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AMERİKAN KÜLTÜREL COĞRAFYASINDA PEYZAJ KAVRAMI

Year 2005, Volume: 10 Issue: 13, 311 - 339, 24.03.2011

Abstract

Bu çalışma, landscape (peyzaj) kavramının
Amerikan kültürel coğrafyasında işlenişini ele
almaktadır. Peyzaj, bir kavram olarak ilk kez
1920’lerde Alman coğrafyacılardan esinlenen Karl O.
Sauer tarafından kullanılmış ve daha sonra Berkeley
Okulu olarak ün yapmış olan Sauer tipi kültürel
coğrafyanın ana eksenini oluşturmuştur. Bu tarihten
sonra peyzaj Amerikan coğrafyasında çok önemli bir
kavram haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışma, peyzajın
Amerikan kültürel coğrafyasındaki kullanılışını ve bu
kullanışta zamanla meydana gelen değişmeleri
anlatmaktadır. Peyzaj kavramı nedir ve nasıl ortaya
çıkmıştır? Bu kavram Amerikan coğrafyasında nasıl
kullanılmıştır ve bu kullanılışta belli dönemler ayırt
etmek mümkün müdür? Bu soruları cevaplamak için
Amerikan kültürel coğrafyası literatürü taranarak,
peyzaj kavramını, örnek oluşturacak şekilde kullanan
yazarlar tespit edilmiş ve bu yazarların bu kavramı ne
amaçla kullandıkları incelenmiştir. İncelemede, peyzaj
çalışmalarının maddi kültür öğeleriyle, bunların
kökeni ve yayılışını tespit etmek amacıyla ortaya
çıktığı, fakat zamanla kültürel coğrafyayı farklı
sınıflara ayıracak kadar çeşitli kullanımlar olduğu
görülmüştür. Türk okurların Amerikan coğrafyasının
halen en önemli dallarından biri olan kültürel
coğrafya konusunda temel bir altyapı edinebilmesi
için, bu yazı olabildiğince açık, anlaşılır ve derin
felsefi tartışmalardan uzak yazılmaya çalışılmıştır.
Yine de burada vurgulamak gerekir ki, özellikle yeni
kültürel coğrafyada anlamayı güçleştiren bir çok soyut kavram vardır. Üstelik yazı, yazarın peyzaj
literatürüne kişisel bakışını yansıttığı için zaman
zaman subjektif öğeler içerebilir.

