Determination of Local Economic Impacts of Tourism: The Case Of Marmaris Hotel Industry

Year 2017, , 27 - 38, 01.06.2017

Mustafa Terzioğlu , Ümmühan Gökovalı

https://doi.org/10.17123/atad.316072

Cited By: 2

Abstract

Tourism industry has been among the leading sectors for especially developing countries due to its contribution to economic growth, creation of employment, easing balance of payment constraints and encouragement of foreign direct investment. However, to assess the net local and nation-wide contribution of tourism sector, it is necessary to lay out the economic leakages. Although there are many international studies which investigated the local economic contribution of tourism sector taking into account the economic leakages, there is no such study for Turkey. To fill this gap, a detailed semi-structured questionnaire is applied to managers of 4 and 5-star hotels and holiday villages (33 out of 52) that are active in the district of Marmaris-Mugla-Turkey and economic leakages and linkages of Marmaris hotel sector has been identified. Data obtained from the field survey is used to estimate economic effects of hotel industry such as creation of employment and tax income and generation of income by hotels through Keynesian multiplier. The estimation results confirm that hotel industry has indeed a leading sector for the Marmaris economy.

Keywords

Economic linkages in tourism, Economic leakages in tourism, Economic impacts of tourism, Marmaris hotel industry

Turizmin Yerel Ekonomik Etkilerinin Belirlenmesi: Marmaris Otelcilik Endüstrisi Örneği

Abstract

Turizm endüstrisi ekonomik büyüme, istihdam yaratma, ödemeler dengesi kısıtlarını kolaylaştırma ve yerli ve yabancı sermayeyi teşvik eden özelliklerden dolayı özellikle gelişmekte olan ülkelerde lokomotif endüstriler arasında yer almaktadır. Ancak turizmin yerel ve ulusal net ekonomik etkilerinin belirlenebilmesi için öncelikle ekonomik sızıntıların tespit edilmesi gerekmektedir. Turizmin yerel ekonomiye yaptığı katkıları ekonomik sızıntıları göz önünde bulundurarak ortaya koyan birçok uluslararası çalışma olmasına rağmen Türkiye’de böyle bir çalışmaya rastlanmamıştır. Alanyazındaki bu eksikliği gidermek amacıyla Muğla ilinin Marmaris ilçesinde faaliyet göstermekte olan 4 ve 5 yıldızlı otel ve tatil köylerinin yöneticilerine (52 tesisten 33 tanesi ile) yarı-yapılandırılmış anket uygulanmış ve Marmaris otelcilik endüstrisinde ekonomik sızıntılar ve bağlantılar tespit edilmiştir. Alan araştırmasından elde edilen veriler, Keynezyen çarpan yardımı ile otelcilik endüstrisinin gelir, istihdam ve vergi geliri üzerindeki etkileri tahmin etmek için kullanılmıştır. Tahminler turizm endüstrisinin Marmaris ekonomisi için lokomotif sektör olma özelliğini pekiştirici niteliktedir.

Keywords

Turizmde ekonomik bağlantılar, Turizmde ekonomik sızıntılar, Turizmin ekonomik etkileri, Marmaris otelcilik endüstrisi

