Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Why Energy Market Liberalisation is Essential for Turkey to Embark on Climate-Energy Policy Integration in the EU

Year 2019, Volume: 33 Issue: 4, 1167 - 1185, 25.10.2019

Abstract

The
climate policy is an inter-sectoral policy area which requires integration of
climate policy with several policy areas. This paper looks at the Climate
Policy Integration (CIP) from the perspective of climate and energy policy
integration. Initially, it is aimed to make conceptual clarification of policy
integration and to analyze the main features of CIP. Furthermore, in this paper
the role of energy market liberalisation as a milestone for climate and energy
integration within the overall process of EU Climate Policy is also examined.
By considering the energy market liberalisation as a crucial stage for EU climate-energy
policy integration, Turkey’s climate policy in general and the results of
energy market liberalisation by taking into account the
share of renewable energy sources of the country are explored in order to
evaluate Turkey’s ability to align itself to EU Climate Policy.

References

  • Merino, D., Ebrill, A. (2017), Annual Report on the Results of Monitoring the Internal Electricity and Gas Markets in 2016: Electricity Wholesale Markets Volume, Electricity Wholesale Markets. Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators and the Council of European Energy Regulators.
  • Adelle, C., Pallemaerts, M. and Chiavari, J. (2009), Climate Change and Energy Security in Europe: Policy Integration and its Limits. Stockholm: Swedish Institute for European Policy Studies.
  • Beg, N., Morlot, J. C., Davidson, O., Yaw, A., Tyani, L., Denton, F., Sokona, Y. et al. (2002), "Linkages between Climate Change and Sustainable Development." Climate Policy 2 (2): 129–144. doi:10.1016/S1469-3062(02)00028-1.
  • Berkhout, F. (2005), "Rationales for Adaptation in EU Climate Change Policies." Climate Policy 5 (3): 377–391. doi:10.1080/14693062.2005.9685564.
  • Carvalho, M. G. (2012), "EU Energy and Climate Change Strategy." Energy 40 (1): 19–22. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2012.01.012.
  • Council of the European Union. (1999), Helsinki European Council Presidency Conclusions, 10-11 December 1999, p.1-33.
  • Council of the European Union. (2008), Climate Action and Renewable Energy Package, 2874th Council Meeting, C/08/149, 9959/08.
  • Dupont, C. (2010), Political Commitment to Climate Policy Integration at EU Level: The Case of Biodiversity Policy. SSRN Electronic Journal, 10.2139/ssrn.1691610.
  • Dupont, C., and Oberthür, S. (2012), "Insufficient Climate Policy Integration in EU Energy Policy: The Importance of the Long‐Term Perspective." Journal of Contemporary European Research 8 (2): 228–247.
  • Dupont, C., and Primova, R. (2011), "Combating Complexity: The Integration of EU Climate and Energy Policies." In Energy and Environment in Europe: Assessing a Complex Relationship, edited by J. Tosun and I Solorio, Mini Issue 1,Vol. 15, Article 8. European Integration Online Papers.
  • Energy Market Regulatory Authority. (2018), "Official Web Site." Accessed 06 November 2018. https://csb.gov.tr
  • Environment Fifth Action Programme. (1993), "EU Fifth Environment Action Programme Towards Sustainability." Journal of the European Communities C 138, 17.5.1993, p.5-98.
  • Environment Sixth Action Programme. (2002), "EU Sixth Environment Action Programme " Journal of the European Communities OJL 242, 10.9.2002, p.1-15.
  • Environment Seventh Action Programme. (2013), "Living Well, Within the Limits of Our Planet." Official Journal of the European Communities OJL 354, 28.12.2013, p.171-200.
  • European Commission. (1998), Communication of Strengthening Environmental Integration within Community Energy Policy, COM(98) 571.
  • European Commission. (2005), Communication of Winning the Battle Against Global Climate Change, COM(2005) 35.
  • European Commission. (2007a), Communication of An Energy Policy for Europe, COM(2007) 1 Final.
  • European Commission. (2007b), Communication of Limiting Global Climate Change to 2 Degrees Celsius - The Way Ahead for 2020 and Beyond, COM(2007) 2 Final.
  • European Commission. (2007c), Green Paper of Adapting to Climate Change, COM (2007) 354 Final.
  • European Commission. (2009), White Paper of Adapting to Climate Change: Towards a European Framework for Action, COM (2009) 147/4.
  • European Commission. (2011a), Communication of Energy Roadmap 2050, COM (2011) 885 Final.
  • European Commission. (2011b), Communication of Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe, COM (2011) 571 Final.
  • European Commission. (2013), Communication of an EU Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change, COM (2013) 216 Final.
  • European Commission. (2014), Communication of a Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM (2015) 15 Final.
  • European Commission. (2015), Communication of a Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, COM (2015) 80.
