Relationship between Outdoor Recreation and Environmental Justice: Case of EJAtlas

Abstract

Environmental justice emerged in the 1970s as a concept aimed at eliminating the victimization caused by differences such as race, age, gender, socio-economic class in people’s relations with the environment. Since thenit has been applied in different fields. This study aims to examine the relationship between environmental justice and outdoor recreation in a holistic manner from a global perspective based on real cases. A total of 94 cases reported on the Global Atlas of Environmental Justice (EJAtlas) website under the title of “tourism-recreation” around the world were analyzed using document analysis method. Those cases focus on the inequalities caused by recreational areas and the negative impacts of recreational activities.The limited number of studies on the relationship between outdoor recreation and environmental justice highlights the importance of this study and its contribution to the literature. The cases were evaluated under the categories of political, physical, social, and perceived environment. The study revealed that environmental justice was achieved in only 17 cases in the total. Conflicts related to environmental justice were most common in European and American countries with 71 reported cases. Environmental conflicts are evident in political, physical, social and perceived environmental dimensions but higher rate in the political environment.

Keywords

• Outdoor recreation
• Environmental justice
• Environmental conflict
• EJAtlas

Açık Alan Rekreasyonu ve Çevresel Adalet İlişkisi: EJAtlas Örneği

Öz

Çevresel adalet, insanların çevreyle kurduğu ilişkilerde ırk, yaş, cinsiyet, sosyo-ekonomik sınıf gibi farklılıkların yarattığı mağduriyetlerin bertaraf edilmesine yönelik bir kavram olarak 1970’li yıllarda ortaya çıkmış ve sonrasında farklı alanlarda da kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı çevresel adalet ile açık alan rekreasyonu arasındaki ilişkiyi gerçek vakalara dayanan küresel bir perspektifle bütünsel şekilde incelemektir. Bu noktada Küresel Çevresel Adalet Atlası (EJAtlas) web sitesinde dünya üzerinde “turizm-rekreasyon” başlığı altında raporlanan toplam 94 vaka, doküman analizi yöntemi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Bu kategorideki vakalar hem rekreasyon alanlarının yarattığı hem de rekreasyonel faaliyetlerden kaynaklanan olumsuz etkilerin ortaya çıkardığı eşitsizliklere odaklanmaktadır. Alanyazın incelendiğinde, açık alan rekreasyonu ve çevresel adalet ilişkisine dair çalışmaların sınırlı sayıda olması, bu çalışmanın sağlayacağı katkı özelinde önemini ortaya koymaktadır. Vakalar; politik, fiziksel, sosyal ve algılanan çevre kategorilerinde değerlendirilmiş, toplam vakaların yalnızca 17 tanesinde çevresel adaletin sağlanabildiği anlaşılmıştır. Çevresel adalet konusunda yaşanan ve raporlanan çatışmalar, en fazla Avrupa ve Amerika (71 vaka) ülkelerinde görülmüştür. Politik, fiziksel, sosyal ve algılanan çevre boyutlarında çevresel çatışmaların en fazla görüldüğü boyut ise politik çevredir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Açık alan rekreasyonu
• çevresel adalet
• çevresel çatışma
• EJAtlas

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