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Büyük Kıtlık Döneminde Kuzey Avrupa: Sosyo-Ekonomik Sorunlar ve Çözüm Arayışları (1315-1318)

Year 2021, Volume: 4 Issue: 5, 247 - 268, 31.12.2021

Abstract

Çalışmamızda 1315-1317 yılları arasında Avrupa’nın kuzeyi ve doğusunda etkili olan yoğun yağmurlar neticesinde ortaya çıkan büyük bir kıtlığı ve bunun sosyo-ekonomik yansımalarını ele alacağız. Bunun için öncelikle genel iklim değişikliği ve yağışların ne denli şiddetli olduğundan söz edip, bu durumun kıtlığa nasıl sebep olduğunu inceleyeceğiz. Devamında halkın gıda temin etme yöntemlerini, fahiş fiyat artışlarını, hükümetlerin fiyatlara müdahale etme metotlarını bölgesel olarak değerlendireceğiz. Gerekli gıda ithalatı da yapılamayınca yaşanan şiddetli açlıkla birlikte korkunç yamyamlık olayları kayıtlarda yer almıştır. Yamyamlığın yanı sıra kriminal vakaların artması ve felaketi fırsata çevirenlerin bulunması, olayın şiddetini artıran unsur olmuştur.
Olumsuz hava şartlarının sebep olduğu afetin, sadece aktif olduğu dönem ile sınırlı kalmadığı anlaşılmaktadır. Nitekim yağışlara bağlı olarak tarım alanlarının tahrip olması ve evcil hayvanların salgın hastalıklardan dolayı büyük bir kırıma uğraması, olayın etkisini daha da uzun sürdürmüştür. Belki de bu felaketin en önemli sonuçlarından birisi, insanların bağışıklık sisteminin zayıflaması ve veba gibi başka hastalıklara zemin hazırlaması olmuştur. Bütün bu yorumlar için öncelikle Vita Edwardi Secundi, Johannes de Trokelowe, The Chronicles of London ve Guillaume de Nangis gibi muhtelif dönem kaynaklarından istifade etmeye çalıştık. Fakat bu kaynakları daha iyi yorumlayabilmek için, bu alanda önemli katkıları bulunan Ian Kershaw, Henry S. Lucas ve Charles Creighton gibi çeşitli araştırmacılardan da yararlandık.

