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Komnenos Dönemi Bizans ve Song Dönemi Çin'in Göçebe Komşuları İle Diplomasilerinin Karşılaştırması

Year 2021, Issue: 70, 343 - 358, 20.01.2021
https://doi.org/10.14222/Turkiyat4433

Abstract

Bu makale Asya’nın iki ucunda aşağı yukarı aynı dönemlere denk gelen bir zaman diliminde Bizans Komnenos Hanedanı ile Çin Song Hanedanının göçebe komşularına karşı güttüğü diplomasiyi karşılaştırmaktadır. Her iki imparatorluk da da çağlardır rakipleri olan göçebe komşularına karşı pek çok yönden benzer yaklaşım ve ideolojiler göstermekteydi. Ancak bu dönemde Komnenos hanedanı yönetimindeki Bizans İmparatorluğu daha önceki hanedanlardan ve Çin’deki Song hanedanının Kitan, Cürçen ve Tangut komşularına karşı güttüğünden farklı bir yaklaşım geliştirdi. Öte yandan Komnenos Hanedanı göçebe Türk komşularına karşı daha esnek bir diplomasiye sahipti ki bu sayede daha uzun ömürlü olabildi. Bu çalışma her iki hanedanın da yüzleştiği farklı siyasi ve askeri güçlükleri de göz önüne alarak bu iki hanedanın farklı yaklaşımlarını ele almaktadır. Song politikasının katılığı Bizans politikasının esnekliğiyle bu iki imparatorluğun ve göçebe komşularının karşılaştıkları ideolojik ve dini güçlüklerin ışığı altında karşılaştırılmıştır.

