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ORAL MALADOR WİTH VARIOUS ASPECTS

Year 2015, Supplement 10, 91 - 97, 21.05.2015
https://doi.org/10.17567/dfd.65679

Abstract

Oral malador, is called bad breath or halitosis, is a general term used to describe an offensive odor emanating from oral cavity. Oral maldor has many etiologies and is a clinical problem for many people. Patients with halitosis may seek treatment from dental clinicians for their perceived oral malodor. Although halitosis is generally attached to a social handicap which is related to poor oral hygiene or disease of the oral cavity, it may also indicated to a serious systemic illness. These systemic illness induce metabolic products that are detectable as oral smells. People, has oral malador, look up to expert physicians for diagonsis and treatment. It is always easy to recognize oral malador, but identifying the exact cause is very compleks. Therefore traetment of oral malador is directed at the underlying cause. In this review the etiology, diagnosis and treatment methods of oral malador has been explained

References

  • Scully C, Greenman J. Halitosis (Breath Odor). Periodontol 2000 2008;48:66–75.
  • Donaldson AC, Mckenzie D, Riggio MP et al. Microbiological Culture Analysis of The Tongue Anaerobic Microflora in Subjects with and without Halitosis. Oral Dis 2005;11:61–3.
  • Miyazaki H, Sakao S, Katoh Y, Takehara T. Correlation Between Volatile Sulphur Compounds and Certain Oral Health Measurements in The General Population. J Periodontol 1995;66:679–84.
  • De Boever EH, Loesche WJ. Assessing The Contribution of Anaerobic Microflora of The Tongue to Oral Malador. J Am Dent Assoc 1995;126:1384-93.
  • Rosenberg M, Septon I, Eli I, Bar-Ness R, Gelernter I, Brenner S, Gabbay J. Halitosis Measurement by An Industrial Sulphide Monitor. J Periodontol 1991;62:487–9.
  • Patil SH, Kulloli A, Kella M. Unmasking Oral Malodor: A Review. People’s J Sci Res 2012;5:61- 7.
  • Quirynen M, Avontroodt P, Soers C, Zhao H, Pauwels M, Van Steenberghe D. Impact of Tongue Cleansers on Microbial Load and Taste. J Clin Periodontol 2004;31 506−10.
  • Tangerman A, Winkel EG. Intra- and Extra-Oral Halitosis: Finding of A New Form of Extra-Oral Blood-Borne Halitosis Caused by Dimethyl Sulphide. J Clin Periodontol 2007;34:748–55.
  • Quirynen M, Zhao H, Soers C, Dekeyser C, Pauwels M, Coucke W, et al. The Impact of Periodontal Therapy and The Adjunctive Effect of Antiseptics on Breath Odorrelated Outcome Variables: A Double-Blind Randomized Study. J Periodontol 2005;76:705−12.
  • Yaegaki K, Sanada K. Volatile Sulfur Compounds in Mouth Air from Clinically Healthy Subjects and Patients with Periodontal Disease. J Periodontal Res 1992;27:233–8.
  • Kara C, Demir T, Tezel A. Kronik Periodontitisin Ağız Kokusuyla İlişkisi. Atatürk Üniv Diş Hek Fak Derg 2007;17:6-11.
  • Aydın M. Teşhisten Tedaviye Ağız Kokusu. 1 ed. Nobel Tıp kitapevleri: 2008. p. 14-129.
  • Sungur S. Ağız Kokusu Mikrobiyolojisi Teşhis ve Tedavi Yöntemleri. http://www.doktorsitesi.com/makale/agiz-kokusu- nedenleri-teshis-ve-tedavi-yontemleri/9198.
  • Zigurs G, Vidzis A, Brinkmane A. Halitosis Manifestation and Prevention Means for Patients with Fixed Teeth Dentures. Stomatologiia 2005;7:3-6.
  • Shinada K, Ueno M, Konishi C, Takehara S, Yokoyama S, Kawaguchi Y. A Randomized Double Blind Crossover Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial to Assess The Effects of A Mouthwash Containing Chlorine Dioxide on Oral Malodor. Trials 2008;9:71.
  • Rosing CK, Gomes SC, Bassani DG, Oppermann RV. Effect of Chewing Gums on The Production of Volatile Sulfur Compounds (VSC) In Vivo. Acta Odontol Latinoam 2009;22:11–4.
  • Murata T, Yamaga T, Iida T. Classification and Examination of Halitosis. Int Dent J 2002;52:181- 6.
  • Ayers KM; Colquhoun AN. Halitosis: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment. N Z Dent J 1998;94:156-60.
  • Besouw M, Blom H, Tangerman A, de Graaf-Hess A, Levtchenko E. The Origin of Halitosis in Cystinotic Patients Due to Cysteamine Treatment. Mol Genet Metab 2007;91:228-33.
  • Furne J, Majerus G, Lenton P, Springfield J, Levitt FG, Levitt MD. Comparison of Volatile Sulfur Compound Concentrations Measured with A Sulfide Detector vs. Gas Chromatography. J Dent Res 2002;81:140-3.
  • Amano A, Yoshida Y, Oho T, Koga T. Monitoring Ammoniato Assess Halitosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2002;94:692-6.
  • Kleinberg I, Codipilly DM. Cystein Challenge Testing: A Powerful Tool for Examining Oral Malodour Processes and Treatment In Vivo. Int Dent J 2002;52:221-8.
