AMERİKAN KÜLTÜREL COĞRAFYASINDA PEYZAJ KAVRAMI

Year 2005, Volume: 10 Issue: 13, 311 - 339, 24.03.2011

Yılmaz Arı

Abstract

Bu çalışma, landscape (peyzaj) kavramının
Amerikan kültürel coğrafyasında işlenişini ele
almaktadır. Peyzaj, bir kavram olarak ilk kez
1920’lerde Alman coğrafyacılardan esinlenen Karl O.
Sauer tarafından kullanılmış ve daha sonra Berkeley
Okulu olarak ün yapmış olan Sauer tipi kültürel
coğrafyanın ana eksenini oluşturmuştur. Bu tarihten
sonra peyzaj Amerikan coğrafyasında çok önemli bir
kavram haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışma, peyzajın
Amerikan kültürel coğrafyasındaki kullanılışını ve bu
kullanışta zamanla meydana gelen değişmeleri
anlatmaktadır. Peyzaj kavramı nedir ve nasıl ortaya
çıkmıştır? Bu kavram Amerikan coğrafyasında nasıl
kullanılmıştır ve bu kullanılışta belli dönemler ayırt
etmek mümkün müdür? Bu soruları cevaplamak için
Amerikan kültürel coğrafyası literatürü taranarak,
peyzaj kavramını, örnek oluşturacak şekilde kullanan
yazarlar tespit edilmiş ve bu yazarların bu kavramı ne
amaçla kullandıkları incelenmiştir. İncelemede, peyzaj
çalışmalarının maddi kültür öğeleriyle, bunların
kökeni ve yayılışını tespit etmek amacıyla ortaya
çıktığı, fakat zamanla kültürel coğrafyayı farklı
sınıflara ayıracak kadar çeşitli kullanımlar olduğu
görülmüştür. Türk okurların Amerikan coğrafyasının
halen en önemli dallarından biri olan kültürel
coğrafya konusunda temel bir altyapı edinebilmesi
için, bu yazı olabildiğince açık, anlaşılır ve derin
felsefi tartışmalardan uzak yazılmaya çalışılmıştır.
Yine de burada vurgulamak gerekir ki, özellikle yeni
kültürel coğrafyada anlamayı güçleştiren bir çok soyut kavram vardır. Üstelik yazı, yazarın peyzaj
literatürüne kişisel bakışını yansıttığı için zaman
zaman subjektif öğeler içerebilir.

Keywords

Kültürel Coğrafya, Peyzaj, Karl O. Sauer, Peyzaj Yorumlama, Berkeley Okulu

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