Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTIVENESS OF PHOTON-İNDUCED PHOTOACOUSTIC STREAMING, PHOTOACTIVATED DISINFECTION AND SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE IRRIGATION IN INFECTED ROOT CANALS

Year 2020, Volume: 30 Issue: 2, 188 - 195, 15.04.2020
https://doi.org/10.17567/ataunidfd.651638

Abstract

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal effects of different disinfection methods for infected root canals with Enterococcus faecalis or Candida albicans in vitro.
Material and Methods: Hundred extracted, single-rooted human teeth with straight root canals were selected. After chemo-mechanical preparation of the root canals, except of those in the negative control group, contamination was performed using Enterococcus faecalis or Candida albicans for 7 days. The infected teeth were divided into three subgroups (n = 15) according to the disinfection method applied: photo‑activated disinfection, photon-induced photoacoustic streaming and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite irrigation. Microbial samples were collected from the root canals before and after disinfection. Hundred Colony forming units were counted, and data were statistically analysed.
Results: All experimental groups showed significant reduction of Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. Photon-induced photoacoustic streaming and sodium hypochlorite irrigation had similar antimicrobial effect, which was higher than photo‑activated disinfection for both microorganisms (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: None of the testing methods for root canal disinfection was able to achieve complete elimination of microorganisms. However, the results of this study state that photon-induced photoacoustic streaming, photo‑activated disinfection and 2.5% NaOCl has significant antimicrobial effect against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans biofilms in root canals.
Key words: Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Photodynamic Therapy, Root Canal, Sodium Hypochlorite

Foton ile İndüklenen Fotoakustik Dalgalanma Tekniği, Işıkla Aktive Edilen Dezenfeksiyon ve Sodyum Hipokloritin Enfekte Kök Kanallarındaki Antimikrobiyal Etkileri
Öz
Amaç: Bu çalışmada, Enterococcus faecalis veya Candida albicans ile enfekte edilmiş kök kanallarında farklı dezenfeksiyon yöntemlerinin antibakteriyel ve antifungal etkilerinin in vitro olarak incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Gereç ve yöntem: Çalışmada yüz adet çekilmiş, tek köklü, düz kanallı diş kullanıldı. Kök kanallarının kemo-mekanik preparasyonunun ardından, negatif kontrol grubu haricindeki dişler 7 gün boyunca Enterococcus faecalis veya Candida albicans ile enfekte edildi. Enfekte edilen dişler uygulanan dezenfeksiyon yöntemine göre ışıkla aktive edilen dezenfeksiyon, fotonla indüklenen fotoakustik dalgalanma tekniği veya %2.5 sodyum hipoklorit irigasyonu uygulanmak üzere üç alt gruba (n = 15) ayrıldı. Dezenfeksiyon öncesi ve sonrasında kök kanallarından mikrobiyal örnekler alındı. Koloni oluşturan birimler sayıldı ve veriler istatistiksel olarak analiz edildi.
Bulgular: Tüm deney gruplarında, Enterococcus faecalis ve Candida albicans mikroorganizmalarında önemli ölçüde azalma gözlendi. Fotonla indüklenen fotoakustik dalgalanma tekniği ve sodyum hipoklorit irigasyonu benzer antimikrobiyal etkiye sahip bulunurken (p>0.05), her iki grubun gösterdiği antimikrobiyal etki ışıkla aktive edilen dezenfeksiyondan iki mikrooganizma türü için de daha yüksek bulundu (p<0.05).
Sonuç: Uygulanan dezenfeksiyon yöntemlerinin hiçbiri ile mikroorganizmaların tümünün elimine edilmesi mümkün olmadı. Bununla birlikte, bu çalışmanın sonuçları; foton ile indüklenen fotoakustik dalgalanma tekniği, ışıkla aktive edilen dezenfeksiyon ve %2.5 sodyum hipokloritin kök kanallarındaki Enterococcus faecalis ve Candida albicans biofilmlerinde önemli ölçüde antimikrobiyal etkinliğe sahip olduğunu göstermektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Fotodinamik Terapi, Kök Kanalı, Sodyum Hipoklorit

