AN APPROACH TO THE TOOTH BLEACHING PROCEDURES IN CHILDREN and ADOLESCENTS – REVIEW

Abstract

From past to today, major changes were experienced in dentistry practices and patients began to prefer aesthetic treatment modalities. Tooth discolorations effect the psychological development and social life of the children and adolescents and canalize them to the treatment search and introduce tooth bleaching treatments. Tooth bleaching procedures necessitate more information and more carefully and sensitive application in this population. This paper presents tooth discolorations and aesthetic approaches including bleaching treatments in children and adolescents.

Keywords

• Tooth discoloration
• tooth bleaching
• aesthetics
• efficacy

ÇOCUKLAR ve GENÇLERDE DİŞ BEYAZLATMA İŞLEMLERİNE YAKLAŞIM – DERLEME

Abstract

Geçmişten günümüze diş hekimliği uygulamalarında büyük değişimler yaşanmış ve hastaların talepleri estetik tedavilere yönelmiştir. Diş renklenmeleri, çocuk ve genç bireylerin psikolojik gelişimini ve sosyal yaşantısını etkileyerek onları tedavi arayışında bırakmakta ve diş beyazlatma tedavileri ile tanıştırmaktadır. Beyazlatma işlemi bu bireylerde daha fazla bilgi, daha dikkatli ve hassas bir uygulama gerektirmektedir. Bu makale; çocuk ve genç hastalarda, diş renklenmeleri ve beyazlatma tedavilerini içeren estetik yaklaşımları sunmaktadır

Keywords

• Diş renklenmesi
• diş beyazlatma
• estetik
• etkinlik

References

1. Dayan D, Heifferman A, Gorski M, Beigleiter A. Tooth discoloration–extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Quintessence Int Dent Dig 1983; 14(2): 195-9.
2. Hayes PA, Full C, Pinkham J. The etiology and treatment of intrinsic discolorations. J Can Dent Assoc 1986; 52(3): 217-20.
3. Abbott PV. Aesthetic considerations in endodontics: internal bleaching. Pract Periodontics Aesthet Dent 1997; 9(7): 833-40.
4. Munther A.M. Sulieman. An overview of tooth- bleaching techniques: chemistry, safety and efficacy. Periodontol 2000 2008; 48: 148-69.
5. Dzierzak J. Factors which cause tooth colour changes ... protocol for in-office “power” bleaching. Pract Periodontics Aesthet Dent 1991; 3(2): 15-20.
6. Nathoo SA. The chemistry and mechanisms of extrinsic and intrinsic discoloration. J Am Dent Assoc 1997; 128 Suppl: 6S-10S.
7. Howell RA. Bleaching discoloured root-filled teeth. Br Dent J 1980; 148(6): 159-62.
8. Spasser HF. A simple bleaching technique using sodium perborate. N Y State Dent J 1961; 27: 332- 4.