  • European Commission. (2016), Communication of Clean Energy for All Europeans, COM (2016) 860 Final.
  • European Commission. (2017), Communication of Third Report on the State of the Energy Union, COM (2017) 688 Final.
  • European Commission. (2018), Communication on EU Enlargement Policy, Turkey 2018 Report. Strasbourg.
  • Eurostat. (2018), European Commission Newsrelease 80/2018, Product code: 8-04052018-BP, Published on 04 May 2018.
  • General Directorate of Law and Legislation. (2018), "Official Web Site." Accessed November 6 2018. www.mevzuat.gov.tr.
  • Heddenhausen, M. (2007), Privatization in Europe's Liberalized Electricity Markets-The Cases of the United Kingdom, Sweden, Germany and France. Berlin: SWP, Research Unit EU Integration.
  • Hildingsson, R., Stripple, J. and Jordan, A. (2010), "Renewable Energies: A Continuing Balancing Act?" In Climate Change Policy in the European Union: Confronting the Dilemmas of Mitigation and Adaptation?, edited by A. Jordan, D. Huitema, T. Rayner, F. Berkhout and Asselt H., 103–124. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • IEA. (2016), Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Turkey. Paris: OECD/IEA.
  • IEA. (2017), CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion: Highlights. Paris: OECD/IEA.
  • IEA. (2017a), World Energy Balances. Paris: OECD/IEA.
  • Joskow, P. L. (2008), "Lessons Learned from Electricity Market Liberalization." The Energy Journal 29: 9–42. doi:10.5547/ISSN0195-6574-EJ-Vol29-NoSI2-3.
  • Klein, R. J. T., Lisa, E., Schipper, F. and Dessai, S. (2005), "Integrating Mitigation and Adaptation into Climate and Development Policy: Three Research Questions." Environmental Science & Policy 8 (6): 579–588. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2005.06.010.
  • Kok, M. T. J., and de Coninck, H. C. (2007), "Widening the Scope of Policies to Address Climate Change: Directions for Mainstreaming." Environmental Science & Policy 10 (7): 587–599. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2007.07.003.
  • Laukkonen, J., Paola, K. P., Lenhart, J., Keiner, M., Cavric, B. and Njenga, C. (2009), "Combining Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Measures at the Local Level." Habitat International 33 (3): 287–292. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2008.10.003.
  • Maltby, T. (2013), "European Union Energy Policy Integration: A Case of European Commission Policy Entrepreneurship and Increasing Supranationalism." Energy Policy 55: 435–444. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2012.12.031.
  • Massai, L. (2012), European Climate and Clean Energy Law and Policy. Abington, PA: Earthscan.
  • McEvoy, D., Lonsdale, K. and Matczak, P. (2008), "Adaptation and Mainstreaming of EU Climate Change Policy: An Actor-Based Perspective." SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1334066.
  • MENR. (2018), "Official Web Site." Accessed February 8 2018. http://www.enerji.gov.tr/tr-TR/Sayfalar/Elektrik.
  • Mickwitz, P., Aix, F., Beck, S., Carss, D., Ferrand, N., Görg, C., Jensen, A. et al. (2009), Climate Policy Integration, Coherence and Governance. PEER Report No 2. Helsinki: Partnership for European Environmental Research.
  • Nilsson, M. and Nilsson, L. (2005), "Towards Climate Policy Integration in the EU: Evolving Dilemmas and Opportunities." Climate Policy 5 (3): 363–376. doi:10.1080/14693062.2005.9685563.
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Urbanization. (2016), Sixth National Communication of Turkey. Ankara: Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, Directorate General of Environmental Management.
  • Rietig, K. (2012), Climate Policy Integration Beyond Principled Priority: A Framework for Analysis, Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy Working Paper, No.99.
  • Rietig, K. (2013), "Sustainable Climate Policy Integration in the European Union." Environmental Policy and Governance 23 (5): 297–310. doi:10.1002/eet.1616.
  • Slominski, P. (2016), "Energy and Climate Policy: Does the Competitiveness Narrative Prevail in Times of Crisis?" Journal of European Integration 38 (3): 343–357. doi:10.1080/07036337.2016.1140759.
  • Swart, R. and Raes, F. (2007), "Making Integration of Adaptation and Mitigation Work: Mainstreaming into Sustainable Development Policies?" Climate Policy 7 (4): 288–303. doi:10.1080/14693062.2007.9685657.
  • Szulecki, K., Fischer, S., Gullberg, A. T. and Sartor, O. (2016), "Shaping the ‘Energy Union': Between National Positions and Governance Innovation in EU Energy and Climate Policy." Climate Policy 16 (5): 548–567. doi:10.1080/14693062.2015.1135100.
  • Urwin, K. and Jordan, A. (2008), "Does Public Policy Support or Undermine Climate Change Adaptation? Exploring Policy Interplay Across different Scales of Governance." Global Environmental Change 18 (1): 180–191. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2007.08.002.
  • Yamin, F. (2005), "The European Union and Future Climate Policy: Is Mainstreaming Adaptation a Distraction or Part of the Solution?" Climate Policy 5 (3): 349–361. doi:10.1080/14693062.2005.9685562.