References

  • 1- Xhevdet A, Stubljar D, Kriznar I, Jukic T, Skvarc M, Veranic P, Ihan A. The disinfecting efficacy of root canals with laser photodynamic therapy. Laser Med Sci 2014;5:1-19.
  • 2- Franzen R, Gutknecht N, Falken S, Heussen N, Meister J. Bactericidal effect of a Nd: YAG laser on Enterococcus faecalis at pulse durations of 15 and 25 ms in dentine depths of 500 and 1,000 μm. Laser Med Sci 2011;26:95-101.
  • 3- Mehrvarzfar P, Saghiri MA, Asatourian A, Fekrazad R, Karamifar K, Eslami G, Dadresanfar B. Additive effect of a diode laser on the antibacterial activity of 2.5% NaOCl, 2% CHX and MTAD against Enterococcus faecalis contaminating root canals: an in vitro study. J Oral Sci 2011;53:355-360.
  • 4- Siqueira JF Jr, Rôças IN. Exploiting molecular methods to explore endodontic infections: part 2–redefining the endodontic microbiota. J Endod 2005;31:488–498.
  • 5- Valera MC, Silva KCGD, Maekawa LE, Carvalho CAT, Koga-Ito CY, Camargo CHR. Antimicrobial activity of sodium hypochlorite associated with intracanal medication for Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis inoculated in root canals. J Appl Oral Sci. 2009;17:555-559.
  • 6- Maden M, Görgül G, Sultan MN, Akça G, Er Ö. Determination of the effect of Nd: YAG laser irradiation through dentinal tubules on several oral pathogens. Laser Med Sci 2013;28: 281-286.
  • 7- Chiniforush N, Pourhajibagher M, Shahabi S, Bahador A. Clinical approach of high technology techniques for control and elimination of endodontic microbiota. Laser Med Sci 2015;6:139-150.
  • 8- Sundqvist G, Figdor D, Persson S, Sjörgen U. Microbiologic analysis of teeth with failed endodontic treatment and the outcome of conservative re-treatment. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1998;85:86-93.
  • 9- Jaju S, Jaju PP. Newer root canal irrigants in horizon: a review. Int J Dent 2011;8:1-9.
  • 10- Vezzani MS, Pietro R, Silva-Sousa Y, Brugnera-Junior A, Sousa-Neto MD. Disinfection of root canals using Er: YAG laser at different frequencies. Photomed Laser Surg 2006;24:499-502.
  • 11- Tuncay Ö, Dinçer AN, Kuştarcı A, Er Ö, Dinç G, Demirbuga S. Effects of ozone and photo activated disinfection against Enterococcus faecalis biofilms in vitro. Niger J Clin Pract 2015;18:814-818.
  • 12- DiVito E, Peters OA, Olivi, G. Effectiveness of the Erbium:YAG laser and new design radial and stripped tips in removing the smear layer after root canal instrumentation. Lasers Med. Sci 2012;1:273–280.
  • 13- Turkaydin D, Demir E, Basturk FB, Övecoglu HS. Efficacy of XP-Endo finisher in the removal of triple antibiotic paste from immature root canals. J Endod 2017;43:1528-1531.
  • 14- Olivi, Giovani, and Enrico DiVito. Photoacoustic endodontics using PIPS™: experimental background and clinical protocol. J. Laser Health Acad 2012;1:22-25.
  • 15- Golob BS, Olivi G, Vrabec M, El Feghali R, Parker S, Benedicenti S. Efficacy of photon-induced photoacoustic streaming in the reduction of Enterococcus faecalis within the root canal: different settings and different sodium hypochlorite concentrations. J Endod 2017;43:1730-1735.
  • 16- Balić M, Lucić R, Mehadžić K, Bago I, Anić I, Jakovljević S, Plečko V. The efficacy of photon-initiated photoacoustic streaming and sonic-activated irrigation combined with QMiX solution or sodium hypochlorite against intracanal E. faecalis biofilm. Laser Med Sci 2016;31:335-342.
  • 17- Beltes C, Economides N, Sakkas H, Papadopoulou C, Lambrianidis T. Evaluation of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy using indocyanine green and near-infrared diode laser against Enterococcus faecalis in infected human root canals. Photomed Laser Surg 2017;35:264-269.
  • 18- Schlafer S, Vaeth M, Hørsted-Bindslev P, Frandsen EV. Endodontic photoactivated disinfection using a conventional light source: an in vitro and ex vivo study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010;109:634-641.
  • 19- Bergmans L, Moisiadis P, Huybrechts B, Van Meerbeek B, Quirynen M, Lambrechts P. Effect of photo-activated disinfection on endodontic pathogens ex vivo. Int Endod J 2008;41:227-39.