References

  • Anderson, Benedict, 1991, Imagined Communities. Verso, New York.
  • Collins Robert French Dictionary, 2000, Harper Collins Publishers, New York.
  • Cosgrove, Denis., 1989, Geography is Everywhere: Culture and Symbolism in Human Landscapes. Horizons in Human Geography, Derek Gregory, Rex Walford (Ed.), Barnes and Noble Books, Totowa, NJ.
  • Cosgrove, Denis., 1994, Worlds of Meaning: Cultural Geography and the Imagination, Kenneth Foote, E., P. J. Hugill, K. Mathewson, J. M. Smith (Ed.), Re-Reading Cultural Geography University of Texas Press, Austin.
  • Cosgrove, Denis., 1984, Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape. Croom Helm, London.
  • Cosgrove, Denis,. 1997, Iconography, the Dictionary of Human Geography, R. J. Johnston, D. Gregory, David M. Smith (Ed.), Blackwell, U.S.A.
  • Cosgrove, Denis., S. Daniels (Ed.), 1988, The Iconography of Landscape. Essays on the Symbolic Representations, Design, and the Use of Past Environments. University of Cambridge Press, Cambridge.
  • Daniels, S., 1989, Marxism, Culture and the Duplicity of Landscape. New Models in Geography, Peet, R., Thrift, N. (Ed.), Unwin Hyman, London.
  • Duncan, James S., 1990, The City as Text: The Politics of Landscape Interpretation in the Kandyan Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Duncan, James S., 1980, the Super-organic in American Cultural Geography. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 70 (2): 181-198.
  • Duncan, James S., 1997, Landscape, The Dictionary of Human Geography, R. J. Johnston, D. Gregory, David M. Smith (Ed.) Blackwell, USA.
  • Erinç, Sırrı., 1973, Türkiye: İnsan ve Ortam. İstanbul Üniversitesi Coğrafya Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10 (18-19): 1-33.
  • Filizok, Rıza., 2001, Anlam Analizine Giriş. Ege Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayını No:115, İzmir.
  • Foote, Kenneth E., et al (Ed.), 1994. Re-Reading Cultural Geography. University of Texas Press, Austin.
  • Glacken, Clarence., 1967, Traces on the Rhodian Shore: Nature and Culture in Western Thought from Ancient Times to the end of the Eighteen Century. University of California Press.
  • Glassie, Henry., 1975, Folk Housing in Middle Virginia: A Sructural Analysis of Historic Artifacts. The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville
  • Glassie, Henry., 1982., Passing the Time in Ballymenone:Culture and History of an Ulster Community: University of Pensillvania Press, Philadelphia.
  • Harvey, David., 1989, The Condition of Postmodernity: An Inquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Hoskins, W. G., 1955, The Making of the English Landscape. Hodder and Stoughton, London.
  • Hugill, Peter J., Kenneth E. Foote. 1994, Re-reading Cultural Geography. Kenneth Foote, E., P. J. Hugill, K. Mathewson and J. M. Smith. (Ed.), Re-Reading Cultural Geography. University of Texas Press, Austin.
  • Jackson, J. B., 1958, Southeast to Turkey, Landscape, Spring.
  • Jackson, J. B., 1972a, American Space: The Centennial Years, 1865-1876, Norton, New York.
  • Jackson, J. B., 1972b, Metamorphosis, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 62: 155-158.
  • Jackson, J. B., 1984, Discovering the Vernacular Landscape. Yale University Press, New Haven.
  • Jackson, Peter., 1989, Maps of Meaning: An Introduction to Cultural Geography: Unwin Hyman, London.
  • James, Preston., Geoffrey Martin, 1981, All Possible Worlds: A History of Geographical Ideas. Wiley, New York.
  • Johnston, R.J., 1988, Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945. Edward Arnold, New York.
  • Jordan, Terry., 1978, Texas Log Buildings: A Folk Architecture. University of Texas Press, Austin.
  • Jordan, Terry., 1989, Preadaptation and European Colonization in Rural North America. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: 79: 489-500.
  • Kaplan, Adnan., 2000, Peyzaj Mimarlığı Meslek Disiplinine Eleştirel Bir Bakış. TMMOB, Peyzaj Mimarları Odası, Peyzaj Mimarlığı
  • Kongresi, 19-21 Ekim, Ankara.
  • Kniffen, Fred B., 1965, Folk Housing: Key to Diffusion. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 55:549-577.
  • Kniffen, Fred B., 1974, Material Culture in the Geographic Interpretation of the Landscape. The Human Mirror, Mile Richardson (Ed.). Lousiana State University Press, Baton Rouge.
  • Kniffen, Fred B., 1990, Cultural Diffusion and Landscapes, Selection by Fred Kniffen, Jesse H. Walker, Randall A. Detro (Ed.). Geoscience and Man 27. Lousiana State University, Baton Rouge
  • Kobayashi, A., 1989, A Critique of Dialectical Landscape, Remaking Human Geography. Kobayashi, A., Mackenzie, S. (Ed.). Unwin Hyman, London.
  • Leighly John (Ed.), 1965, Land and Life: A Selection from the Writings of Carl Ortwin Sauer. University of California Press, Berkeley.
