Dental İmplant Materoals

Abstract

In the dental implant materials, titanium has a very important place until now. Many studies were made in association with biocompatibility of titanium with bone and reliability of titanium was provided. Disadvantage of titanium is that it has gray color under gingiva. Therefore, ceramic and hybrid implants are developed in order to wipe out the esthetic concern, especially loosing of anterior tooth. The studies carried out have showed that ceramic implants are able to integrate with the bone like titanium implants. Zirconium came forward among ceramic implants. Zirconium has been used as implant material due to these reasons that biocompatibility, durability against tensile stress and ability of mass production. The aim of this compilation is to give information concerning with implant materials used in dentistry.

Keywords

• Implant materials, titanium, zirconium

Dental İmplant Materyalleri

Abstract

Bugüne kadar kullanılan implant materyalleri arasında titanyum çok önemli bir yere sahiptir. Titanyumun kemik ile olan biyolojik uyumu üzerine birçok araştırma yapılmış ve güvenilirliğini ispatlanmıştır. Titanyumun en büyük dezavantajı mukozanın altından gri olan renginin yansımasıdır. Bu nedenle, özellikle ön diş kayıplarında estetik kaygıyı ortadan kaldırmak amacıyla metal olmayan implantların ya da hibrit implantların geliştirilmesi yoluna gidilmiştir. Yapılan çalışmalar, seramiklerinde tıpkı titanyum gibi kemikle birleşebildiğini göstermiştir. Seramik materyalleri içerisinde zirkonyum ön plana çıkmıştır. Zirkonyum, çekme gerilme kuvvetlerine karşı dayanıklılığı, seri üretim yapılabilmesi ve doku uyumluluğu açısından problem yaratmaması gibi sebeplerle implant materyali olarak kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu derlemenin amacı diş hekimliğinde kullanılan implant materyalleri hakkında bilgi vermektir.

Keywords

• İmplant materyalleri, titanyum, zirkonyum

References

1. Yavuzyılmaz H. Protetik diş tedavisi terimleri sözlüğü. Ankara: Türk Prostodonti ve İmplantoloji Derneği Ankara Şubesi Yayınları; 2003.
2. The glossary of prosthodontic terms. J Prosthet Dent 2005; 94: 10-92.
3. Ataoğlu H. Kemik içi dental implantların klinik radyolojik ve mikrobiyolojik olarak incelenmesi. Doktora tezi, Konya, 2005: 1.
4. Hakkı SS, Ertuğrul AS. Dental implantların yüzey özellikleri ve osseointegrasyondaki önemi. SÜ Diş Hek Fak Derg 2009;18:336-41.
5. Hobo S, Ichida E, Garcia L. Osseointegration and Occlusal Rehabilitation. Quintessence Publishing Company, Tokyo, 1990.
6. Junqueira LC, Carneiro J, Kelley RO. Basic Histology. Prentice-Hall International Inc Connecticut 1989;11:155-157.
7. Albrektsson T. Hard tissue implant interface. Aust Dent J 2008;53:34-38 (Review).
8. Davies JE. Mechanisms of endoosseous integration. J Prosthodontics 1998; 11: 391-401.

