Research Article
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Perceived Discrimination among Muslim, Muslim Feminist, and Feminist Women in Türkiye

Year 2024, Volume: 28 Issue: 3, 328 - 335, 20.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.53487/atasobed.1429177

Abstract

The current study aims to explore the perceived discrimination among three women groups in Türkiye: Muslims, Muslim feminists, and feminists. Four hundred fifteen women aged 18-76 (M = 40.6, SD = 16.5) participated in the study. The sample included 177 Muslim women, 92 Muslim feminists, and 146 feminist women. We found significant differences in perceived individual and group discrimination in three women groups. While at the individual level, all groups differed from each other, at the group level discrimination, self-labeling feminists did not differ, yet Muslim women perceived the lower levels of discrimination. Feminists indicated experiencing discrimination mostly from their close ones and outgroups/others. At the same time, Muslim women specified discrimination mostly from religious people, and Muslim feminist women indicated discrimination mostly from outgroups/others and school/work environments. The findings were discussed in terms of the literature on the subject. Future research is encouraged on the authentic identities of women in Türkiye and their discrimination experiences.

References

  • Agadullina, E., Lovakov, A., Balezina, M., & Gulevich, O. A. (2022). Ambivalent sexism and violence toward women: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Social Psychology, 52(5-6), 819-859. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2855
  • Anastosopoulos, V., & Desmarais, S. (2015). By name or by deed? Identifying the source of the feminist stigma. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 45(4), 226–242. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12290
  • Baysu, G. (2007). The effects of intergroup perceptions and ingroup identifications on the political participation of the second-generation Turkish migrants in the Netherlands [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Middle East Technical University.
  • Cottrell, C. A., & Neuberg, S. L. (2005). Different emotional reactions to different groups: A sociofunctional threat-based approach to “prejudice.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(5), 770–789. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.5.770
  • Çetin, S. (2023). Ekşi Sözlük’te nefret söylemi: İklim aktivisti Greta Thunberg örneği. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Akademik Dergisi, 2(1), 35-47. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/nohuifad/issue /79890/1362259
  • Di Stasio, V., & Veit, S. (2023). Discrimination unveiled: A field experiment on the barriers faced by Muslim women in Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain. European Sociological Review, 39(3), 479-497. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcac032
  • Gervais, S.J., & Hoffman, L. (2013). Just think about it: Mindfulness, sexism, and prejudice toward feminists. Sex Roles, 68, 283–295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-012-0241-4
  • Ghumman, S., & Ryan, A. M. (2013). Not welcome here: Discrimination towards women who wear the Muslim headscarf. Human Relations. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726712469540
  • Gul, D. (2021, April 21). Türkiye’de hem Müslüman hem feminist olmak: Kadınlar anlatıyor. Euronews. https://tr.euronews.com/2021/04/21/musluman-feministler-kacar-yok-biz-katmerli-munaf-g-z Güç, A. (2008). İslamcı feminizm: Kadınların birey olma çabaları. Uludağ Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 2, 649–673.
  • Güngör, O. (2018). Türkiye’de İslami Feminizm: İslami Feminist perspektife ilişkin bir inceleme.
  • [Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Gürhan, N. (2010). Toplumsal cinsiyet ve “İslami Feminist” söylem. Contemporary Perceptions of Islam in the Context of Science, Ethics, and Art, 365–383.
  • Huddy, L., Neely, F. K., & Lafay, M. R. (2000). Trends: Support for the women's movement. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 64(3), 309–350.
  • The jamovi project (2024). jamovi (Version 2.5) [Computer Software]. Retrieved from https://www.jamovi.org
  • Jones, K. P., Sabat, I. E., King, E. B., Ahmad, A., McCausland, T. C., & Chen, T. (2017). Isms and schisms: A meta-analysis of the prejudice-discrimination relationship across racism, sexism, and ageism. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 38(7), 1076-1110. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2187
  • Kelly, M. (2014). Feminist identity, collective action, and individual resistance among contemporary U.S. Feminists. Women's Studies International Forum, 48, 81-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2014.10.025
  • Linando, J. A. (2022). A relational perspective comparison of workplace discrimination toward Muslims in Muslim-minority and Muslim-majority countries. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management. https://doi.org/10.1177_14705958221120990
  • Liss, M., & Erchull, M. J. (2010). Everyone feels empowered: Understanding feminist self-labeling. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34, 85–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2009.01544.x
  • Murrar, S., Baqai, B., & Padela, A. I. (2023). Predictors of perceived discrimination in medical settings among Muslim women in the USA. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-022-01506-0
  • Okuyan, M., & Curtin, N. (2018). “You don’t belong anywhere, you’re ‘in-between’”: Pious Muslim women’s intersectional experiences and ideas about social change in contemporary Turkey. Feminism and Psychology, 28(4), 488–508. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353518775763

Türkiye'deki Müslüman, Müslüman Feminist ve Feminist Kadınlar Arasında Algılanan Ayrımcılık

Year 2024, Volume: 28 Issue: 3, 328 - 335, 20.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.53487/atasobed.1429177