  • Lewis, Peirce, 1975, Common Houses, Cultural Spoor: Landscape 19 (2): 122.
  • Lewis, Peirce F., 1979, Axioms for Reading the Landscape, The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes: Geographical Essays. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
  • Lewis, Peirce, 1989, Learning From Looking. American Quarterly: 35 (3).
  • Ley, David., 1987, Styles of the Times: Liberal and Neoconservative Landscapes in Inner Vancouver. Journal of Historical Geography, 13: 40-56.
  • Livingstone, David N., 1992, The Geographical Tradition. Blackwell. UK, USA.
  • Lowenthal, D., 1961, Geography, Experience and Imagination: towards a Geographic Epistemology. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 51 (3): 241-60.
  • Lowenthal, David., 1968, The American Scene, Geographical Review, 58:61-88.
  • Lowenthal, David., 1985, The Past is a Foreign Country. Cambridge University Press, New York.
  • McDowell, Linda., 1994, The Transformation of Cultural Geography, Human Geography: Society, Space, and Social Science. Ron Martin and Graham Smith (Ed.). Macmillan, Basingstoke, U.K.
  • Meinig, D. W. (Ed.), 1979, The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes: Geographical Essays. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
  • Meinig, D. W., 1992, A life of Learning, Charles Homer Haskins Lecture, American Council of Learned Societies, ACLS Occasional Paper No: 19.
  • Mikesell, Marvin., 1968, Landscape, Sills, D.L (Ed.) International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, Volume 8, Crowell, Collier and Macmillan. New York.
  • Özgüç, N. ve Tümertekin, E., 2000, Coğrafya: Geçmiş, Kavramlar, Coğrafyacılar. Çantay Kitapevi, İstanbul.
  • Pocock, Douglas C.D., 1994, Place and the Novelist, Foote, Kenneth E., P. J. Hugill, K. Mathewson, J. M. Smith. (Ed), Re-Reading Cultural Geography. University of Texas Press, Austin
  • Redhouse, 1991, Redhouse Sözlüğü, İstanbul.
  • Relph, Edward, 1976, Place and Placelesness. Pion Limited, London.
  • Rowntree, Lester B., et al., 1989, Cultural Geography, Gary L. Gaile, Cort J. Willmont (Ed), Geography in America. Merrill Publications, Columbus
  • Samuels, Marwyn S., 1979, The Biography of Landscape, The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes: Geographical Essays, Donald Meinig (Ed.). Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Sauer, C. Ortwin, 1925, The Morphology of Landscape. University of Californiya Publications in Geography 2: 19-54.
  • Sauer, C. Ortwin., 1927, Recenet Developments in Cultural Geography, Recent Developments in Social Sciences, E.C. Hayes (Ed.). 154212, J.B. Lippincott, New York.
  • Sauer, C. Ortwin., 1941, Foreword to Historical Geography, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 31: 353-364.
  • Sauer, C. Ortwin., 1952, Agricultural Origins and Dispersals. American Geographical Society, New York.
  • Sauer, C. Ortwin., 1962, Cultural Geography, Readings in Cultural Geography, Philip Wagner, Marvin Mikesell (Ed.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • Thomas, William L., 1956, Man's Role in Changing the Face of the Earth. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London.
  • Tuan, Yi Fu, 1974a, Space and Place: A Humanistic Perspective, Progress in Geography, 6: 211-252.
  • Tuan, Yi Fu., 1974b, Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes and Values. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
  • Tuan, Yi Fu., 1976, Humanistic Geography, Annals of the Association of American Geographers: 66: 266-276.
  • Tuan, Yi-Fu., 1991, Language and the Making of Place: A NarrativeDescriptive Approach, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 81: 684-96
  • Ürgenç, Suad İ., 2000, Kırsal Peyzaj: Koruma-Onarım-Düzenleme. Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Basım-Yayın Merkezi, İstanbul.
  • Wagner, Philip L., Mikesell, Marvin (Ed.), 1962, Readings in Cultural Geography. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • Zelinsky, Wilbur., 1955, Some Problems in the Distribution of Generic Terms in the Place-Names of the Northeastern United States, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 45: 319-349.
  • Zelinsky, Wilbur., 1961, An Approach to Religious Geography of the United States: Patterns of Church Membership in 1952, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 51: 139-193.
  • Zelinsky, Wilbur., 1970, Cultural Variation in Personal Name Patterns in the Eastern United States, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 60: 743-769.
  • Zelinsky, Wilbur., 1973, The Cultural Geography of the United States. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
Year 2005, Volume: 10 Issue: 13, 311 - 339, 24.03.2011