9. Nutting EB, Poe GS. A new combination for bleaching teeth. J South Calif Dent Assoc 1963; 31: 289-91.
10. Haywood VB. Nightguard vital bleaching, a history and product update. Part I. Esthet Dent Update 1991; 2: 63-6.
11. Croll TP. Tooth bleaching for children and teens: a protocol and examples. Quintessence Int 1994; 25(12): 811-7.
12. Croll TP, Segura A. Tooth color improvement for children and teens: enamel microabrasion and dental bleaching. ASDC J Dent Child 1996; 63(1): 17-22.
13. Donly KJ, Donly AS, Baharloo L, Rojas-Candelas E, Garcia-Godoy F, Zhou X, Gerlach RW. Tooth whitening in children. Compend Contin Educ Dent 2002; 23(1A): 22-8.
14. Donly KJ, Gerlach RW. Clinical trials on the use of whitening strips in children and adolescents. Gen Dent 2002; 50(3): 242-5.
15. Brantley DH, Barnes KP, Haywood VB. Bleaching primary teeth with 10% carbamide peroxide. Pediatr Dent 2001; 23(6): 5l4-6.
16. Donly K J. The adolescent patient: special whitening challenges. Compend Contin Educ Dent 2003; 24(4A): 390-6.
17. Greenwall L. The bleaching materials. In: Greenwall L. Bleaching techniques in restorative dentistry. Martin Dunitz Ltd., New York, 2001: 31- 60.
18. Watts A, Addy M. Tooth discolouration and staining: a review of the literature. Br Dent J 2001; 190(6): 309-16.
19. Hill AR. How we see colour. In: McDonald R, Editor. Colour physics for industry. H Charlesworth & Co. Ltd., Huddersfield, 1987: 211-81.
20. Douglas RD. Precision of in vivo colorimetric assessments of teeth. J Prosthet Dent 1997; 77(5): 464-70.
21. Hugo B, Witzel T, Klaiber B. Comparison of in vivo visual determination. Clin Oral Investig 2005; 9(4): 244- 50. tooth shade
22. Barghi N. Making a clinical decision for vital tooth bleaching: at-home or in-office? Compend Contin Educ Dent 1998; 19(8): 831-8.
23. Javaheri DS, Janis JN. The efficacy of reservoirs in bleaching trays. Oper Dent 2000; 25(3): 149-51.
24. Haywood VB. Achieving, maintaining, and recovering successful tooth bleaching. J Esthet Dent 1996; 8(1): 31-8.
25. Goldstein RE. In-office bleaching: where we came from, where we are today. J Am Dent Assoc 1997;128 Suppl: 11S-15S.
26. Dunn JR. Dentist - prescribed home bleaching: current status. Compend Contin Educ Dent 1998; 19(8): 760-4.
27. Leonard RH Jr. Efficacy, longevity, side effects, and patient perceptions of nightguard vital bleaching. Compend Contin Educ Dent 1998; 19(8): 766-74.
28. Seale NS, Thrash WJ. Systematic assessment of color removal following vital bleaching of intrinsically stained teeth. J Dent Res 1985; 64(3): 457-61.
29. Tam L. Clinical trial of three 10 % carbamide peroxide bleaching products. J Can Dent Assoc 1999; 65(4): 201-5.
30. Haywood VB, Leonard RH, Nelson CF, Brunson WD. Effectiveness, side effects and long-term status of nightguard vital bleaching. J Am Dent Assoc 1994; 125(9): 1219-26.
31. Ritter AV, Leonard RH Jr, St Georges AJ, Caplan DJ, Haywood VB. Safety and stability of nightguard vital bleaching: 9 to 12 years post-treatment. J Esthet Restor Dent 2002; 14(5): 275-85.
32. Swift EJ Jr, May KN Jr, Wilder AD Jr, Heymann HO, Bayne SC. Two-year clinical evaluation of tooth whitening using an at-home bleaching system. J Esthet Dent 1999; 11(1): 36-42.
33. Sagel PA, Jeffers ME, Gibb RD, Gerlach RW. Overview of a professional tooth-whitening system containing 6.5% hydrogen peroxide whitening strips. Compend Contin Educ Dent 2002; 23(1A): 9-15.
34. Dahl JE, Pallesen U. Tooth bleaching - a critical review of the biological aspects. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2003; 14(4): 292-304.
35. Donly KJ, Kennedy P, Segura A, Gerlach RW. Effectiveness and safety of tooth bleaching in teenagers. Pediatr Dent 2005; 27(4): 298-302.
36. Mokhlis GR, Matis BA, Cochran MA, Eckert GJ. A clinical evaluation of carbamide peroxide and hydrogen peroxide whitening agents during daytime use. J Am Dent Assoc 2000; 131(9): 1269-77.
37. Baratieri LN, Ritter AV, Monteiro S Jr, Caldeira de Andrada MA, Cardoso Vieira LC. Nonvital tooth bleaching: Quintessence Int 1995; 26(9): 597-608. for the clinician.
38. Liebenberg WH. Intracoronal lightening of discolored pulpless teeth: a modified walking bleach technique. Quintessence Int 1997; 28(12): 771-7.
39. Caughman WF, Frazier KB, Haywood VB. Carbamide peroxide whitening of nonvital single discolored teeth: case reports. Quintessence Int 1999; 30(3): 155-61.
40. Leith R, Moore A, O’Connell AC. An effective bleaching technique for non-vital, discoloured teeth in children and adolescents. J Ir Dent Assoc 2009; 55(4): 184-9.
41. Rotstein I, Zalkind M, Mor C, Tarabeah A, Friedman S. In vitro efficacy of sodium perborate preparations used for intracoronal bleaching of discolored non-vital teeth. Endod Dent Traumatol 1991; 7(4): 177-80.
42. Rotstein I, Mor C, Friedmann S. Prognosis of intracoronal bleaching with sodium perborate preparations in vivo: 1-year study. J Endod 1993; 19: 10-2.
43. Ari H, Ungör M. In vitro comparison of different types of sodium perborate used for intracoronal bleaching of discoloured teeth. Int Endod J 2002; 35(5): 433-6.
44. Freccia WF, Peters DD, Lorton L, Bernier WE. An in vitro comparison of nonvital bleaching techniques in discolored tooth. J Endod 1982; 8(2): 70-7.
45. Ho S, Goerig AC. An in vitro comparison of different bleaching agents in the discolored tooth. J Endod 1989; 15(3): 106-11.
46. Vachon C, Vanek P, Friedman S. Internal bleaching with 10% carbamide peroxide in vitro. Pract Periodontics Aesthet Dent 1998; 10(9): 1145-52.
47. Glockner K, Hulla H, Ebeleseder K, Städtler P. Five- year follow-up of internal bleaching. Braz Dent J 1999; 10(2): 105-10.
48. Friedman S, Rotstein I, Libfeld H, Stabholz A, Heling I. Incidence of external root resorption and esthetic results in 58 bleached pulpless teeth. Endod Dent Traumatol 1988; 4(1): 23-6.
49. Brown G. Factors influencing successful bleaching of the discolored root-filled tooth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1965; 20: 238-44.
50. Abou-Rass M. Long-term prognosis of intentional endodontics and internal bleaching of tetracycline- stained teeth. Compend Contin Educ Dent 1998; 19(10): 1034-44.
51. Wray A, Welbury R. UK National Clinical Guidelines in Paediatric Dentistry: Treatment of intrinsic discoloration in permanent anterior teeth in children and adolescents. Int J Paediatr Dent 2001; 11(4): 309-15.