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Türkiye'deki üç kadın grubu arasında algılanan ayrımcılığı araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır: Müslümanlar, Müslüman feministler ve feministler. Çalışmaya 18-76 yaş aralığında (M = 40.6, SD = 16.5) dört yüz on beş kadın katılmıştır. Örneklemde 177 Müslüman kadın, 92 Müslüman feminist kadın ve 146 feminist kadın yer almıştır. Üç kadın grubunda da algılanan bireysel ve grup ayrımcılığında önemli farklılıklar bulunmuştur. Bireysel düzeyde tüm gruplar birbirlerinden farklılaşırken, grup düzeyinde ayrımcılıkta kendini feminist olarak etiketleyenler farklılaşmamış, ancak Müslüman kadınlar daha düşük düzeyde ayrımcılık algılamıştır. Feministler en çok yakınlarından ve dış gruplardan/diğerlerinden ayrımcılığa uğradıklarını belirtirken, Müslüman kadınlar en çok dindarlardan, Müslüman feminist kadınlar ise en çok dış gruplardan/diğerlerinden ve okul/iş ortamlarından ayrımcılığa uğradıklarını belirtmişlerdir. Bulgular konuyla ilgili literatür açısından tartışılmıştır. Türkiye’deki kadınların otantik kimlikleri ve ayrımcılık deneyimleri üzerine gelecekteki araştırmalar teşvik edilmektedir.

References

  • Agadullina, E., Lovakov, A., Balezina, M., & Gulevich, O. A. (2022). Ambivalent sexism and violence toward women: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Social Psychology, 52(5-6), 819-859. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2855
  • Anastosopoulos, V., & Desmarais, S. (2015). By name or by deed? Identifying the source of the feminist stigma. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 45(4), 226–242. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12290
  • Baysu, G. (2007). The effects of intergroup perceptions and ingroup identifications on the political participation of the second-generation Turkish migrants in the Netherlands [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Middle East Technical University.
  • Cottrell, C. A., & Neuberg, S. L. (2005). Different emotional reactions to different groups: A sociofunctional threat-based approach to “prejudice.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(5), 770–789. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.5.770
  • Çetin, S. (2023). Ekşi Sözlük’te nefret söylemi: İklim aktivisti Greta Thunberg örneği. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Akademik Dergisi, 2(1), 35-47. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/nohuifad/issue /79890/1362259
  • Di Stasio, V., & Veit, S. (2023). Discrimination unveiled: A field experiment on the barriers faced by Muslim women in Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain. European Sociological Review, 39(3), 479-497. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcac032
  • Gervais, S.J., & Hoffman, L. (2013). Just think about it: Mindfulness, sexism, and prejudice toward feminists. Sex Roles, 68, 283–295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-012-0241-4
  • Ghumman, S., & Ryan, A. M. (2013). Not welcome here: Discrimination towards women who wear the Muslim headscarf. Human Relations. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726712469540
  • Gul, D. (2021, April 21). Türkiye’de hem Müslüman hem feminist olmak: Kadınlar anlatıyor. Euronews. https://tr.euronews.com/2021/04/21/musluman-feministler-kacar-yok-biz-katmerli-munaf-g-z Güç, A. (2008). İslamcı feminizm: Kadınların birey olma çabaları. Uludağ Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 2, 649–673.
  • Güngör, O. (2018). Türkiye’de İslami Feminizm: İslami Feminist perspektife ilişkin bir inceleme.
  • [Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Gürhan, N. (2010). Toplumsal cinsiyet ve “İslami Feminist” söylem. Contemporary Perceptions of Islam in the Context of Science, Ethics, and Art, 365–383.
  • Huddy, L., Neely, F. K., & Lafay, M. R. (2000). Trends: Support for the women's movement. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 64(3), 309–350.
  • The jamovi project (2024). jamovi (Version 2.5) [Computer Software]. Retrieved from https://www.jamovi.org
  • Jones, K. P., Sabat, I. E., King, E. B., Ahmad, A., McCausland, T. C., & Chen, T. (2017). Isms and schisms: A meta-analysis of the prejudice-discrimination relationship across racism, sexism, and ageism. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 38(7), 1076-1110. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2187
  • Kelly, M. (2014). Feminist identity, collective action, and individual resistance among contemporary U.S. Feminists. Women's Studies International Forum, 48, 81-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2014.10.025
  • Linando, J. A. (2022). A relational perspective comparison of workplace discrimination toward Muslims in Muslim-minority and Muslim-majority countries. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management. https://doi.org/10.1177_14705958221120990
  • Liss, M., & Erchull, M. J. (2010). Everyone feels empowered: Understanding feminist self-labeling. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34, 85–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2009.01544.x
  • Murrar, S., Baqai, B., & Padela, A. I. (2023). Predictors of perceived discrimination in medical settings among Muslim women in the USA. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-022-01506-0
  • Okuyan, M., & Curtin, N. (2018). “You don’t belong anywhere, you’re ‘in-between’”: Pious Muslim women’s intersectional experiences and ideas about social change in contemporary Turkey. Feminism and Psychology, 28(4), 488–508. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353518775763
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Developmental Psychology (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Albina Sıla Akarsu 0000-0002-7922-6402

Eylül Ulusoy 0009-0001-3462-719X

Publication Date September 20, 2024
Submission Date January 31, 2024
Acceptance Date June 5, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 28 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Akarsu, A. S., & Ulusoy, E. (2024). Perceived Discrimination among Muslim, Muslim Feminist, and Feminist Women in Türkiye. Current Perspectives in Social Sciences, 28(3), 328-335. https://doi.org/10.53487/atasobed.1429177

Content of this journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License

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