Abstract

References

  • Anderson, Benedict, 1991, Imagined Communities. Verso, New York.
  • Collins Robert French Dictionary, 2000, Harper Collins Publishers, New York.
  • Cosgrove, Denis., 1989, Geography is Everywhere: Culture and Symbolism in Human Landscapes. Horizons in Human Geography, Derek Gregory, Rex Walford (Ed.), Barnes and Noble Books, Totowa, NJ.
  • Cosgrove, Denis., 1994, Worlds of Meaning: Cultural Geography and the Imagination, Kenneth Foote, E., P. J. Hugill, K. Mathewson, J. M. Smith (Ed.), Re-Reading Cultural Geography University of Texas Press, Austin.
  • Cosgrove, Denis., 1984, Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape. Croom Helm, London.
  • Cosgrove, Denis,. 1997, Iconography, the Dictionary of Human Geography, R. J. Johnston, D. Gregory, David M. Smith (Ed.), Blackwell, U.S.A.
  • Cosgrove, Denis., S. Daniels (Ed.), 1988, The Iconography of Landscape. Essays on the Symbolic Representations, Design, and the Use of Past Environments. University of Cambridge Press, Cambridge.
  • Daniels, S., 1989, Marxism, Culture and the Duplicity of Landscape. New Models in Geography, Peet, R., Thrift, N. (Ed.), Unwin Hyman, London.
  • Duncan, James S., 1990, The City as Text: The Politics of Landscape Interpretation in the Kandyan Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Duncan, James S., 1980, the Super-organic in American Cultural Geography. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 70 (2): 181-198.
  • Duncan, James S., 1997, Landscape, The Dictionary of Human Geography, R. J. Johnston, D. Gregory, David M. Smith (Ed.) Blackwell, USA.
  • Erinç, Sırrı., 1973, Türkiye: İnsan ve Ortam. İstanbul Üniversitesi Coğrafya Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10 (18-19): 1-33.
  • Filizok, Rıza., 2001, Anlam Analizine Giriş. Ege Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayını No:115, İzmir.
  • Foote, Kenneth E., et al (Ed.), 1994. Re-Reading Cultural Geography. University of Texas Press, Austin.
  • Glacken, Clarence., 1967, Traces on the Rhodian Shore: Nature and Culture in Western Thought from Ancient Times to the end of the Eighteen Century. University of California Press.
  • Glassie, Henry., 1975, Folk Housing in Middle Virginia: A Sructural Analysis of Historic Artifacts. The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville
  • Glassie, Henry., 1982., Passing the Time in Ballymenone:Culture and History of an Ulster Community: University of Pensillvania Press, Philadelphia.
  • Harvey, David., 1989, The Condition of Postmodernity: An Inquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Hoskins, W. G., 1955, The Making of the English Landscape. Hodder and Stoughton, London.
  • Hugill, Peter J., Kenneth E. Foote. 1994, Re-reading Cultural Geography. Kenneth Foote, E., P. J. Hugill, K. Mathewson and J. M. Smith. (Ed.), Re-Reading Cultural Geography. University of Texas Press, Austin.
  • Jackson, J. B., 1958, Southeast to Turkey, Landscape, Spring.
  • Jackson, J. B., 1972a, American Space: The Centennial Years, 1865-1876, Norton, New York.
  • Jackson, J. B., 1972b, Metamorphosis, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 62: 155-158.
  • Jackson, J. B., 1984, Discovering the Vernacular Landscape. Yale University Press, New Haven.
  • Jackson, Peter., 1989, Maps of Meaning: An Introduction to Cultural Geography: Unwin Hyman, London.
  • James, Preston., Geoffrey Martin, 1981, All Possible Worlds: A History of Geographical Ideas. Wiley, New York.
  • Johnston, R.J., 1988, Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945. Edward Arnold, New York.
  • Jordan, Terry., 1978, Texas Log Buildings: A Folk Architecture. University of Texas Press, Austin.
  • Jordan, Terry., 1989, Preadaptation and European Colonization in Rural North America. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: 79: 489-500.
  • Kaplan, Adnan., 2000, Peyzaj Mimarlığı Meslek Disiplinine Eleştirel Bir Bakış. TMMOB, Peyzaj Mimarları Odası, Peyzaj Mimarlığı
  • Kongresi, 19-21 Ekim, Ankara.
  • Kniffen, Fred B., 1965, Folk Housing: Key to Diffusion. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 55:549-577.
  • Kniffen, Fred B., 1974, Material Culture in the Geographic Interpretation of the Landscape. The Human Mirror, Mile Richardson (Ed.). Lousiana State University Press, Baton Rouge.
  • Kniffen, Fred B., 1990, Cultural Diffusion and Landscapes, Selection by Fred Kniffen, Jesse H. Walker, Randall A. Detro (Ed.). Geoscience and Man 27. Lousiana State University, Baton Rouge
  • Kobayashi, A., 1989, A Critique of Dialectical Landscape, Remaking Human Geography. Kobayashi, A., Mackenzie, S. (Ed.). Unwin Hyman, London.
  • Leighly John (Ed.), 1965, Land and Life: A Selection from the Writings of Carl Ortwin Sauer. University of California Press, Berkeley.
  • Lewis, Peirce, 1975, Common Houses, Cultural Spoor: Landscape 19 (2): 122.