Enerji Piyasasının Liberalizasyonunun Türkiye’nin AB’nin İklim ile Enerji Politikalarının Bütünleşmesine İntibak Etmesindeki Önemi

Year 2019, Volume: 33 Issue: 4, 1167 - 1185, 25.10.2019

Abstract

İklim politikası, sektörler-arası bir politika
alanı olarak iklim politikasının çeşitli politika alanları ile bütünleşmesini
gerektirmektedir. Bu çalışma İklim Politikasının Bütünleşmesi’ne (İPB) iklim ve
enerji politikalarının bütünleşmesi açısından bakmaktadır. İlk olarak çalışmada,
politikanın bütünleşmesinin kavramsal açıklamasının yapılması ve İPB’nin temel
özelliklerinin analiz edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bunun yanında enerji
piyasasının liberalizasyonunun, iklim ile enerji politikalarının
bütünleşmesinde köşe taşı olması, AB İklim Politikasının genel gelişimi
açısından ele alınmaktadır. Enerji piyasasının liberalizasyonunun AB iklim ile
enerji politikalarının bütünleşmesinde oynadığı kritik rolü dikkate alarak, genel
olarak Türkiye’nin iklim politikası ve yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının
ülkedeki payı hesaba katılarak enerji piyasasının liberalizasyonu, Türkiye’nin
AB İklim Politikasına intibak etme yeteneğinin değerlendirilmesi bakımından incelenmektedir.  