  • 20- Williams JA, Pearson GJ, Colles MJ. Antibacterial action of photoactivated disinfection (PAD) used on endodontic bacteria in planktonic suspension and in artificial and human root canals. J Dent 2006;34:363-71.
  • 21- DiVito E, Peters OA, Olivi, G. Effectiveness of the erbium: YAG laser and new design radial and stripped tips in removing the smear layer after root canal instrumentation. Lasers Med. Sci 2012;27:273-280.
  • 22- Rios A, He J, Glickman GN, Spears R, Schneiderman ED, Honeyman AL. Evaluation of photodynamic therapy using a light-emitting diode lamp against Enterococcus faecalis in extracted human teeth. J Endod 2011;37:856-859.
  • 23- Peters OA, Bardsley S, Fong J, Pandher G, DiVito E. Disinfection of root canals with photon-initiated photoacoustic streaming. J Endod 2011;37:1008-1012.
  • 24- Pourhajibagher M, Bahador A. An in vivo evaluation of microbial diversity before and after the photo-activated disinfection in primary endodontic infections: Traditional phenotypic and molecular approaches. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018;22:19-25.
  • 25- De Meyer S, Meire MA, Coenye T, De Moor RJG. Effect of laser‐activated irrigation on biofilms in artificial root canals. Int Endod J 2017;50:472-479.
  • 26- de Oliveira BP, Aguiar CM, Câmara AC, de Albuquerque MM, de Barros Correia ACR, Soares MFDLR. The efficacy of photodynamic therapy and sodium hypochlorite in root canal disinfection by a single-file instrumentation technique. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2015;12:436-443.
  • 27- Ozkaya OB, Gulsahi K, Ungor M, Gocmen JS. A comparison of Er: YAG laser with photon-initiated photoacoustic streaming, Nd:YAG laser, and conventional irrigation on the eradication of root dentinal tubule infection by Enterococcus faecalis biofilms: A scanning electron microscopy study. Scanning, 2017.
  • 28- Olivi G, DiVito E, Peters O, Kaitsas V, Angiero F, Signore A, Benedicenti S. Disinfection efficacy of photon-induced photoacoustic streaming on root canals infected with Enterococcus faecalis: An ex vivo study. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 2014;145:43–848.
  • 29- Guidotti R, Merigo E, Fornaini C, Rocca JP, Medioni E, Vescovi P. Er:YAG 2,940-nm laser fiber in endodontic treatment: a help in removing smear layer. Lasers Med. Sci 2014; 29: 69-75.
  • 30- Zhu X, Yin X, Chang JW, Wang Y, Cheung GS, Zhang C. Comparison of the antibacterial effect and smear layer removal using photon-initiated photoacoustic streaming aided irrigation versus a conventional irrigation in single-rooted canals: an in vitro study. Photomed Laser Surg 2013;31:371-377.
  • 31- Pedulla E, Genovese C, Campagna E, Tempera G, Rapisarda E. Decontamination efficacy of photon‐initiated photoacoustic streaming (PIPS) of irrigants using low‐energy laser settings: an ex vivo study. Int Endod J 2012;45:865-870.
  • 32- Kasić S, Knezović M, Beader N, Gabrić D, Malčić AI, Baraba A. Efficacy of three different lasers on eradication of Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans biofilms in root canal system. Photomed Laser Surg 2017;35:372-377.
  • 33- Prażmo EJ, Godlewska RA, Mielczarek AB. Effectiveness of repeated photodynamic therapy in the elimination of intracanal Enterococcus faecalis biofilm: an in vitro study. Laser Med Sci 2017; 32: 655-661.
  • 34- Dumani, A, Tanrisever D, Sihay D, Kuzu SB, Yilmaz S, Guvenmez HK. Efficacy of calcium hypoclorite with and without Er, Cr: Yttrium, scandium, gallium, garnet laser activation on Enterococcus faecalis in experimentally infected root canals. Niger J Clin Pract 2019;22:215-220.
  • 35-Ekim ŞNA, Erdemir A, Kaya OE, Çiftçi H. Antibacterial Effect of Silver Nanoparticles as an Alternatıve Irrıgatıon Solutıon on E. Faecalıs. Atatürk Üniv Diş Hek Fak Derg 2016;26:245-250.
  • 36-Atabek D, Çınar Ç, Öztaş N, Suludere GAPDZ. In-Vitro Antibacterial Efficiency Of Irrigation Regimens Against Biofilm Of Enterococcus Faecalis. Atatürk Üniv Diş Hek Fak Derg 2013; 23:165-171.
Year 2020, Volume: 30 Issue: 2, 188 - 195, 15.04.2020
https://doi.org/10.17567/ataunidfd.651638