9. Edgerton M, Levine MJ. Biocompability: It’s future in prosthodontic research. J Prosthet Dent 1993; 69: 406O’Neal, RB, Sauk JJ, Someman MJ. Biological Requirements for material integration. JOral Imp 1992; 18: 243-55.
10. Tunali B. Multi-disipliner bir yaklaşımla oral implantolojiye giriş. İstanbul Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Yayınları 1996: 67-133.
11. Rolant M, Langer B. Dental Implant. Review J Periodontol 1992;63: 859-70.
12. Neville B, Damm D, Allen C, Bouquot. J Oral & Maxillofacial Patology: Soft tisue tumors W.B. Saunders Company 1995:373-4.
13. Bişkin T. Osseointegreprotezler. Oral Dergisi 1986;3:20- 23.
14. Craig RG, Powers JM. Restorative dental materials. Missouri: Mosby 2002.
15. Lautenschlager EP, Monaghan P. Titanium and titanium alloys as dental materials. Int Dent J 1993; 43: 245-53.
16. Contreras EF, Henriques GE, Giolo SR, Nobilo MA. Fit of cast commercially pure titanium and Ti-6Al4V alloy crowns before and after marginal refinement by electrical discharge machining. J Prosthet Dent 2002; 88: 467-72.
17. Wang RR, Fenton A. Titanium for prosthodontic applications: a review of the literature. Quintessence Int 1996; 27: 401-8.
18. Parr GR, Gardner LK, Toth RW. Titanium: the mystery metal of implant dentistry. Dental materials aspects. J Prosthet Dent 1985; 54: 410
19. Kononen M, Rintanen J, Waltimo A, Kempainen P. Titanium framework removable partial denture used for patient allergic to other metals: a clinical report and literature review. J Prosthet Dent 1995; 73: 4Berg E, Wagnere WC, Davik G, Dootz ER. Mechanical properties of laser-welded cast and wrought titanium. J Prosthet Dent 1995; 74: 250
20. Adhestop www.medinfo.dist.unige.it./ adhestop/ cp_titanium.htm. İtalya; [cited]; Available from. Niinomi M. Metallic biomaterials. J Artif Organs 2008; 11: 105-10.
21. Brune D, Evje D, Melsom S. Corrosion of gold alloys and titanium in artificial saliva. Scand J Dent Res 1982; 90: 168-171.
22. Misch CE. Prosthetic options in implant dentistry, In; Contemporary Implant Dentistry. Misch CE, editor. St Louis: Mosby; 1999.
23. Akça K. Mandibuler Kennedy I ve II vakalarında uygulanan implant destekli sabit protezlerde kemigin farklı bukko-lingual açılanmasından kaynaklanan streslerin üç boyutlu sonlu elemanlar stres analiz yöntemi ile arastırılması. Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara, 1988.
24. Roach M. Base metal alloys used for dental restorations and implants. Dent Clin North Am 2007; 51: 603-27.
25. Niinomi M. Mechanical biocompatibilities of titanium alloys for biomedical applications. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2008; 1: 30-42.
26. Kedici SP, Aksut AA, Kilicarslan MA, Bayramoglu G, Gokdemir K. Corrosion behaviour of dental metals and alloys in different media. J Oral Rehabil 1998; 25: 800-8.
27. O'Brien WJ. Dental materials and their selection. Illinois: Quintessence Pub. Co. Inc.; 1997.
28. Buser D, Schenk RK, Steinemann S, Fiorellini JP, Fox CH, Stich H. Influence of surface characteristics on bone integration of titanium implants. A histomorphometric study in miniature pigs. J Biomed Mater Res 1991 Jul;25:889-902.
29. Brunski JB, Puleo DA, Nanci A. Biomaterials and biomechanics of oral and maxillofacial implants: current status and future developments. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2000 15:15-46. Review.
30. Wennerberg A, Albrektsson T, Andersson B. Design and surface characteristics of 13 commercially available oral implant systems. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1993;8:622-33.
31. Schroedcr A, Sütler F, Buser D, Krekeler G. Oral Implantology: Basics, ITI Hollow Cylinder Syslem. New York: Thierne Medical Puishers 1996: 80-110. Wernnerberg A. Albrektsson T. Bone tissue response to commercially pure titanium implants blasted with fine and coarse particles of aluminum oxide. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1996;11:38 http://www.tavsiyeediyorum.com/
32. Bornstein MM, Cionca N, Mombelli A. Systemic conditions and treatments as risks for implant therapy. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2009;24:1227 (Review).
33. Howell TH, Martuscelli G, Oringer RJ. Polypeptide growth factors for periodontal regeneration. Cur Opin Periodontol 1996;3:149-56.