References

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  • Ağırnaslı, N. (2016). Anadolu’nun Fethini Kolaylaştıran Faktörler. Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi Sayı 39
  • Arslan, B. (2018). Bizans Sarayında Endülüslü Bir Elçi: Şair Yahya El-Gazal ve Haberleri. Cappadocia Journal of History and Social Sciences. Vol. 11.
  • Atik, K. (2012a). Japonya, Kapalı Ülke, İdeoloji ve Din. Doğu-Batı, 60.
  • Atik, K. (2012b). Kore Aydınlanması: Joseon Dönemi. Doğu Batı, 61.
  • Atik, K. (2016). Çin Kaynaklarında Altınordu Hanlığı ve Cuçi Ulusu. Crimean Historical Review
  • Atik, K. (2018). Court Politics in the Mongol Empire From Ögedei Until Möngke. in: Social Sciences Studies in Turkey. Bloomington: Trafford Publishing.
  • Atik, K. (2020). Orta Çağ Bozkır Devletlerinde Hayvancılık Üzerine Yasalar: Tangut Devleti Örneği. Erzincan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 13(2), 183–198.
  • Ayönü, Y. (2014). Selçuklular ve Bizans. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları.
  • Baker, G. P. (2002). Justinian: The Last Roman Emperor. New York: Cooper Square Press.
  • Barfield, T. (1992). The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China, 221 BC to AD 1757. New York: Wiley.
  • Barthold, V. V. (2010). Orta Asya: Tarih ve Uygarlık. Translated by Ahsen Batur. Tarih Dizisi 45. Istanbul: Selenge Yayınları.
  • Beihammer, A. D., Maria G. P., and C. D. Schabel, eds. (2008). Diplomatics in the Eastern Mediterranean 1000–1500. The Medieval Mediterranean 74. Leiden: Brill.
  • Cheng, Z. (1997). 使金錄 [Shijinlu: Mission to Jin]. Xianshang: Qilu Shushe.
  • Comnena, A. (2000). The Alexiad. Translated by Elizabeth A. S. Dawes. Byzantine Series. Ontario: In Parantheses Publications.
  • Dunnell, R. W. (1984). “Who Are the Tanguts? Remarks on Tangut Ethnogenesis and the Ethnonym Tangut.” Journal of Asian History 18 (1): 78–89.
  • Dunnell, Ruth W. (1994). “The Hsi Hsia.” In The Cambridge History of China: Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368, edited by Denis C. Twitchett, Herbert Franke, and John King Fairbank. Vol. 6. Cambridge Histories. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Fan, X. (2012). 宋太宗皇帝實錄校注 [Song Taizong Huangdi Shilu Jiaozhu: Annotated Version of the Veritable Records of Emperor Song Taizong. Beijing: Zhonghua Publishing House.
  • Franke, H., and Hok-Lam C. (1997). Studies on the Jurchens and the Chin Dynasty. Burlington: Ashgate.
  • Jiajing, Y., and Gui L. (2014). 契丹国志 [Qidan Guozhi: History of Khitans]. 1st ed. 中国史学基本典籍丛刊 [ Zhongguo Shixue Jiben Dianji Congkan: Basic Collections of Chinese Historiography]. Beijing: Zhonghua Publishing House.
  • Kafalı, M. (1998). Anadolu’nun Fethi Ve Türkleşmesi. Ankara: Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Başkanlığı.
  • Koca, S. (2011). Selçuklu Devri Türk Tarihinin Temel Meseleleri. Ankara: Berikan Yayınevi.
  • Kurat, A. N. (2016). Peçenekler. Edited by Ahsen Batur. IV.A-1.1 26. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları.
  • Lin, T. (2001). “宋辽 ‘澶渊之盟’- 古代少数民族与汉族长期和好的范例 [Song Liao Chanyuanzhi Meng- Gudai Shaoshu Minzu Yu Hanzu Changqi Hehao De Fanli: The Song-Liao Treaty of Chanyuan- the Premodern Treaties Relations between the Minorities and the Han Chinese].” 平原大学学报 [Journal of Pingyuan University], no. 4.
  • Liu X., ed. (1975). 舊唐書 [Jiu Tangshu: The Old Book of Tang]. 200 vols. 二十四史: The Twenty-Four Histories. Beijing: 中華書局: Zhonghua Publishing House.
  • Lorge, P. (2008). “The Great Ditch of China and the Song-Liao Border.” In Battlefronts Real and Imagined: War, Border, and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period, edited by Don J. Wyatt, 59–74. The New Middle Ages. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Luttwak, E. (2009). The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
  • Maguire, H., ed. (1997). Byzantine Court Culture from 829 to 1204. Washington: Dumbarton Oaks.
  • Matsuo, O. (1959). “契丹古代史の研究 [Kittan kodai shi no kenkyû: Research on Khitan Ancient History].” 東洋史研究叢刊 [Toyoshi Kenkyu Sokan], 東洋史研究 [Toyoshi Kenkyu]: Kyoto, , no. 6.
  • Mecit, S. (2013). The Rum Seljuqs: Evolution of a Dynasty. Edited by Carole Hillenbrand. Songül Mecit, The Rum Seljuqs: Evolution of a Dynasty, Ed. Carole Hillenbrand, Routledge Studies in the History of Iran and Turkey. New York: Taylor & Francis.
  • Nicolle, D. (2013). Manzikert 1071: The Breaking of Byzantium. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Ouyang X., ed. (2000). 新唐書 [Xin Tangshu: The New Book of Tang]. 10 vols. 二十四史: The Twenty-Four Histories. Beijing: 中華書局: Zhonghua Publishing House.
  • Öğütçü, M. (2019). “Von Freunden Und Fraktionen: Die Historiendramen von Shakespeare.” Hacettepe University Journal of Faculty of Letters 36(1):179–187.
  • Pan, H. (1979). 隋唐五代史纲 [Sui Tang Wudai Shiwang: An Outline of History of the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties]. Beijing: 人民出版社: Renmin Chubanshe.
  • Porphyrogenitus, C. (1985). De Administrando Imperio. Edited by G.Y. Moravcsik and R.J.H. Jenkins. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae. Washington: Dumbarton Oaks.
  • Shi, X. (2012). “西夏民族政策研究 [Xi Xia Minzu Zhengce Yanjiu.” PhD, Xibei Minzu Daxue.
  • Siu, C. H. (1999). Essentials of Neo-Confucianism: Eight Major Philosophers of the Song and Ming Periods. Edited by Frank Hoffmann. Resources in East Asian Philosophy and Religion. Londra: Greenwood Press.
  • Skaff, J. K. (2000). “Barbarians at the Gates? The Tang Frontier Military and the An Lushan Rebellion.” War & Society 18 (2): 23–35.
  • Skaff, J. K. (2012). Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580-800. Oxford Studies in Early Empires 4. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Soucek, B., and S. Soucek. (2000). A History of Inner Asia. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Standen, N. (2007). Unbounded Loyalty: Frontier Crossings in Liao China. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
  • Tamura, K. (2008). 동아시아의 도성과 발해 [Dong Asiaeui Doseonggwa Balhae]. Ostasiatische Stadfestungen Und Balhae. Seoul: Tongbuga Yeoksa Jaedan.
  • Turan, Refik, ed. (2012). Selçuklu Tarihi El Kitabı. Ankara: Grafiker Yayınları.
  • Twitchett, D. C., and K. P. Tietze. (1994). “The Liao.” In The Cambridge History of China: Alien Regimes and Border States, 710-1368, edited by Denis C. Twitchett and Franke H. Fairbank. Vol. 6. Cambridge Histories. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Xiaofu, W. (2004). “契丹建国与回鹘文化 [Qidan Jianguo Yu Huihu Wenhua].” Social Sciences In China 4: 186–202.
  • Yun, P. (2011). “Balance of Power in the 11th~ 12th Century East Asian Interstate Relations.” Journal of Political Criticism, no. 9.
Year 2021, Issue: 70, 343 - 358, 20.01.2021
https://doi.org/10.14222/Turkiyat4433