Abstract

References

  • 1- Xhevdet A, Stubljar D, Kriznar I, Jukic T, Skvarc M, Veranic P, Ihan A. The disinfecting efficacy of root canals with laser photodynamic therapy. Laser Med Sci 2014;5:1-19.
  • 2- Franzen R, Gutknecht N, Falken S, Heussen N, Meister J. Bactericidal effect of a Nd: YAG laser on Enterococcus faecalis at pulse durations of 15 and 25 ms in dentine depths of 500 and 1,000 μm. Laser Med Sci 2011;26:95-101.
  • 3- Mehrvarzfar P, Saghiri MA, Asatourian A, Fekrazad R, Karamifar K, Eslami G, Dadresanfar B. Additive effect of a diode laser on the antibacterial activity of 2.5% NaOCl, 2% CHX and MTAD against Enterococcus faecalis contaminating root canals: an in vitro study. J Oral Sci 2011;53:355-360.
  • 4- Siqueira JF Jr, Rôças IN. Exploiting molecular methods to explore endodontic infections: part 2–redefining the endodontic microbiota. J Endod 2005;31:488–498.
  • 5- Valera MC, Silva KCGD, Maekawa LE, Carvalho CAT, Koga-Ito CY, Camargo CHR. Antimicrobial activity of sodium hypochlorite associated with intracanal medication for Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis inoculated in root canals. J Appl Oral Sci. 2009;17:555-559.
  • 6- Maden M, Görgül G, Sultan MN, Akça G, Er Ö. Determination of the effect of Nd: YAG laser irradiation through dentinal tubules on several oral pathogens. Laser Med Sci 2013;28: 281-286.
  • 7- Chiniforush N, Pourhajibagher M, Shahabi S, Bahador A. Clinical approach of high technology techniques for control and elimination of endodontic microbiota. Laser Med Sci 2015;6:139-150.
  • 8- Sundqvist G, Figdor D, Persson S, Sjörgen U. Microbiologic analysis of teeth with failed endodontic treatment and the outcome of conservative re-treatment. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1998;85:86-93.
  • 9- Jaju S, Jaju PP. Newer root canal irrigants in horizon: a review. Int J Dent 2011;8:1-9.
  • 10- Vezzani MS, Pietro R, Silva-Sousa Y, Brugnera-Junior A, Sousa-Neto MD. Disinfection of root canals using Er: YAG laser at different frequencies. Photomed Laser Surg 2006;24:499-502.
  • 11- Tuncay Ö, Dinçer AN, Kuştarcı A, Er Ö, Dinç G, Demirbuga S. Effects of ozone and photo activated disinfection against Enterococcus faecalis biofilms in vitro. Niger J Clin Pract 2015;18:814-818.
  • 12- DiVito E, Peters OA, Olivi, G. Effectiveness of the Erbium:YAG laser and new design radial and stripped tips in removing the smear layer after root canal instrumentation. Lasers Med. Sci 2012;1:273–280.
  • 13- Turkaydin D, Demir E, Basturk FB, Övecoglu HS. Efficacy of XP-Endo finisher in the removal of triple antibiotic paste from immature root canals. J Endod 2017;43:1528-1531.
  • 14- Olivi, Giovani, and Enrico DiVito. Photoacoustic endodontics using PIPS™: experimental background and clinical protocol. J. Laser Health Acad 2012;1:22-25.
  • 15- Golob BS, Olivi G, Vrabec M, El Feghali R, Parker S, Benedicenti S. Efficacy of photon-induced photoacoustic streaming in the reduction of Enterococcus faecalis within the root canal: different settings and different sodium hypochlorite concentrations. J Endod 2017;43:1730-1735.
  • 16- Balić M, Lucić R, Mehadžić K, Bago I, Anić I, Jakovljević S, Plečko V. The efficacy of photon-initiated photoacoustic streaming and sonic-activated irrigation combined with QMiX solution or sodium hypochlorite against intracanal E. faecalis biofilm. Laser Med Sci 2016;31:335-342.
  • 17- Beltes C, Economides N, Sakkas H, Papadopoulou C, Lambrianidis T. Evaluation of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy using indocyanine green and near-infrared diode laser against Enterococcus faecalis in infected human root canals. Photomed Laser Surg 2017;35:264-269.
  • 18- Schlafer S, Vaeth M, Hørsted-Bindslev P, Frandsen EV. Endodontic photoactivated disinfection using a conventional light source: an in vitro and ex vivo study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010;109:634-641.
  • 19- Bergmans L, Moisiadis P, Huybrechts B, Van Meerbeek B, Quirynen M, Lambrechts P. Effect of photo-activated disinfection on endodontic pathogens ex vivo. Int Endod J 2008;41:227-39.
