Abstract
Codes and standards are often shaped through consensus by committees based on several factors, including historical precedence, common practice and empirical data. This article scrutinizes the national code for disabled people, namely TS 9111 (The Requirements of Accessibility in Buildings for Disabled and Mobility Reduced People-2011ed) regarding the mistake for nosing prohibition on stair nosing. This article detects the mistranslation of international code regarding the stairs nosing design. Nosing design in stairs is important and implementing it wrongly can cause serious injury or even death. Stairs accidents have a important clause under the headings of home accidents, killing thousands of people and injuring millions of people every year. Therefore, the design of the stairs should be given importance and the standards should lead the architects to this. Furthermore, it is stated that the imperative and the advice part should be clearly identified while writing codes, standards and bylaws. The author maintains that in the formulation of national codes and standards there should be references to the current praxis and the outcomes of relevant scientific research.
Keywords
Codes and standards Errors Pedestrian safety Disability code TS9111 Standard Stair standards
References
- ADA, (2010). ADA Standarts for Accessible Design, Department of JusticeChristina, K. A., Cavanagh, P. R. 2002. Ground reaction forces and frictional demands during stair descent: effects of age and illumination. Gait & Posture, 15(2): 153–158Cohen, H. H., Sloan, G. D. 2016. The science behind codes and standards for safe pedestrian walkways: Lighting and visual cues. Applied Ergonomics, 52, 112–119Cohen, H. H., Templer, J., Archea, J. 1985. An analysis of occupational stair accident patterns. Journal of Safety Research, 16(4): 171–181D.Beaulieu, F. G., Pelland, L., Robertson, D. G. E. 2008. Kinetic analysis of forwards and backwards stair descent. Gait & Posture, 27(4), 564–571den Brinker, B. P. L. M., Burgman, L. J., Hogervorst, S. M. J., Reehorst, S. E., Kromhout, S., van der Windt, J. 2005. The effect of high-contrast marking of treads on the descent of stairways by low-vision people. International Congress Series, 1282 502–506Eves, F. F., Olander, E. K., Nicoll, G., Puig-Ribera, A., Griffin, C. 2009. Increasing stair climbing in a train station: The effects of contextual variables and visibility. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29(2): 300–303Jackson, P. L., Cohen, H. H. 1995. An in-depth investigation of 40 stairway accidents and the stair safety literature. Journal of Safety Research, 26(3): 151–159Kaplan, H. 2011. Yerel Yönetimler İçin Ulaşılabilirlik Temel bilgiler El Kitabı. T.C. Aile ve Sosyal Politikalar Bakanlığı Özürlü ve Yaşlı Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları, Ankara, s. 72.Kim, K., Steinfeld, E. 2019. The effects of glass stairways on stair users: An observational study of stairway safety. Safety Science, 113, 30–36Littlefield, D. 2008. Metric Handbook: Planning and Design Data. Architectural Press. Burlington s, 7-4Lortie, M., Rizzo, P. 1999. Reporting and classification of loss of balance accidents. Safety Science, 33(1): 69–85Mekhalfi, M. L., Melgani, F., Zeggada, A., De Natale, F. G. B., Salem, M. A. M., Khamis, A. 2016. Recovering the sight to blind people in indoor environments with smart technologies. Expert Systems with Applications, 46, 129–138Nagata, H. 1991. Occupational accidents while walking on stairways. Safety Science, 14(3): 199–211Nagata, H. 1995. Rational index for assessing perceived difficulty while descending stairs with various tread/rise combinations. Safety Science, 21(1): 37–49National Safety Council (NSC), 2015. Injury Facts 2015 ed.Nemire, K., Johnson, D. A., Vidal, K. 2016. The science behind codes and standards for safe walkways: Changes in level, stairways, stair handrails and slip resistance. Applied Ergonomics, 52, 309–316Novak, A. C., Komisar, V., Maki, B. E., Fernie, G. R. 2016. Age-related differences in dynamic balance control during stair descent and effect of varying step geometry. Applied Ergonomics, 52, 275–284Roys, M. S. 2001. Serious stair injuries can be prevented by improved stair design. Applied Ergonomics, 32(2): 135–139Şafak, A. Ansiklopedik Hukuk SözlüğüTempler, J. 1995. The Staircase: Studies of Hazards, Falls, and Safer Design, s. 148Templer, J., Archea, J., & Chen, H. H. 1985. Study of factors associated with risk of work-related stairway falls. Journal of Safety Research, 16(4): 183–196TS9111, (2011) Özürlüler ve hareket kısıtlılığı bulunan kişiler için binalarda ulaşılabilirlik gerekleri, Türk Standartları, AnkaraURL-1, Türk Dil Kurumu, http://www.tdk.gov.tr/index.php?option=com_gts&arama=gts&guid=TDK.GTS.5ce2c0dc980683.75188198, Erişim 20.05.2019URL-2. http://www.sozluk.adalet.gov.tr/norm, Erişim 20.05.2019
Abstract
Yönetmelik ve standartlar genel olarak, oluşturulan komitelerin tarihi kayıtları, genel uygulama pratiği ve deneysel bilgi üzerinde uzlaşmasıyla oluşturulmaktadırlar. Bu makalede engelliler için yazılmış ve halen yürürlükte olan TS9111 (Özürlüler ve Hareket Kısıtlılığı Bulunan Bireyler İçin Binalarda Ulaşılabilirlik Gerekleri-2011 sürümü) standardı ve bu standarttan yola çıkılarak hazırlanmış olan kitapçıklar ve uygulamaya yönelik kontrol listelerinde bulunan bir hata düzeltilmeye çalışılmakta ve merdiven basamak burun çıkıntısının yapılmamasına yönelik bir tavsiye hatası incelenmektedir. TS 9111’e göre merdiven detaylarında yapılmaması istenen basamak burun çıkıntısı literatürde incelendiğinde ilgili yönetmeliğin yazımında hata/yanlış yorumlama olduğu görülmüştür. Merdiven basamak çıkıntısının yapılmaması veya hatalı yapılması ciddi yaralanmalara ve hatta ölümlere yol açabilir. Merdiven kazaları, ev kazaları başlığının altında ciddi bir yer bulmakta, her yıl binlerce insanın ölümüne ve milyonlarca insanın yaralanmasına yol açmaktadır. Bu yüzden merdiven tasarımına önem verilmeli ve standartlar da mimarları buna yönlendirmelidir. Ayrıca, standart ve yönetmelikler yazarken zorunlu ve öneri bölümünün açıkça tanımlanması gerektiği belirtilmiştir. Yazar, ulusal standartların ve yönetmeliklerin formülasyonunda, mevcut uygulamalara ve ilgili bilimsel araştırmaların sonuçlarına referans verilmesi gerektiğini savunmaktadır.