  • Hartley G, McKenzie C, Greenman J, El-Maaytah MA, Scully C, Porter S. Tongue Microbiota and Malodour: Effects of Metronidazole Mouth Rinse on Tongue Microbiota and Breath Odour Levels. Mic Eco Health and Dis 1999;11:226-33.
  • Iida J, Kudo T, Shimada K, Yatsuno Y, Yamagishi S, Hasegawa S, Ike H, Sato T, Kagaya H, Ito K. Investigation Metronidazole from A Pharmacokinetic Perspective. Biol Pharm Bull 2013;36:89-95. of Topical
  • Henker J, Schuster F, Nissler K. Successful Treatment of Gut-Caused Halitosis with A Suspension of Living Non-Pathogenic Escherichia Coli Bacteria—A Case Report. Eur J Pediatr 2001;160:592-4.
  • Seemann R, Bizhang M, Djamchidi C, Kage A, Nachnani S. The proportion of Pseudo-Halitosis Patients in A Multidisciplinary Breath Malodour Consultation. Int Dent J 2006:56:77–81.
  • Shimura M, Watanabe S, Iwakura M, Oshikiri Y, Kusumoto M, Ikawa K, Sakamoto S. Correlation Between Measurements Using A New Halitosis Monitor Organoleptic Periodontol 1997;68:1182-5. Assessment. J
  • Yaegaki K, Coil JM. Examination, Classification, and Treatment of Halitosis; Clinical Perspectives. J Can Dent Assoc 2000;66:257-61.
  • Rosenberg M, Kulkarni GV, Bosy A, McCulloch CA. Reproducibility and Sensitivity of Oral Malodor Measurements with A Portable Sulphide Monitor. J Dent Res 1991;70:1436–40.
  • Carranza F, Newman M, Takei H, Klokkevold P. Carranza’s Clinical Periodontology. 11 ed.Elsevier; Saunders Co: 2012. p. 330-342.
  • Ueno M, Shinada K, Yanagisawa T, Mori C, Yokoyama S, Furıkawa S, Takehara S, Kawaguchi Y. Clinical Oral Malodor Measurement with A Portable Sulfide Monitor. Oral Dis 2008;14:264-9.
  • Tonzetich J, Eigen E, King WJ et al. Volatility as A Factor in The Inability of Certain Amines and Indole to Increase The Odour of Saliva. Archives Oral Biol 1967;12:1167–75.
  • Rosenberg M, McCulloch CA. Measurement of Oral Malodor: Current Methods and Future Prospects. J Periodontol 1992;63:776–82.
  • Loesche WJ, Kazor C. Microbiology and Treatment of Halitosis. Periodontol 2000 2002;28:256–79.
  • Pham T, Ueno M, Zaitsu T, Takehara S, Shinada K, Lam PH, Kawaguchi Y. Clinical Rial of Oral Malodor Treatment in Patients with Periodontal Diseases. J Periodontol 2011;46:722-9.
  • Roldán S, Winkel EG, Herrera D, Sanz M, Van Winkelhoff AJ. The Effects of A New Mouthrinse Containing Chlorhexidine, Cetylpyridium Chloride and Zinc Lactate on The Microflora of Oral Halitosis Patients: A Dual-Centre, Double-Blind Placebo Controlled Study. J Clin Periodontol2003;30:427- 34.
  • Gürgan CA, Zaim E, Bakirsoy I, Soykan E. Short- Term Side Effects of 0.2% Alcohol-Free Chlorhexidine Mouthrinse Used as An Adjunct to Non-Surgical Periodontal Treatment: A Doubleblind Clinical Study. J Periodontol 2006;77:370-84.
  • Roldán S, Herrera D, O'Connor A, González I, Sanz M. A Combined Therapeutic Approach to Manage Oral Halitosis: A 3-Month Prospective Case Series. J Periodontol 2005;76:1025-33.
  • Kayako S, Masayuki U, Chisato K, et al. Effect of A Aouth Wash with Chlorine Dioxide on Oral Malodor and Salivary Bacteria: Randomized Placebo- Controlled 7-Day Trial. Clin Trial 2010;11:14.
  • Silwood CJ, Grootveld M, Lynch E. A Multifactorial Investigation of The Ability of Oral Health Care Products (OHCPs) to Alleviate Oral Malodour. J Clin Periodontol 2001;28:634-41.
  • Gornitsky M, Paradis I, Randaverde G, Malo AM, Velly AM. A Clinical and Microbiological Evaluation of Denture Cleansers for Geriatric Patients in Long- Term Care Institutions. J Can Dent Assoc 2002;68:39-45.
  • Takayama M, Sugimoto H, Mizutani S, Tanno K: Bactericidal Activities of Chlorine Dioxide. J Antibact Antifung Agents 1995;23:401-6.
  • Hakuta C, Mori C, Ueno M, Shinada K, Kawaguchi Y: Evaluation of An Oral Function Promotion Program for The Independent Elderly in Japan. Gerodontol 2009;26:250-8.
  • Malhotra S, Yeltiwar RK. Evaluation of Two Mouth Rinses in Reduction of Oral Malodor Using A Spectrophotometric Technique. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2011;15:250-4.
  • Amou T, Hinode D, Yoshioka M, Grenier D: Relationship Between Halitosis and Periodontal Disease–Associated Oral Bacteria in Tongue Coatings. Int J Dent Hygiene 2013;6:1-7.
  • Van Der Sleen MI, Slot DE, Van Trijffel E, Winkel EG, Van Der Weijden GA. Effectiveness of Mechanical Tongue Cleaning on Breath Odour and Tongue Coating: A Systematic Review. Int J Dental Hygiene 2010;8:258–68.
  • Pitts G, Brogdon C, Hu L, Masurat T, Pianotti R, Schumann P. Mechanism of Action of An Antiseptic, Anti-Odor Mouthwash. J Dent Res 1983;62:738-42.