  • 20- Williams JA, Pearson GJ, Colles MJ. Antibacterial action of photoactivated disinfection (PAD) used on endodontic bacteria in planktonic suspension and in artificial and human root canals. J Dent 2006;34:363-71.
  • 21- DiVito E, Peters OA, Olivi, G. Effectiveness of the erbium: YAG laser and new design radial and stripped tips in removing the smear layer after root canal instrumentation. Lasers Med. Sci 2012;27:273-280.
  • 22- Rios A, He J, Glickman GN, Spears R, Schneiderman ED, Honeyman AL. Evaluation of photodynamic therapy using a light-emitting diode lamp against Enterococcus faecalis in extracted human teeth. J Endod 2011;37:856-859.
  • 23- Peters OA, Bardsley S, Fong J, Pandher G, DiVito E. Disinfection of root canals with photon-initiated photoacoustic streaming. J Endod 2011;37:1008-1012.
  • 24- Pourhajibagher M, Bahador A. An in vivo evaluation of microbial diversity before and after the photo-activated disinfection in primary endodontic infections: Traditional phenotypic and molecular approaches. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018;22:19-25.
  • 25- De Meyer S, Meire MA, Coenye T, De Moor RJG. Effect of laser‐activated irrigation on biofilms in artificial root canals. Int Endod J 2017;50:472-479.
  • 26- de Oliveira BP, Aguiar CM, Câmara AC, de Albuquerque MM, de Barros Correia ACR, Soares MFDLR. The efficacy of photodynamic therapy and sodium hypochlorite in root canal disinfection by a single-file instrumentation technique. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2015;12:436-443.
  • 27- Ozkaya OB, Gulsahi K, Ungor M, Gocmen JS. A comparison of Er: YAG laser with photon-initiated photoacoustic streaming, Nd:YAG laser, and conventional irrigation on the eradication of root dentinal tubule infection by Enterococcus faecalis biofilms: A scanning electron microscopy study. Scanning, 2017.
  • 28- Olivi G, DiVito E, Peters O, Kaitsas V, Angiero F, Signore A, Benedicenti S. Disinfection efficacy of photon-induced photoacoustic streaming on root canals infected with Enterococcus faecalis: An ex vivo study. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 2014;145:43–848.
  • 29- Guidotti R, Merigo E, Fornaini C, Rocca JP, Medioni E, Vescovi P. Er:YAG 2,940-nm laser fiber in endodontic treatment: a help in removing smear layer. Lasers Med. Sci 2014; 29: 69-75.
  • 30- Zhu X, Yin X, Chang JW, Wang Y, Cheung GS, Zhang C. Comparison of the antibacterial effect and smear layer removal using photon-initiated photoacoustic streaming aided irrigation versus a conventional irrigation in single-rooted canals: an in vitro study. Photomed Laser Surg 2013;31:371-377.
  • 31- Pedulla E, Genovese C, Campagna E, Tempera G, Rapisarda E. Decontamination efficacy of photon‐initiated photoacoustic streaming (PIPS) of irrigants using low‐energy laser settings: an ex vivo study. Int Endod J 2012;45:865-870.
  • 32- Kasić S, Knezović M, Beader N, Gabrić D, Malčić AI, Baraba A. Efficacy of three different lasers on eradication of Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans biofilms in root canal system. Photomed Laser Surg 2017;35:372-377.
  • 33- Prażmo EJ, Godlewska RA, Mielczarek AB. Effectiveness of repeated photodynamic therapy in the elimination of intracanal Enterococcus faecalis biofilm: an in vitro study. Laser Med Sci 2017; 32: 655-661.
  • 34- Dumani, A, Tanrisever D, Sihay D, Kuzu SB, Yilmaz S, Guvenmez HK. Efficacy of calcium hypoclorite with and without Er, Cr: Yttrium, scandium, gallium, garnet laser activation on Enterococcus faecalis in experimentally infected root canals. Niger J Clin Pract 2019;22:215-220.
  • 35-Ekim ŞNA, Erdemir A, Kaya OE, Çiftçi H. Antibacterial Effect of Silver Nanoparticles as an Alternatıve Irrıgatıon Solutıon on E. Faecalıs. Atatürk Üniv Diş Hek Fak Derg 2016;26:245-250.
  • 36-Atabek D, Çınar Ç, Öztaş N, Suludere GAPDZ. In-Vitro Antibacterial Efficiency Of Irrigation Regimens Against Biofilm Of Enterococcus Faecalis. Atatürk Üniv Diş Hek Fak Derg 2013; 23:165-171.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Dentistry
Journal Section Araştırma Makalesi
Authors