Keywords
Yönetmelik yazımı Hatalar Yaya Güvenliği Engelliler yönetmeliği TS9111 standardı Merdiven standartları
References
- ADA, (2010). ADA Standarts for Accessible Design, Department of JusticeChristina, K. A., Cavanagh, P. R. 2002. Ground reaction forces and frictional demands during stair descent: effects of age and illumination. Gait & Posture, 15(2): 153–158Cohen, H. H., Sloan, G. D. 2016. The science behind codes and standards for safe pedestrian walkways: Lighting and visual cues. Applied Ergonomics, 52, 112–119Cohen, H. H., Templer, J., Archea, J. 1985. An analysis of occupational stair accident patterns. Journal of Safety Research, 16(4): 171–181D.Beaulieu, F. G., Pelland, L., Robertson, D. G. E. 2008. Kinetic analysis of forwards and backwards stair descent. Gait & Posture, 27(4), 564–571den Brinker, B. P. L. M., Burgman, L. J., Hogervorst, S. M. J., Reehorst, S. E., Kromhout, S., van der Windt, J. 2005. The effect of high-contrast marking of treads on the descent of stairways by low-vision people. International Congress Series, 1282 502–506Eves, F. F., Olander, E. K., Nicoll, G., Puig-Ribera, A., Griffin, C. 2009. Increasing stair climbing in a train station: The effects of contextual variables and visibility. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29(2): 300–303Jackson, P. L., Cohen, H. H. 1995. An in-depth investigation of 40 stairway accidents and the stair safety literature. Journal of Safety Research, 26(3): 151–159Kaplan, H. 2011. Yerel Yönetimler İçin Ulaşılabilirlik Temel bilgiler El Kitabı. T.C. Aile ve Sosyal Politikalar Bakanlığı Özürlü ve Yaşlı Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları, Ankara, s. 72.Kim, K., Steinfeld, E. 2019. The effects of glass stairways on stair users: An observational study of stairway safety. Safety Science, 113, 30–36Littlefield, D. 2008. Metric Handbook: Planning and Design Data. Architectural Press. Burlington s, 7-4Lortie, M., Rizzo, P. 1999. Reporting and classification of loss of balance accidents. Safety Science, 33(1): 69–85Mekhalfi, M. L., Melgani, F., Zeggada, A., De Natale, F. G. B., Salem, M. A. M., Khamis, A. 2016. Recovering the sight to blind people in indoor environments with smart technologies. Expert Systems with Applications, 46, 129–138Nagata, H. 1991. Occupational accidents while walking on stairways. Safety Science, 14(3): 199–211Nagata, H. 1995. Rational index for assessing perceived difficulty while descending stairs with various tread/rise combinations. Safety Science, 21(1): 37–49National Safety Council (NSC), 2015. Injury Facts 2015 ed.Nemire, K., Johnson, D. A., Vidal, K. 2016. The science behind codes and standards for safe walkways: Changes in level, stairways, stair handrails and slip resistance. Applied Ergonomics, 52, 309–316Novak, A. C., Komisar, V., Maki, B. E., Fernie, G. R. 2016. Age-related differences in dynamic balance control during stair descent and effect of varying step geometry. Applied Ergonomics, 52, 275–284Roys, M. S. 2001. Serious stair injuries can be prevented by improved stair design. Applied Ergonomics, 32(2): 135–139Şafak, A. Ansiklopedik Hukuk SözlüğüTempler, J. 1995. The Staircase: Studies of Hazards, Falls, and Safer Design, s. 148Templer, J., Archea, J., & Chen, H. H. 1985. Study of factors associated with risk of work-related stairway falls. Journal of Safety Research, 16(4): 183–196TS9111, (2011) Özürlüler ve hareket kısıtlılığı bulunan kişiler için binalarda ulaşılabilirlik gerekleri, Türk Standartları, AnkaraURL-1, Türk Dil Kurumu, http://www.tdk.gov.tr/index.php?option=com_gts&arama=gts&guid=TDK.GTS.5ce2c0dc980683.75188198, Erişim 20.05.2019URL-2. http://www.sozluk.adalet.gov.tr/norm, Erişim 20.05.2019
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Architecture |
| Journal Section | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | June 30, 2020 |
| Acceptance Date | July 3, 2019 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2020 Volume: 4 Issue: 1 |