Abstract

References

  • Aida N. (1982). 蒙古襲来の研究 [Môko Shûrai no Kenkyû: Research on the Mongol Invasions]. Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kobunkan.
  • Ağırnaslı, N. (2016). Anadolu’nun Fethini Kolaylaştıran Faktörler. Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi Sayı 39
  • Arslan, B. (2018). Bizans Sarayında Endülüslü Bir Elçi: Şair Yahya El-Gazal ve Haberleri. Cappadocia Journal of History and Social Sciences. Vol. 11.
  • Atik, K. (2012a). Japonya, Kapalı Ülke, İdeoloji ve Din. Doğu-Batı, 60.
  • Atik, K. (2012b). Kore Aydınlanması: Joseon Dönemi. Doğu Batı, 61.
  • Atik, K. (2016). Çin Kaynaklarında Altınordu Hanlığı ve Cuçi Ulusu. Crimean Historical Review
  • Atik, K. (2018). Court Politics in the Mongol Empire From Ögedei Until Möngke. in: Social Sciences Studies in Turkey. Bloomington: Trafford Publishing.
  • Atik, K. (2020). Orta Çağ Bozkır Devletlerinde Hayvancılık Üzerine Yasalar: Tangut Devleti Örneği. Erzincan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 13(2), 183–198.
  • Ayönü, Y. (2014). Selçuklular ve Bizans. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları.
  • Baker, G. P. (2002). Justinian: The Last Roman Emperor. New York: Cooper Square Press.
  • Barfield, T. (1992). The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China, 221 BC to AD 1757. New York: Wiley.
  • Barthold, V. V. (2010). Orta Asya: Tarih ve Uygarlık. Translated by Ahsen Batur. Tarih Dizisi 45. Istanbul: Selenge Yayınları.
  • Beihammer, A. D., Maria G. P., and C. D. Schabel, eds. (2008). Diplomatics in the Eastern Mediterranean 1000–1500. The Medieval Mediterranean 74. Leiden: Brill.
  • Cheng, Z. (1997). 使金錄 [Shijinlu: Mission to Jin]. Xianshang: Qilu Shushe.
  • Comnena, A. (2000). The Alexiad. Translated by Elizabeth A. S. Dawes. Byzantine Series. Ontario: In Parantheses Publications.
  • Dunnell, R. W. (1984). “Who Are the Tanguts? Remarks on Tangut Ethnogenesis and the Ethnonym Tangut.” Journal of Asian History 18 (1): 78–89.
  • Dunnell, Ruth W. (1994). “The Hsi Hsia.” In The Cambridge History of China: Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368, edited by Denis C. Twitchett, Herbert Franke, and John King Fairbank. Vol. 6. Cambridge Histories. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Fan, X. (2012). 宋太宗皇帝實錄校注 [Song Taizong Huangdi Shilu Jiaozhu: Annotated Version of the Veritable Records of Emperor Song Taizong. Beijing: Zhonghua Publishing House.
  • Franke, H., and Hok-Lam C. (1997). Studies on the Jurchens and the Chin Dynasty. Burlington: Ashgate.
  • Jiajing, Y., and Gui L. (2014). 契丹国志 [Qidan Guozhi: History of Khitans]. 1st ed. 中国史学基本典籍丛刊 [ Zhongguo Shixue Jiben Dianji Congkan: Basic Collections of Chinese Historiography]. Beijing: Zhonghua Publishing House.
  • Kafalı, M. (1998). Anadolu’nun Fethi Ve Türkleşmesi. Ankara: Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Başkanlığı.
  • Koca, S. (2011). Selçuklu Devri Türk Tarihinin Temel Meseleleri. Ankara: Berikan Yayınevi.
  • Kurat, A. N. (2016). Peçenekler. Edited by Ahsen Batur. IV.A-1.1 26. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları.
  • Lin, T. (2001). “宋辽 ‘澶渊之盟’- 古代少数民族与汉族长期和好的范例 [Song Liao Chanyuanzhi Meng- Gudai Shaoshu Minzu Yu Hanzu Changqi Hehao De Fanli: The Song-Liao Treaty of Chanyuan- the Premodern Treaties Relations between the Minorities and the Han Chinese].” 平原大学学报 [Journal of Pingyuan University], no. 4.
  • Liu X., ed. (1975). 舊唐書 [Jiu Tangshu: The Old Book of Tang]. 200 vols. 二十四史: The Twenty-Four Histories. Beijing: 中華書局: Zhonghua Publishing House.