Parla Meva Durmazpınar This is me 0000-0002-8088-5691

Mahir Günday This is me 0000-0002-2019-8734

Banu Uygun Can This is me 0000-0002-9577-0352

Sertaç Peker This is me 0000-0002-9659-1292

Tanju Kadir This is me 0000-0002-4668-9988

Publication Date April 15, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 30 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Durmazpınar, P. M., Günday, M., Uygun Can, B., Peker, S., et al. (2020). ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTIVENESS OF PHOTON-İNDUCED PHOTOACOUSTIC STREAMING, PHOTOACTIVATED DISINFECTION AND SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE IRRIGATION IN INFECTED ROOT CANALS. Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi, 30(2), 188-195. https://doi.org/10.17567/ataunidfd.651638
AMA Durmazpınar PM, Günday M, Uygun Can B, Peker S, Kadir T. ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTIVENESS OF PHOTON-İNDUCED PHOTOACOUSTIC STREAMING, PHOTOACTIVATED DISINFECTION AND SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE IRRIGATION IN INFECTED ROOT CANALS. Ata Diş Hek Fak Derg. April 2020;30(2):188-195. doi:10.17567/ataunidfd.651638
Chicago Durmazpınar, Parla Meva, Mahir Günday, Banu Uygun Can, Sertaç Peker, and Tanju Kadir. “ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTIVENESS OF PHOTON-İNDUCED PHOTOACOUSTIC STREAMING, PHOTOACTIVATED DISINFECTION AND SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE IRRIGATION IN INFECTED ROOT CANALS”. Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi 30, no. 2 (April 2020): 188-95. https://doi.org/10.17567/ataunidfd.651638.
EndNote Durmazpınar PM, Günday M, Uygun Can B, Peker S, Kadir T (April 1, 2020) ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTIVENESS OF PHOTON-İNDUCED PHOTOACOUSTIC STREAMING, PHOTOACTIVATED DISINFECTION AND SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE IRRIGATION IN INFECTED ROOT CANALS. Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi 30 2 188–195.
IEEE P. M. Durmazpınar, M. Günday, B. Uygun Can, S. Peker, and T. Kadir, “ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTIVENESS OF PHOTON-İNDUCED PHOTOACOUSTIC STREAMING, PHOTOACTIVATED DISINFECTION AND SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE IRRIGATION IN INFECTED ROOT CANALS”, Ata Diş Hek Fak Derg, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 188–195, 2020, doi: 10.17567/ataunidfd.651638.
ISNAD Durmazpınar, Parla Meva et al. “ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTIVENESS OF PHOTON-İNDUCED PHOTOACOUSTIC STREAMING, PHOTOACTIVATED DISINFECTION AND SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE IRRIGATION IN INFECTED ROOT CANALS”. Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi 30/2 (April 2020), 188-195. https://doi.org/10.17567/ataunidfd.651638.
JAMA Durmazpınar PM, Günday M, Uygun Can B, Peker S, Kadir T. ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTIVENESS OF PHOTON-İNDUCED PHOTOACOUSTIC STREAMING, PHOTOACTIVATED DISINFECTION AND SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE IRRIGATION IN INFECTED ROOT CANALS. Ata Diş Hek Fak Derg. 2020;30:188–195.
MLA Durmazpınar, Parla Meva et al. “ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTIVENESS OF PHOTON-İNDUCED PHOTOACOUSTIC STREAMING, PHOTOACTIVATED DISINFECTION AND SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE IRRIGATION IN INFECTED ROOT CANALS”. Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 30, no. 2, 2020, pp. 188-95, doi:10.17567/ataunidfd.651638.
Vancouver Durmazpınar PM, Günday M, Uygun Can B, Peker S, Kadir T. ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTIVENESS OF PHOTON-İNDUCED PHOTOACOUSTIC STREAMING, PHOTOACTIVATED DISINFECTION AND SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE IRRIGATION IN INFECTED ROOT CANALS. Ata Diş Hek Fak Derg. 2020;30(2):188-95.

Bu eser Creative Commons Alıntı-GayriTicari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır. Tıklayınız.