References

• Aguayo, E. (2011). Impact of Tourism on Employment: An Econometric Model of 50 CEEB Regions, Regional and Sectoral Economic Studies, 11 (1): 37-46.
• Akama, J. S. ve Kieti, D. M. (2007). Tourism and Socio-economic Development in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Mombasa Resort in Kenya, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15 (6): 735-748.
• Archer, B. ve Fletcher, J. (1996). The Economic Impact of Tourism in the Seychelles, Annals of Tourism Research, 23 (1): 32-47.
• Belisle, F. J. (1983). Tourism and Food Production in the Caribbean, Annals of Tourism Research, 10: 497–513.
• Britton, S. (1982). The Political Economy of Tourism in the Third World, Annals of Tourism Research, 9: 331-358.
• Bryden, J. (1973). Tourism and Development: A Case Study of the Commonwealth Caribbean. Cambridge: Cambridge Üniversitesi Yayınları.
• Diaz, D., (2001). Symposium on Tourism Services: The Viability and Sustainability of International Tourism in Developing Countries. World Trade Organization: Geneva.
• Dritsakis, N. (2012). Tourism Development and Economic Frowth in Seven Mediterranean Countries: A Panel Data Approach, Tourism Economics, 18 (4): 801-816.
• Eugenio-Martin, J. L., Morales, N. M. ve Scarpa, R. (2004). Tourism and Economic Growth in Latin American Countries: A Panel Data Approach. FEEM Working Paper No. 26.2004.
• Gollub, J., Hosier, A. ve Woo, G. (2003). Using Cluster-Based Economic Strategy to Minimize Tourism Leakages. UNWTO.
• Gökovalı, U. (2010). Contribution of Tourism to Economic Growth in Turkey, Anatolia: International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 21 (1): 139-153.
• Hanafiah, M. H. M. ve Harun, M. F. M. (2010). Tourism Demand in Malaysia: A Cross-Sectional Pool Time-Series Analysis, International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, 1 (2): 200-203.
• Hemmati, M. ve Koehler, N. (2000). Financial Leakages in Tourism, Sustainable Travel and Tourism, 25-29.
• International Labour Organization (2008). Guide for Social Dialogue in the Tourism Industry. Sectoral Activities Programme, Working Paper No: 265, Geneva.
• Ivanov, S. ve Webster, C. (2013). Tourism’s Contribution to Economic Growth: A Global Analysis for the First Decade of the Millenium, Tourism Economics, 19 (3): 477-508.
• Kirsten, M. ve Rogerson, C. M. (2002). Tourism, Business Linkages and Small Enterprise Development in South Africa, Development Southern Africa, 19 (1): 29-59.
• Lejárraga, I. ve Walkenhorst, P. (2007). Diversification by Deepening Linkages with Tourism. Dünya Bankası, Washington.
• Mathieson, A. ve Wall, G. (1982). Tourism: Economic Physical and Social Impacts. ABD: Longman.
• Momsen, J. (1998). Caribbean Tourism and Agriculture: New Linkages in the Global Era. T. Klak (Ed), Globalization and Neoliberalism: The Caribbean Context, İngiltere: Rowman & Littleman Yayınları.
• Moore, W. ve Craigwell, R. (2008). Foreign Direct Investment and Tourism in SIDS: Evidence from Panel Causality Tests, Tourism Analysis, 13 (4): 427-432.
• Mshenga, P. M. ve Owuor, G. (2009). Opportunities for Micro and Small Scale Busines in the Tourism Sector: The Case of The Kenya Coast, KCA Journal of Business Management, 2 (2): 52-68.
• Muğla İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü (MİKTM) (2013). İstatistikler, Tesisler, İşletme ve Yatırım Belgeli Tesisler Oda Yatak Kapasitesi, http://www.muglakulturturizm. gov.tr/TR,73736/isletme-ve-yatirim-belgeli-tesisler-odayatak-kapasites-.html, Erişim tarihi: 15.12.2013.
• Othman, R., Salleh, N.H.M. ve Sarmidi, T. (2012). Analysis of Causal Relationship Between Tourism Development, Economic Growth and Foreign Direct Investment: an ARDL Approach, Journal of Applied Sciences, 12: 1245-1254.
• Özker, A. N. (2001). Kamu Bütçesi Bileşenlerinde Endojenlik Olgusu ve Milli Gelir Denge İlişkisi, İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Maliye Araştırma Merkezi Konferansları, 40. Seri, İstanbul.
• Page, S. J. ve Connell, J. (2006). Tourism: A Modern Synthesis. İkinci Baskı, Londra: Thomson Learning.
• Roussot, E. W. (2005). International Tourism and Economic Development: A South African Perspective (Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), University of South Africa Sosyal Bilimler Yüksek Lisansı, İktisat Anabilim Dalı.
• Sandbrook, C. G. (2010). Putting Leakage in its Place: The Significance of Retained Tourism Revenue in the Local Context in Rural Uganda, Journal of International Development, 22 (1): 124-136.
• Sebastian, L. M. ve Rajagopalan, P. (2009). Socio-Culltural Transformation through Tourism: A Comparison of Residents’ Perspectives at two Destinations in Kerala, India, Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 7 (1): 5-21.
• Shan, J. ve Wilson, K. (2001). Causality between Trade and Tourism: Empirical Evidence from China, Applied Economic Letters, 8 (4): 279-283.
• Sinclair, M. T. ve Stabler, M. (1997). The Economics of Tourism. Routledge.
• Telfer, D. ve Wall, G. (1996). Linkages between Tourism and Food Production, Annals of Tourism Research, 23 (3): 635-653.
• Terzioğlu, M. (2014). Turizm Endüstrisinde Geri Bağlantılar ve Ekonomik Sızıntılar: Marmaris Otelcilik Endüstrisi Örneği (Basılmamış Doktora Tezi). Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İktisat Anabilim Dalı.
• Torres, R. (2002). Toward a Better Understanding of Tourism and Agriculture Linkages in the Yucatan: Tourist Food Consumption and Preferences, Tourism Geographies: An International Journal of Tourism Space, Place and Environment, 4 (3): 282-306.
• TÜİK (2012). Turizm İstatistikleri-2012. Yayın No: 3931, Ankara.
• Tyrrell, T. ve Johnston, R. (2001). A Framework for Assessing Direct Economic Impacts of Tourism Events: Distinguishing Origins, Destinations, and Causes of Expenditures, Journal of Travel Research, 40 (1): 94-100.
• UNCTAD (2010). The Contribution of Tourism to Trade and Development. Trade and Development Board, Geneva.
• UNEP (2011). Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication. Part II: Investing in Energy And Resource Efficiency (Tourism).
• UNEP ve UNWTO (2012). Tourism in the Green Economy-Background Report. Birleşmiş Milletler Dünya Turizm Örgütü, Madrid.
• UNWTO (2002). Tourism and Poverty Alleviation. Birleşmiş Milletler Dünya Turizm Örgütü, Madrid.
• UNWTO (2007). International Tourism Evolution in the Least Developed Countries since the Adoption of the Canary Islands Declaration. Meeting on the Trade and Development Implications of Tourism Services for Developng Countries: UNCTAD XII pre-event, Geneva.
• UNWTO (2013). Tourism Highlights 2013 Edition. Birleşmiş Milletler Dünya Turizm Örgütü Yayınları, http:// dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/pdf/unwto_highlights13_ en_lr_0.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 15 Şubat 2014.
• Varley, R. C. G. (1978). Tourism in Fiji: Some Economic and Social Problems. Bangor Occasional Papers in Economics, Wales Press Üniversitesi.
• Vellas, F. ve Becherel, L. (1995). International Tourism. Hampshire: MacMillan.
• Wall, G. ve Mathieson, A. (2006). Tourism: Change, Impacts and Opportunities. Pearson Prentice Hall.
• WTTC (2008). Progress and Priorities 2008/09. Washington, DC.
• WTTC (2013). Travel and Tourism Economic Impact 2013-Turkey. http://www.wttc.org/site_media/uploads/downloads/turkey2013.pdf, 17 Şubat 2014.