34. Jung RE, Windisch SI, Eggenschwiler AM, Thoma DS, Weber FE, et al. A randomized-controlled clinical trial evaluating clinical and radiological outcomes after 3 and 5 years of dental implants placed in bone regenerated by means of GBR techniques with or without the addition of BMP-2. Clin Oral Implants Res 2009;20:660-6.
35. Leknes KN, Yang J, Qahash M, Polimeni G, Susin C, et al. Alveolar ridge augmentation using implants coated with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2: radiographic observations. Clin Oral Implants Res 2008;19:1027-33.
36. Lutz R, Park J, Felszeghy E, Wiltfang J, Nkenke E, Schlegel KA. Bone regeneration after topical BMP2-gene delivery in circumferential peri-implant bone defects. Clin Oral Implants Res 2008;19:590
37. Stadlinger B, Pilling E, Huhle M, Mai R, Bierbaum et al. Evaluation of osseointegration of dental implants coated with collagen, chondroitin sulphate and BMP-4: an animal study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008;37:54-9.
38. Boening K.W, Wolf B.H, Schmidt A.E, Kastner K, Walter M.H. Clinical fit of Procera AllCeram crowns.The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 2000;84:419-24.
39. Dayangaç B. İmplant materyali olarak titanyum. Hacettepe Üniv Diş Hek Fak Derg 1988;12:241-3.
40. Ardlin BI. Transformation-toughened zirconia for dental inlays, crowns and bridges: Chemical stability and effect of low-temperature aging on f1exural strength and surface structure. Dent Mater 2002;18:590-5.
41. Piconi C, Maccauro G. Zirconia as a ceramic biomaterial. Biomaterials 1999;20:1-25.
42. Berit IA. Transformation-toughened zirconia for dental inlays, crowns and bridges: chemical stability and effect of low-temperature aging on flexural strength and surface structure. Dent Mater 2002; 18: 590-5.
43. Christel P, Meunier A, Heler M, Torre JP, Pielle CN. Mechanical properties and short-term in-vivo evaluation of yttrium-oxide partially-stabilized zirconia. J Biomed Mater 1989; 23: 45-61.
44. Raigrodski AJ. Contemporary materials and technologies for allceramic fixed partial dentures: A review of the literatüre. J Prosthet Dent 2004; 92: 557-62.
45. Raigrodski AJ, Chiche GJ, Potiket N, Hochstedler JL, Mohamed SE, Biliot S, Mercante DE. The efficacy of posterior three-unit zirconium oxide based ceramic fixed partial dental prostheses: A prospective clinical pilot study. J Prosthet Dent 2006; 96: 237-44.
46. Boening KW, Wolf BH, Schmidt AE, Kastner K, Walter MH. Clinical fit of Procera All Ceram crowns.The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 2000;84:419-24.
47. Boundrias P, Shoghiikian E, Morin E, Hutnik P. Esthetics Option for the Implant- Supported SingleTooth Restoration-Treatment Sequence With a Ceramic Abutment. J Can Dent Assoc 2001;67:508-14.
48. Ichikawa Y, Akagawa Y, Nikai H,Tsuru H. Tissue compatibility and stability of a new zirconia ceramic in vivo. J Prosthet Dent 1992; 68:322-6.
49. Akagawa Y, Ichikawa Y, Nikai H, Tsuru H. Interface histology of unloaded and early loaded partially stabilized zirconia endosseous implant in initial bone healing. J Prosthet Dent 1993; 69: 59960
50. Scarano A, Carlo FD, Quaranta M, Piattelli A.(2003). Bone response to zirconia ceramic implants: An experimental study in rabbits. J of Oral Implantology 2003; 29, 8-12.
51. Saldana JM, Ramirez H, Vigueras DJ, Iga T, Schneider GA. Mechanical properties and lowtemperature aging of tetragonal zirconia polycrystals processed by hot isostatic pressing. J Mater Res 2003;18.
52. Mormann WH, Bindl A. All-ceramic, chair-side computer-aided design/computer-aided machining restorations. Dent Clin North Am 2002;46:405-26. http://www.hadiyap.com/
53. Schultze-Mosgau S, Schliephake H, RadespielTröger M., Neukam W. Osseointegration of endodontic endosseous cones. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2000;89:91-8.
54. Grössner-Schreiber B, Fetter T, Hedderich J, Kocher T, Schreiber S, Jepsen S. Prevalence of dental caries and periodontal disease in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study. J Clin Periodontol 2006;33:478-84. Yazışma Adresi: Prof. Dr. Zeynep Yeşil Duymuş
55. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Protetik Diş Tedavisi Anabilim Dalı e-mail: [e-mail]