Dynamics; Implications for State Stability and Regional Security, NBR Special Report, 55(February), 33-58.
  • Habermas, J. (2004). “Öteki” Olmak, “Öteki”yle Yaşamak, (Çevşren: Aka, İ.). İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Haqqani, H. (2005). Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military. Lahore: Vanguard Books.
  • Hopf, T., (1998) The Promise of Constructivism in International Relations Theory. International Security, 23(1), 171-200.
  • Katzenstein, P. J. (1996). The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Karim, M. (2016). Mapping Pakistan’s Internal Dynamics: Implications for State Stability and Regional Security. Mapping Pakistan’s Internal Dynamics; Implications for State Stability and Regional Security, NBR Special Report, 55(February), 1-10.
  • Karpat, K. H. (2011). Osmanlı’dan Günümüze Ortadoğu’da Millet, Milliyet, Milliyetçilik. İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları.
  • Khan, I. A. (2007). Understanding Pakistan's Pro-Taliban Afghan Policy. Pakistan Horizon, 60(2), 141-157.
  • Kostovicova, D. B. ve Dzeliloviç, V. (2009). Persistent State Weakness in the Global Age. UK: Ashgate Publishing Group.
  • Kumar, S. (2019). Pakistan’s Foreign Policy, Trends and Challenges. Institute for Defence Studies & Analyses (IDSA) Occasional Paper, 0(54), 1-54.
  • Kurubaş, E. (2006). Asimilasyondan Tanınmaya: Uluslararası Alanda Azınlıkların Korunması ve Avrupa Yaklaşımı. Ankara: Asil Yayıncılık.
  • Kurubaş, E. (2008). Etnik Sorunlar: Ulus-Devlet ve Etnik Gruplar Arasındaki Varoluşsal İlişki. Doğu Batı, 0(44), 11-31.
  • Michaels, A. (2014). India’s Spirituality, The Plurality of Hinduism and Religious Tolerance, India International Centre Quarterly, 41(2), 145-156. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24390756 adresinden 11.04.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • McSweeney, B. (1999). Security, Identity and Interest: Sociology of International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Mehrotra, O. N. (1981). Pakistan and the Islamic World. Strategic Analysis, 5(1-2), 32-39.
  • Mullick, R. ve Hraba, J. (2001) Ethnic Attitudes in Pakistan, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 25(2), 165-179.
  • Nelson, M. J. (2016). Informal Agencies of Influence in Pakistan: The Interdependence of Social, Religious, and Political Trends. Mapping Pakistan’s Internal Dynamics; Implications for State Stability and Regional Security, NBR Special Report, 55(February), 59-78.
  • Özhazar, İ. (2017). Modern Dönem İslam Ülkeleri, (2. Cilt), Balkanlar, Türkistan ve Güney Asya. İstanbul: Tire Kitap.
  • Pande, A. (2011). Explaining Pakistan’s Foreign Policy: Escaping India. New York: Routledge Press.
  • Rajagopalan, S. (1999). Internal Unit Demarcation and National Identity: India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 5(3), 191-211.
  • Rizvi, H. A. (1983). Pakistan: Ideology and Foreign Policy. Asian Affairs: An American Review,10(1), 48-59.
  • Sathasivam, K. (2017). Uneasy Neighbors: India, Pakistan and US Foreign Policy. London & New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Vorys, K. V. (2015). Political Development in Pakistan. Washington: Princeton University Press.
  • Wagner, C. (2010). Pakistan's Foreign Policy Between India and Afghanistan. Security and Peace, 28(4), 246-251.
  • Weldes, J. (1996). Constructing National Interests. European Journal of International Relations, 2(3), 275-318.
  • Yıldız, S. (2007). Kimlik ve Ulusal Kimlik Kavramlarının Toplumsal Niteliği. Millî Folklor Dergisi, 19(74), 9-16.
  • Yurdusev, A. N. (1997). Avrupa Kimliğinin Oluşumu ve Türk Kimliği. (Derleyen: Atila Eralp). Türkiye ve Avrupa: Batılılaşma, Kalkınma, Demokrasi İçinde (s. 17-85). Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
  • Yurdusev, A. N. (2012). Ulus-Devlet: İnsanlığın En Tehlikeli İcadı. (Derleyen: Tayyar Arı). Uluslararası İlişkilerde Post Modern Analizler-1, Kimlik, Kültür, Güvenlik ve Dış Politika İçinde (s. 56-74). Bursa: MKM Yayıncılık.
  • Yüksel, M. U. (2018). Ortadoğu’ya İnşacı Kuram Açısından Alternatif Bir Yaklaşım: Ortadoğu’da Kimlik Sorunu. Academia İnternet Sitesi, 3. https://www.academia.edu/4128738/Ortado%C4%9Fuya_%C4%B0n%C5%9Fac%C4%B1_Kuram_A%C3%A7%C4%B1s%C4%B1ndan_Alternatif_Bir_Yakla%C5%9F%C4%B1m_Ortado%C4%9Fuda_Kimlik_Sorunu adresinden 25.12.2019 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Pakistan Resmi İnternet Sitesi, “Jinnah Speeches and Messages”, (26 February 1948), http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid/messages_page3.html adresinden 23.06.2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Pakistan Resmi İnternet Sitesi, https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/pakistan/constitution-politics adresinden 25.11.2019 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Pakistan İstatistik Bürosu (Pakistan Bureau of Statistics) resmi internet sitesi, http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//tables/POPULATION%20BY%20RELIGION.pdf adresinden 25.11.2019 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Pakistan Seçim Komisyonu (Election Commission of Pakistan) Resmi İnternet Sitesi, https://www.ecp.gov.pk/frmGenericPage.aspx?PageID=3089 adresinden 14.02.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Hinduizm, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi İnternet Sitesi, https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/hinduizm adresinden 11.04.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ilkay Çamkerten 0000-0003-3083-3268

Publication Date June 30, 2021
Submission Date November 26, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 5 Issue: 16

Cite

APA Çamkerten, I. (2021). PAKİSTAN DEVLETİ’NİN ULUSLAŞMA SÜRECİ VE KİMLİK İNŞASI. Asya Studies, 5(16), 225-233. https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.831928

Cited By

ÜLKE TANITIMI: PAKİSTAN
Asya Araştırmaları Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.58640/asyar.1404583

800px-Cc_by-nc_icon.svg.png Works published in the journal Asian Studies are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.