References

  • Merino, D., Ebrill, A. (2017), Annual Report on the Results of Monitoring the Internal Electricity and Gas Markets in 2016: Electricity Wholesale Markets Volume, Electricity Wholesale Markets. Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators and the Council of European Energy Regulators.
  • Adelle, C., Pallemaerts, M. and Chiavari, J. (2009), Climate Change and Energy Security in Europe: Policy Integration and its Limits. Stockholm: Swedish Institute for European Policy Studies.
  • Beg, N., Morlot, J. C., Davidson, O., Yaw, A., Tyani, L., Denton, F., Sokona, Y. et al. (2002), "Linkages between Climate Change and Sustainable Development." Climate Policy 2 (2): 129–144. doi:10.1016/S1469-3062(02)00028-1.
  • Berkhout, F. (2005), "Rationales for Adaptation in EU Climate Change Policies." Climate Policy 5 (3): 377–391. doi:10.1080/14693062.2005.9685564.
  • Carvalho, M. G. (2012), "EU Energy and Climate Change Strategy." Energy 40 (1): 19–22. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2012.01.012.
  • Council of the European Union. (1999), Helsinki European Council Presidency Conclusions, 10-11 December 1999, p.1-33.
  • Council of the European Union. (2008), Climate Action and Renewable Energy Package, 2874th Council Meeting, C/08/149, 9959/08.
  • Dupont, C. (2010), Political Commitment to Climate Policy Integration at EU Level: The Case of Biodiversity Policy. SSRN Electronic Journal, 10.2139/ssrn.1691610.
  • Dupont, C., and Oberthür, S. (2012), "Insufficient Climate Policy Integration in EU Energy Policy: The Importance of the Long‐Term Perspective." Journal of Contemporary European Research 8 (2): 228–247.
  • Dupont, C., and Primova, R. (2011), "Combating Complexity: The Integration of EU Climate and Energy Policies." In Energy and Environment in Europe: Assessing a Complex Relationship, edited by J. Tosun and I Solorio, Mini Issue 1,Vol. 15, Article 8. European Integration Online Papers.
  • Energy Market Regulatory Authority. (2018), "Official Web Site." Accessed 06 November 2018. https://csb.gov.tr
  • Environment Fifth Action Programme. (1993), "EU Fifth Environment Action Programme Towards Sustainability." Journal of the European Communities C 138, 17.5.1993, p.5-98.
  • Environment Sixth Action Programme. (2002), "EU Sixth Environment Action Programme " Journal of the European Communities OJL 242, 10.9.2002, p.1-15.
  • Environment Seventh Action Programme. (2013), "Living Well, Within the Limits of Our Planet." Official Journal of the European Communities OJL 354, 28.12.2013, p.171-200.
  • European Commission. (1998), Communication of Strengthening Environmental Integration within Community Energy Policy, COM(98) 571.
  • European Commission. (2005), Communication of Winning the Battle Against Global Climate Change, COM(2005) 35.
  • European Commission. (2007a), Communication of An Energy Policy for Europe, COM(2007) 1 Final.
  • European Commission. (2007b), Communication of Limiting Global Climate Change to 2 Degrees Celsius - The Way Ahead for 2020 and Beyond, COM(2007) 2 Final.
  • European Commission. (2007c), Green Paper of Adapting to Climate Change, COM (2007) 354 Final.
  • European Commission. (2009), White Paper of Adapting to Climate Change: Towards a European Framework for Action, COM (2009) 147/4.
  • European Commission. (2011a), Communication of Energy Roadmap 2050, COM (2011) 885 Final.
  • European Commission. (2011b), Communication of Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe, COM (2011) 571 Final.
  • European Commission. (2013), Communication of an EU Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change, COM (2013) 216 Final.
  • European Commission. (2014), Communication of a Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in the Period from 2020 to 2030, COM (2015) 15 Final.
  • European Commission. (2015), Communication of a Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, COM (2015) 80.
  • European Commission. (2016), Communication of Clean Energy for All Europeans, COM (2016) 860 Final.
  • European Commission. (2017), Communication of Third Report on the State of the Energy Union, COM (2017) 688 Final.
  • European Commission. (2018), Communication on EU Enlargement Policy, Turkey 2018 Report. Strasbourg.
  • Eurostat. (2018), European Commission Newsrelease 80/2018, Product code: 8-04052018-BP, Published on 04 May 2018.
  • General Directorate of Law and Legislation. (2018), "Official Web Site." Accessed November 6 2018. www.mevzuat.gov.tr.
  • Heddenhausen, M. (2007), Privatization in Europe's Liberalized Electricity Markets-The Cases of the United Kingdom, Sweden, Germany and France. Berlin: SWP, Research Unit EU Integration.