References

  • Annales Monastici III, (1866). Henry Richards Luard (edit.), London: Longmans, Geeen, Reader, and Dyer.
  • Annals of Clonmacnoise, (1896). D. Murphy (edit.), Dublin: Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland.
  • Annals of Loch cé I, 1871 (). William M. Hennessy (edit.), Cambridge: Macmillan & Co..
  • Annals of Ulster II, (1893). E. Mac Caethy, The Queen’s Printing Offıce, Dublin,.
  • Armstrong, Olive, (1923). Edward Bruce's Invasion of Ireland, London: John Murray.
  • Bailey, Mark, (1998)“Peasant Welfare in England, 1290-1348”, The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 223-251.
  • Bauer, Susan Wise, (2014). Rönesans Dünyası, Mehmet Moralı (çev.), İstanbul: Alfa.
  • Bavel, Bas Van, (2010). Manors and Markets, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Blurton, Heather, (2007). Cannibalism in High Medieval English Literature, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Calendar of Letter-Books, (1903). Reginald R. Sharpe (edit.), John Edward Francis, London: Bream's Buildings, E.G..
  • Calendar of The Patent Rolls, (1898). London: Printed for Her Majesty's Stationery Offıce.
  • Coulton, G. G., (2010). The Medieval Village, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Creighton, Charles, (1891). A History of Epidemics in Britain, Cambridge: The University Press.
  • Duby, Georges, (1968). Rural Economy and Country Life in the Medieval West, Alva: Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd.
  • Freedman, Paul, (2008). “Rural Society”, The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. VI, David Luscombe & Jonathan Riley Smith (Edit.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 82-101.
  • Gras, Norman Scott Brien, (1915). The Evolution of the English Corn Market, London: Oxford University Press.
  • Guillaume de Nangis, (1843). Chronique Latine, Paris: Societe, de L’Histoire de France.
  • Johannes de Trokelowe, (1866). Annales (Chronica Monasterii S. Albani), Henry Thomas Riley (edit.), London: Longmans, Green, Reader and Dyer.
  • John of Fordun, (1872). Chronicle, Felix J. H. Skene (trans.), Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas.
  • Jordan, William Chester, (1996). The Great Famine, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Kershaw, Ian, (1973). “The Great Famine and Agrarian Crisis in England 1315-1322”, Past & Present, No. 59, pp. 3-50.
  • Kutsal Kitap, (2016). New York: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society.
  • Lloyd, T. H., (1977). The English Wool Trade in the Middle Ages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Lucas, Henry S., (1930). “The Great European Famine of 1315, 1316, and 1317”, Speculum, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 343-377.
  • Martin, Sean, (2011). Kara Ölüm, Cumhur Atay (çev.), İstanbul: Kalkedon Yayıncılık.
  • Nightingale, Pamela, (2018). Enterprise, Money and Credit in England Before the Black Death 1285-1349, Oxford: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Özdemir, M. Ali, (2004). “İklim Değişmeleri ve Uygarlık Üzerindeki Yansımalarına İlişkin Bazı Örnekler”, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt 6, Sayı 2, ss. 173-192.
  • Pirenne, Henri, (2012). Ortaçağ Avrupa’sının Ekonomik ve Sosyal Tarihi, 5. Baskı, Uygur Kocabaşoğlu, (çev.) İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul,.
  • Pribyl, Kathleen, (2017). Farming, Famine and Plague, Springer International Publishing, Norwich,.
  • Ramsay, James H., (1913). Genesis of Lancaster I, Clarendon Press, Oxford,.
  • Rogers, James, E. Thorold, (1866). A History of Agriculture and Prices in England I, Clarendon Press, Oxford,.
  • Schutt, Bill, (2017). Cannibalism, Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, North Carolina,.
  • Stone, David, (2005). Decision-Making in Medieval Agriculture, Oxord University Press, Oxord,.
  • The Chronicle of Lanercost, (1913). Herbert Maxwell (trans.), James Maclehose and Sons, Glasgow,.
  • The Chronicle of Novgorod, (1914). Robert Michell & Nevill Forbes (trans.), Offices of The Society, London,.
  • The Chronicles of London II, (1886). Edmund Goldsmid (trans.), Privately Printed, Edinburgh,.
  • Ülgen, Pınar, (2017). Ortaçağ Avrupa’sının Ölümle Dansı, İstanbul, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları,.
  • Vickers, Kenneth, (1926). England in the Later Middle Ages, Methuen & Co. Ltd., London,.
  • Vita Edwardi Secundi, (2005). Wendy R. Childs (trans.), Clarendon Press, Oxford,.
  • Willelmi (Capellani in Brederobe), (1904). Chronicon, Johannes Müller, Amsterdam,.

Northern Europe During the Great Famine: Socio-Economic Problems and Search for Solutions (1315-1318)

Year 2021, Volume: 4 Issue: 5, 247 - 268, 31.12.2021

Abstract

In our study, we will discuss a great famine that occurred as a result of heavy rains in the north and east of Europe between 1315-1317 and its socio-economic consequences. First of all, we will talk about general climate change and heavy rains. After that, we will analyze how this situation caused the famine. Subsequently, we will discuss the methods of supplying food of the people, the exorbitant price increases, the intervention of the governments in the prices. Starvation has been experienced due to the lack of necessary food imports. Horrible incidents of cannibalism followed it. In addition to cannibalism, the rising in criminal events and the emergence of opportunists increased the impact of the event.
The catastrophe caused by severe weather conditions was not limited to that period only. The destruction of agricultural lands due to rains and the death of most of the domestic animals due to epidemic diseases caused the impact of the event to last longer. Perhaps one of the most important consequences of this disaster is the weakening of the immune system of people. Thus, diseases such as the plague increased even more. For all these comments, we first tried to use from various period sources such as Vita Edwardi Secundi, Johannes de Trokelowe, The Chronicles of London and Guillaume de Nangis. However, in order to better interpret these sources, we also used from various researchers such as Ian Kershaw, Henry S. Lucas and Charles Creighton, who have made important contributions in this field.