FARKLI YÖNLERİ İLE ORAL MALADOR

Year 2015, Supplement 10, 91 - 97, 21.05.2015
https://doi.org/10.17567/dfd.65679

Abstract

Ağız kokusu, kötü nefes veya halitozis olarak da adlandırılan ağız boşluğundan yayılan itici bir kokuyu tarif etmek için kullanılan genel bir terimdir. Ağız kokusunun birçok etiyolojisi vardır ve ağız kokusu birçok insan için klinik bir problemdir. Ağız kokusu genel olarak kötü oral hijyen veya oral kavitedeki bir hastalığa bağlı olsa da teşhis ve tedavi gerektiren ciddi bir sistemik hastalığa da bağlı olabilir. Bu sistemik hastalıklar ağız kokuları olarak saptanılabilen metabolik ürünlere sebep olur. Ağız kokusuna sahip kişiler teşhis ve tedavi için uzman doktorları ziyaret etmektedir. Ağız kokusunu tanımak her zaman kolaydır fakat kesin nedenini tanımlamak çok komplekstir. Bu yüzden tedavisi altta yatan nedenlere yönelik olmalıdır. Bu derlemede ağız kokusunun etiyolojisi, teşhis ve tedavi yöntemleri açıklanmıştır.

References

  • Scully C, Greenman J. Halitosis (Breath Odor). Periodontol 2000 2008;48:66–75.
  • Donaldson AC, Mckenzie D, Riggio MP et al. Microbiological Culture Analysis of The Tongue Anaerobic Microflora in Subjects with and without Halitosis. Oral Dis 2005;11:61–3.
  • Miyazaki H, Sakao S, Katoh Y, Takehara T. Correlation Between Volatile Sulphur Compounds and Certain Oral Health Measurements in The General Population. J Periodontol 1995;66:679–84.
  • De Boever EH, Loesche WJ. Assessing The Contribution of Anaerobic Microflora of The Tongue to Oral Malador. J Am Dent Assoc 1995;126:1384-93.
  • Rosenberg M, Septon I, Eli I, Bar-Ness R, Gelernter I, Brenner S, Gabbay J. Halitosis Measurement by An Industrial Sulphide Monitor. J Periodontol 1991;62:487–9.
  • Patil SH, Kulloli A, Kella M. Unmasking Oral Malodor: A Review. People’s J Sci Res 2012;5:61- 7.
  • Quirynen M, Avontroodt P, Soers C, Zhao H, Pauwels M, Van Steenberghe D. Impact of Tongue Cleansers on Microbial Load and Taste. J Clin Periodontol 2004;31 506−10.
  • Tangerman A, Winkel EG. Intra- and Extra-Oral Halitosis: Finding of A New Form of Extra-Oral Blood-Borne Halitosis Caused by Dimethyl Sulphide. J Clin Periodontol 2007;34:748–55.
  • Quirynen M, Zhao H, Soers C, Dekeyser C, Pauwels M, Coucke W, et al. The Impact of Periodontal Therapy and The Adjunctive Effect of Antiseptics on Breath Odorrelated Outcome Variables: A Double-Blind Randomized Study. J Periodontol 2005;76:705−12.
  • Yaegaki K, Sanada K. Volatile Sulfur Compounds in Mouth Air from Clinically Healthy Subjects and Patients with Periodontal Disease. J Periodontal Res 1992;27:233–8.
  • Kara C, Demir T, Tezel A. Kronik Periodontitisin Ağız Kokusuyla İlişkisi. Atatürk Üniv Diş Hek Fak Derg 2007;17:6-11.
  • Aydın M. Teşhisten Tedaviye Ağız Kokusu. 1 ed. Nobel Tıp kitapevleri: 2008. p. 14-129.
  • Sungur S. Ağız Kokusu Mikrobiyolojisi Teşhis ve Tedavi Yöntemleri. http://www.doktorsitesi.com/makale/agiz-kokusu- nedenleri-teshis-ve-tedavi-yontemleri/9198.