  • Lorge, P. (2008). “The Great Ditch of China and the Song-Liao Border.” In Battlefronts Real and Imagined: War, Border, and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period, edited by Don J. Wyatt, 59–74. The New Middle Ages. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Luttwak, E. (2009). The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
  • Maguire, H., ed. (1997). Byzantine Court Culture from 829 to 1204. Washington: Dumbarton Oaks.
  • Matsuo, O. (1959). “契丹古代史の研究 [Kittan kodai shi no kenkyû: Research on Khitan Ancient History].” 東洋史研究叢刊 [Toyoshi Kenkyu Sokan], 東洋史研究 [Toyoshi Kenkyu]: Kyoto, , no. 6.
  • Mecit, S. (2013). The Rum Seljuqs: Evolution of a Dynasty. Edited by Carole Hillenbrand. Songül Mecit, The Rum Seljuqs: Evolution of a Dynasty, Ed. Carole Hillenbrand, Routledge Studies in the History of Iran and Turkey. New York: Taylor & Francis.
  • Nicolle, D. (2013). Manzikert 1071: The Breaking of Byzantium. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Ouyang X., ed. (2000). 新唐書 [Xin Tangshu: The New Book of Tang]. 10 vols. 二十四史: The Twenty-Four Histories. Beijing: 中華書局: Zhonghua Publishing House.
  • Öğütçü, M. (2019). “Von Freunden Und Fraktionen: Die Historiendramen von Shakespeare.” Hacettepe University Journal of Faculty of Letters 36(1):179–187.
  • Pan, H. (1979). 隋唐五代史纲 [Sui Tang Wudai Shiwang: An Outline of History of the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties]. Beijing: 人民出版社: Renmin Chubanshe.
  • Porphyrogenitus, C. (1985). De Administrando Imperio. Edited by G.Y. Moravcsik and R.J.H. Jenkins. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae. Washington: Dumbarton Oaks.
  • Shi, X. (2012). “西夏民族政策研究 [Xi Xia Minzu Zhengce Yanjiu.” PhD, Xibei Minzu Daxue.
  • Siu, C. H. (1999). Essentials of Neo-Confucianism: Eight Major Philosophers of the Song and Ming Periods. Edited by Frank Hoffmann. Resources in East Asian Philosophy and Religion. Londra: Greenwood Press.
  • Skaff, J. K. (2000). “Barbarians at the Gates? The Tang Frontier Military and the An Lushan Rebellion.” War & Society 18 (2): 23–35.
  • Skaff, J. K. (2012). Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580-800. Oxford Studies in Early Empires 4. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Soucek, B., and S. Soucek. (2000). A History of Inner Asia. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Standen, N. (2007). Unbounded Loyalty: Frontier Crossings in Liao China. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
  • Tamura, K. (2008). 동아시아의 도성과 발해 [Dong Asiaeui Doseonggwa Balhae]. Ostasiatische Stadfestungen Und Balhae. Seoul: Tongbuga Yeoksa Jaedan.
  • Turan, Refik, ed. (2012). Selçuklu Tarihi El Kitabı. Ankara: Grafiker Yayınları.
  • Twitchett, D. C., and K. P. Tietze. (1994). “The Liao.” In The Cambridge History of China: Alien Regimes and Border States, 710-1368, edited by Denis C. Twitchett and Franke H. Fairbank. Vol. 6. Cambridge Histories. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Xiaofu, W. (2004). “契丹建国与回鹘文化 [Qidan Jianguo Yu Huihu Wenhua].” Social Sciences In China 4: 186–202.
  • Yun, P. (2011). “Balance of Power in the 11th~ 12th Century East Asian Interstate Relations.” Journal of Political Criticism, no. 9.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Kubilay Atik 0000-0001-7657-6645

Publication Date January 20, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 70

Cite

APA Atik, K. (2021). Komnenos Dönemi Bizans ve Song Dönemi Çin’in Göçebe Komşuları İle Diplomasilerinin Karşılaştırması. Journal of Turkish Research Institute(70), 343-358. https://doi.org/10.14222/Turkiyat4433