References

  • Annales Monastici III, (1866). Henry Richards Luard (edit.), London: Longmans, Geeen, Reader, and Dyer.
  • Annals of Clonmacnoise, (1896). D. Murphy (edit.), Dublin: Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland.
  • Annals of Loch cé I, 1871 (). William M. Hennessy (edit.), Cambridge: Macmillan & Co..
  • Annals of Ulster II, (1893). E. Mac Caethy, The Queen’s Printing Offıce, Dublin,.
  • Armstrong, Olive, (1923). Edward Bruce's Invasion of Ireland, London: John Murray.
  • Bailey, Mark, (1998)“Peasant Welfare in England, 1290-1348”, The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 223-251.
  • Bauer, Susan Wise, (2014). Rönesans Dünyası, Mehmet Moralı (çev.), İstanbul: Alfa.
  • Bavel, Bas Van, (2010). Manors and Markets, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Blurton, Heather, (2007). Cannibalism in High Medieval English Literature, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Calendar of Letter-Books, (1903). Reginald R. Sharpe (edit.), John Edward Francis, London: Bream's Buildings, E.G..
  • Calendar of The Patent Rolls, (1898). London: Printed for Her Majesty's Stationery Offıce.
  • Coulton, G. G., (2010). The Medieval Village, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Creighton, Charles, (1891). A History of Epidemics in Britain, Cambridge: The University Press.
  • Duby, Georges, (1968). Rural Economy and Country Life in the Medieval West, Alva: Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd.
  • Freedman, Paul, (2008). “Rural Society”, The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. VI, David Luscombe & Jonathan Riley Smith (Edit.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 82-101.
  • Gras, Norman Scott Brien, (1915). The Evolution of the English Corn Market, London: Oxford University Press.
  • Guillaume de Nangis, (1843). Chronique Latine, Paris: Societe, de L’Histoire de France.
  • Johannes de Trokelowe, (1866). Annales (Chronica Monasterii S. Albani), Henry Thomas Riley (edit.), London: Longmans, Green, Reader and Dyer.
  • John of Fordun, (1872). Chronicle, Felix J. H. Skene (trans.), Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas.
  • Jordan, William Chester, (1996). The Great Famine, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Kershaw, Ian, (1973). “The Great Famine and Agrarian Crisis in England 1315-1322”, Past & Present, No. 59, pp. 3-50.
  • Kutsal Kitap, (2016). New York: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society.
  • Lloyd, T. H., (1977). The English Wool Trade in the Middle Ages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Lucas, Henry S., (1930). “The Great European Famine of 1315, 1316, and 1317”, Speculum, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 343-377.
  • Martin, Sean, (2011). Kara Ölüm, Cumhur Atay (çev.), İstanbul: Kalkedon Yayıncılık.
  • Nightingale, Pamela, (2018). Enterprise, Money and Credit in England Before the Black Death 1285-1349, Oxford: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Özdemir, M. Ali, (2004). “İklim Değişmeleri ve Uygarlık Üzerindeki Yansımalarına İlişkin Bazı Örnekler”, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt 6, Sayı 2, ss. 173-192.
  • Pirenne, Henri, (2012). Ortaçağ Avrupa’sının Ekonomik ve Sosyal Tarihi, 5. Baskı, Uygur Kocabaşoğlu, (çev.) İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul,.
  • Pribyl, Kathleen, (2017). Farming, Famine and Plague, Springer International Publishing, Norwich,.
  • Ramsay, James H., (1913). Genesis of Lancaster I, Clarendon Press, Oxford,.
  • Rogers, James, E. Thorold, (1866). A History of Agriculture and Prices in England I, Clarendon Press, Oxford,.
  • Schutt, Bill, (2017). Cannibalism, Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, North Carolina,.
  • Stone, David, (2005). Decision-Making in Medieval Agriculture, Oxord University Press, Oxord,.
  • The Chronicle of Lanercost, (1913). Herbert Maxwell (trans.), James Maclehose and Sons, Glasgow,.
  • The Chronicle of Novgorod, (1914). Robert Michell & Nevill Forbes (trans.), Offices of The Society, London,.
  • The Chronicles of London II, (1886). Edmund Goldsmid (trans.), Privately Printed, Edinburgh,.
  • Ülgen, Pınar, (2017). Ortaçağ Avrupa’sının Ölümle Dansı, İstanbul, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları,.
  • Vickers, Kenneth, (1926). England in the Later Middle Ages, Methuen & Co. Ltd., London,.
  • Vita Edwardi Secundi, (2005). Wendy R. Childs (trans.), Clarendon Press, Oxford,.
  • Willelmi (Capellani in Brederobe), (1904). Chronicon, Johannes Müller, Amsterdam,.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Halil Yavaş 0000-0001-5642-0141

Early Pub Date December 31, 2021
Publication Date December 31, 2021
Acceptance Date November 30, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 4 Issue: 5

Cite

MLA Yavaş, Halil. “Büyük Kıtlık Döneminde Kuzey Avrupa: Sosyo-Ekonomik Sorunlar Ve Çözüm Arayışları (1315-1318)”. Akademik Tarih Ve Araştırmalar Dergisi, vol. 4, no. 5, 2021, pp. 247-68.

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