  • Zigurs G, Vidzis A, Brinkmane A. Halitosis Manifestation and Prevention Means for Patients with Fixed Teeth Dentures. Stomatologiia 2005;7:3-6.
  • Shinada K, Ueno M, Konishi C, Takehara S, Yokoyama S, Kawaguchi Y. A Randomized Double Blind Crossover Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial to Assess The Effects of A Mouthwash Containing Chlorine Dioxide on Oral Malodor. Trials 2008;9:71.
  • Rosing CK, Gomes SC, Bassani DG, Oppermann RV. Effect of Chewing Gums on The Production of Volatile Sulfur Compounds (VSC) In Vivo. Acta Odontol Latinoam 2009;22:11–4.
  • Murata T, Yamaga T, Iida T. Classification and Examination of Halitosis. Int Dent J 2002;52:181- 6.
  • Ayers KM; Colquhoun AN. Halitosis: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment. N Z Dent J 1998;94:156-60.
  • Besouw M, Blom H, Tangerman A, de Graaf-Hess A, Levtchenko E. The Origin of Halitosis in Cystinotic Patients Due to Cysteamine Treatment. Mol Genet Metab 2007;91:228-33.
  • Furne J, Majerus G, Lenton P, Springfield J, Levitt FG, Levitt MD. Comparison of Volatile Sulfur Compound Concentrations Measured with A Sulfide Detector vs. Gas Chromatography. J Dent Res 2002;81:140-3.
  • Amano A, Yoshida Y, Oho T, Koga T. Monitoring Ammoniato Assess Halitosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2002;94:692-6.
  • Kleinberg I, Codipilly DM. Cystein Challenge Testing: A Powerful Tool for Examining Oral Malodour Processes and Treatment In Vivo. Int Dent J 2002;52:221-8.
  • Hartley G, McKenzie C, Greenman J, El-Maaytah MA, Scully C, Porter S. Tongue Microbiota and Malodour: Effects of Metronidazole Mouth Rinse on Tongue Microbiota and Breath Odour Levels. Mic Eco Health and Dis 1999;11:226-33.
  • Iida J, Kudo T, Shimada K, Yatsuno Y, Yamagishi S, Hasegawa S, Ike H, Sato T, Kagaya H, Ito K. Investigation Metronidazole from A Pharmacokinetic Perspective. Biol Pharm Bull 2013;36:89-95. of Topical
  • Henker J, Schuster F, Nissler K. Successful Treatment of Gut-Caused Halitosis with A Suspension of Living Non-Pathogenic Escherichia Coli Bacteria—A Case Report. Eur J Pediatr 2001;160:592-4.
  • Seemann R, Bizhang M, Djamchidi C, Kage A, Nachnani S. The proportion of Pseudo-Halitosis Patients in A Multidisciplinary Breath Malodour Consultation. Int Dent J 2006:56:77–81.
  • Shimura M, Watanabe S, Iwakura M, Oshikiri Y, Kusumoto M, Ikawa K, Sakamoto S. Correlation Between Measurements Using A New Halitosis Monitor Organoleptic Periodontol 1997;68:1182-5. Assessment. J
  • Yaegaki K, Coil JM. Examination, Classification, and Treatment of Halitosis; Clinical Perspectives. J Can Dent Assoc 2000;66:257-61.
  • Rosenberg M, Kulkarni GV, Bosy A, McCulloch CA. Reproducibility and Sensitivity of Oral Malodor Measurements with A Portable Sulphide Monitor. J Dent Res 1991;70:1436–40.
  • Carranza F, Newman M, Takei H, Klokkevold P. Carranza’s Clinical Periodontology. 11 ed.Elsevier; Saunders Co: 2012. p. 330-342.
  • Ueno M, Shinada K, Yanagisawa T, Mori C, Yokoyama S, Furıkawa S, Takehara S, Kawaguchi Y. Clinical Oral Malodor Measurement with A Portable Sulfide Monitor. Oral Dis 2008;14:264-9.