  • Hildingsson, R., Stripple, J. and Jordan, A. (2010), "Renewable Energies: A Continuing Balancing Act?" In Climate Change Policy in the European Union: Confronting the Dilemmas of Mitigation and Adaptation?, edited by A. Jordan, D. Huitema, T. Rayner, F. Berkhout and Asselt H., 103–124. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • IEA. (2016), Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Turkey. Paris: OECD/IEA.
  • IEA. (2017), CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion: Highlights. Paris: OECD/IEA.
  • IEA. (2017a), World Energy Balances. Paris: OECD/IEA.
  • Joskow, P. L. (2008), "Lessons Learned from Electricity Market Liberalization." The Energy Journal 29: 9–42. doi:10.5547/ISSN0195-6574-EJ-Vol29-NoSI2-3.
  • Klein, R. J. T., Lisa, E., Schipper, F. and Dessai, S. (2005), "Integrating Mitigation and Adaptation into Climate and Development Policy: Three Research Questions." Environmental Science & Policy 8 (6): 579–588. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2005.06.010.
  • Kok, M. T. J., and de Coninck, H. C. (2007), "Widening the Scope of Policies to Address Climate Change: Directions for Mainstreaming." Environmental Science & Policy 10 (7): 587–599. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2007.07.003.
  • Laukkonen, J., Paola, K. P., Lenhart, J., Keiner, M., Cavric, B. and Njenga, C. (2009), "Combining Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Measures at the Local Level." Habitat International 33 (3): 287–292. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2008.10.003.
  • Maltby, T. (2013), "European Union Energy Policy Integration: A Case of European Commission Policy Entrepreneurship and Increasing Supranationalism." Energy Policy 55: 435–444. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2012.12.031.
  • Massai, L. (2012), European Climate and Clean Energy Law and Policy. Abington, PA: Earthscan.
  • McEvoy, D., Lonsdale, K. and Matczak, P. (2008), "Adaptation and Mainstreaming of EU Climate Change Policy: An Actor-Based Perspective." SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1334066.
  • MENR. (2018), "Official Web Site." Accessed February 8 2018. http://www.enerji.gov.tr/tr-TR/Sayfalar/Elektrik.
  • Mickwitz, P., Aix, F., Beck, S., Carss, D., Ferrand, N., Görg, C., Jensen, A. et al. (2009), Climate Policy Integration, Coherence and Governance. PEER Report No 2. Helsinki: Partnership for European Environmental Research.
  • Nilsson, M. and Nilsson, L. (2005), "Towards Climate Policy Integration in the EU: Evolving Dilemmas and Opportunities." Climate Policy 5 (3): 363–376. doi:10.1080/14693062.2005.9685563.
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Urbanization. (2016), Sixth National Communication of Turkey. Ankara: Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, Directorate General of Environmental Management.
  • Rietig, K. (2012), Climate Policy Integration Beyond Principled Priority: A Framework for Analysis, Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy Working Paper, No.99.
  • Rietig, K. (2013), "Sustainable Climate Policy Integration in the European Union." Environmental Policy and Governance 23 (5): 297–310. doi:10.1002/eet.1616.
  • Slominski, P. (2016), "Energy and Climate Policy: Does the Competitiveness Narrative Prevail in Times of Crisis?" Journal of European Integration 38 (3): 343–357. doi:10.1080/07036337.2016.1140759.
  • Swart, R. and Raes, F. (2007), "Making Integration of Adaptation and Mitigation Work: Mainstreaming into Sustainable Development Policies?" Climate Policy 7 (4): 288–303. doi:10.1080/14693062.2007.9685657.
  • Szulecki, K., Fischer, S., Gullberg, A. T. and Sartor, O. (2016), "Shaping the ‘Energy Union': Between National Positions and Governance Innovation in EU Energy and Climate Policy." Climate Policy 16 (5): 548–567. doi:10.1080/14693062.2015.1135100.
  • Urwin, K. and Jordan, A. (2008), "Does Public Policy Support or Undermine Climate Change Adaptation? Exploring Policy Interplay Across different Scales of Governance." Global Environmental Change 18 (1): 180–191. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2007.08.002.
  • Yamin, F. (2005), "The European Union and Future Climate Policy: Is Mainstreaming Adaptation a Distraction or Part of the Solution?" Climate Policy 5 (3): 349–361. doi:10.1080/14693062.2005.9685562.
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Feza Sencer Çörtoğlu 0000-0002-1287-8000

İşıl Şirin Selçuk 0000-0001-9559-1349

Publication Date October 25, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 33 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Çörtoğlu, F. S., & Selçuk, İ. Ş. (2019). Why Energy Market Liberalisation is Essential for Turkey to Embark on Climate-Energy Policy Integration in the EU. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 33(4), 1167-1185.

4aoDA4.pngithenticate-badge-rec-positive.png800px-Open-Access-PLoS.svg.png