  • Lewis, Peirce F., 1979, Axioms for Reading the Landscape, The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes: Geographical Essays. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
  • Lewis, Peirce, 1989, Learning From Looking. American Quarterly: 35 (3).
  • Ley, David., 1987, Styles of the Times: Liberal and Neoconservative Landscapes in Inner Vancouver. Journal of Historical Geography, 13: 40-56.
  • Livingstone, David N., 1992, The Geographical Tradition. Blackwell. UK, USA.
  • Lowenthal, D., 1961, Geography, Experience and Imagination: towards a Geographic Epistemology. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 51 (3): 241-60.
  • Lowenthal, David., 1968, The American Scene, Geographical Review, 58:61-88.
  • Lowenthal, David., 1985, The Past is a Foreign Country. Cambridge University Press, New York.
  • McDowell, Linda., 1994, The Transformation of Cultural Geography, Human Geography: Society, Space, and Social Science. Ron Martin and Graham Smith (Ed.). Macmillan, Basingstoke, U.K.
  • Meinig, D. W. (Ed.), 1979, The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes: Geographical Essays. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
  • Meinig, D. W., 1992, A life of Learning, Charles Homer Haskins Lecture, American Council of Learned Societies, ACLS Occasional Paper No: 19.
  • Mikesell, Marvin., 1968, Landscape, Sills, D.L (Ed.) International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, Volume 8, Crowell, Collier and Macmillan. New York.
  • Özgüç, N. ve Tümertekin, E., 2000, Coğrafya: Geçmiş, Kavramlar, Coğrafyacılar. Çantay Kitapevi, İstanbul.
  • Pocock, Douglas C.D., 1994, Place and the Novelist, Foote, Kenneth E., P. J. Hugill, K. Mathewson, J. M. Smith. (Ed), Re-Reading Cultural Geography. University of Texas Press, Austin
  • Redhouse, 1991, Redhouse Sözlüğü, İstanbul.
  • Relph, Edward, 1976, Place and Placelesness. Pion Limited, London.
  • Rowntree, Lester B., et al., 1989, Cultural Geography, Gary L. Gaile, Cort J. Willmont (Ed), Geography in America. Merrill Publications, Columbus
  • Samuels, Marwyn S., 1979, The Biography of Landscape, The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes: Geographical Essays, Donald Meinig (Ed.). Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Sauer, C. Ortwin, 1925, The Morphology of Landscape. University of Californiya Publications in Geography 2: 19-54.
  • Sauer, C. Ortwin., 1927, Recenet Developments in Cultural Geography, Recent Developments in Social Sciences, E.C. Hayes (Ed.). 154212, J.B. Lippincott, New York.
  • Sauer, C. Ortwin., 1941, Foreword to Historical Geography, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 31: 353-364.
  • Sauer, C. Ortwin., 1952, Agricultural Origins and Dispersals. American Geographical Society, New York.
  • Sauer, C. Ortwin., 1962, Cultural Geography, Readings in Cultural Geography, Philip Wagner, Marvin Mikesell (Ed.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • Thomas, William L., 1956, Man's Role in Changing the Face of the Earth. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London.
  • Tuan, Yi Fu, 1974a, Space and Place: A Humanistic Perspective, Progress in Geography, 6: 211-252.
  • Tuan, Yi Fu., 1974b, Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes and Values. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
  • Tuan, Yi Fu., 1976, Humanistic Geography, Annals of the Association of American Geographers: 66: 266-276.
  • Tuan, Yi-Fu., 1991, Language and the Making of Place: A NarrativeDescriptive Approach, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 81: 684-96
  • Ürgenç, Suad İ., 2000, Kırsal Peyzaj: Koruma-Onarım-Düzenleme. Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Basım-Yayın Merkezi, İstanbul.
  • Wagner, Philip L., Mikesell, Marvin (Ed.), 1962, Readings in Cultural Geography. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • Zelinsky, Wilbur., 1955, Some Problems in the Distribution of Generic Terms in the Place-Names of the Northeastern United States, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 45: 319-349.
  • Zelinsky, Wilbur., 1961, An Approach to Religious Geography of the United States: Patterns of Church Membership in 1952, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 51: 139-193.
  • Zelinsky, Wilbur., 1970, Cultural Variation in Personal Name Patterns in the Eastern United States, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 60: 743-769.
  • Zelinsky, Wilbur., 1973, The Cultural Geography of the United States. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
There are 70 citations in total.

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Primary Language tr;en
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Yılmaz Arı This is me

Publication Date March 24, 2011
Submission Date March 24, 2011
Published in Issue Year 2005 Volume: 10 Issue: 13

Cite

APA Arı, Y. (2011). AMERİKAN KÜLTÜREL COĞRAFYASINDA PEYZAJ KAVRAMI. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 10(13), 311-339.

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