  • Tonzetich J, Eigen E, King WJ et al. Volatility as A Factor in The Inability of Certain Amines and Indole to Increase The Odour of Saliva. Archives Oral Biol 1967;12:1167–75.
  • Rosenberg M, McCulloch CA. Measurement of Oral Malodor: Current Methods and Future Prospects. J Periodontol 1992;63:776–82.
  • Loesche WJ, Kazor C. Microbiology and Treatment of Halitosis. Periodontol 2000 2002;28:256–79.
  • Pham T, Ueno M, Zaitsu T, Takehara S, Shinada K, Lam PH, Kawaguchi Y. Clinical Rial of Oral Malodor Treatment in Patients with Periodontal Diseases. J Periodontol 2011;46:722-9.
  • Roldán S, Winkel EG, Herrera D, Sanz M, Van Winkelhoff AJ. The Effects of A New Mouthrinse Containing Chlorhexidine, Cetylpyridium Chloride and Zinc Lactate on The Microflora of Oral Halitosis Patients: A Dual-Centre, Double-Blind Placebo Controlled Study. J Clin Periodontol2003;30:427- 34.
  • Gürgan CA, Zaim E, Bakirsoy I, Soykan E. Short- Term Side Effects of 0.2% Alcohol-Free Chlorhexidine Mouthrinse Used as An Adjunct to Non-Surgical Periodontal Treatment: A Doubleblind Clinical Study. J Periodontol 2006;77:370-84.
  • Roldán S, Herrera D, O'Connor A, González I, Sanz M. A Combined Therapeutic Approach to Manage Oral Halitosis: A 3-Month Prospective Case Series. J Periodontol 2005;76:1025-33.
  • Kayako S, Masayuki U, Chisato K, et al. Effect of A Aouth Wash with Chlorine Dioxide on Oral Malodor and Salivary Bacteria: Randomized Placebo- Controlled 7-Day Trial. Clin Trial 2010;11:14.
  • Silwood CJ, Grootveld M, Lynch E. A Multifactorial Investigation of The Ability of Oral Health Care Products (OHCPs) to Alleviate Oral Malodour. J Clin Periodontol 2001;28:634-41.
  • Gornitsky M, Paradis I, Randaverde G, Malo AM, Velly AM. A Clinical and Microbiological Evaluation of Denture Cleansers for Geriatric Patients in Long- Term Care Institutions. J Can Dent Assoc 2002;68:39-45.
  • Takayama M, Sugimoto H, Mizutani S, Tanno K: Bactericidal Activities of Chlorine Dioxide. J Antibact Antifung Agents 1995;23:401-6.
  • Hakuta C, Mori C, Ueno M, Shinada K, Kawaguchi Y: Evaluation of An Oral Function Promotion Program for The Independent Elderly in Japan. Gerodontol 2009;26:250-8.
  • Malhotra S, Yeltiwar RK. Evaluation of Two Mouth Rinses in Reduction of Oral Malodor Using A Spectrophotometric Technique. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2011;15:250-4.
  • Amou T, Hinode D, Yoshioka M, Grenier D: Relationship Between Halitosis and Periodontal Disease–Associated Oral Bacteria in Tongue Coatings. Int J Dent Hygiene 2013;6:1-7.
  • Van Der Sleen MI, Slot DE, Van Trijffel E, Winkel EG, Van Der Weijden GA. Effectiveness of Mechanical Tongue Cleaning on Breath Odour and Tongue Coating: A Systematic Review. Int J Dental Hygiene 2010;8:258–68.
  • Pitts G, Brogdon C, Hu L, Masurat T, Pianotti R, Schumann P. Mechanism of Action of An Antiseptic, Anti-Odor Mouthwash. J Dent Res 1983;62:738-42.
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Dentistry
Journal Section Articles
Authors

S. Serhan Altıntepe Doğan

Hakan Develioğlu This is me

Publication Date May 21, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Supplement 10

Cite

APA Altıntepe Doğan, S. S., & Develioğlu, H. (2015). FARKLI YÖNLERİ İLE ORAL MALADOR. Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi, 25, 91-97. https://doi.org/10.17567/dfd.65679
AMA Altıntepe Doğan SS, Develioğlu H. FARKLI YÖNLERİ İLE ORAL MALADOR. Ata Diş Hek Fak Derg. May 2015;25:91-97. doi:10.17567/dfd.65679
Chicago Altıntepe Doğan, S. Serhan, and Hakan Develioğlu. “FARKLI YÖNLERİ İLE ORAL MALADOR”. Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi 25, May (May 2015): 91-97. https://doi.org/10.17567/dfd.65679.
EndNote Altıntepe Doğan SS, Develioğlu H (May 1, 2015) FARKLI YÖNLERİ İLE ORAL MALADOR. Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi 25 91–97.
IEEE S. S. Altıntepe Doğan and H. Develioğlu, “FARKLI YÖNLERİ İLE ORAL MALADOR”, Ata Diş Hek Fak Derg, vol. 25, pp. 91–97, 2015, doi: 10.17567/dfd.65679.
ISNAD Altıntepe Doğan, S. Serhan - Develioğlu, Hakan. “FARKLI YÖNLERİ İLE ORAL MALADOR”. Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi 25 (May 2015), 91-97. https://doi.org/10.17567/dfd.65679.
JAMA Altıntepe Doğan SS, Develioğlu H. FARKLI YÖNLERİ İLE ORAL MALADOR. Ata Diş Hek Fak Derg. 2015;25:91–97.
MLA Altıntepe Doğan, S. Serhan and Hakan Develioğlu. “FARKLI YÖNLERİ İLE ORAL MALADOR”. Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 25, 2015, pp. 91-97, doi:10.17567/dfd.65679.
Vancouver Altıntepe Doğan SS, Develioğlu H. FARKLI YÖNLERİ İLE ORAL MALADOR. Ata Diş Hek Fak Derg. 2015;25:91-7.

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